The document provides a comparison of direct and reported speech, listing the changes in verb tenses and other words when moving from quoting someone's exact words to reporting what they said. Direct speech uses present tenses while reported speech changes verbs to past tenses, substitutes pronouns like this/these for that/those, and replaces words like now with then to indicate the speech is being reported after the fact rather than occurring in the present.

3. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Present Simple Past Simple Past Simple Past Perfect Simple Future Simple: will would Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

4. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH can could may might must / have to must / have to

6. DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH here there this / these that / those now then next week the following week / the week after today that day tonight that night tomorrow the following day / the day after / the next day yesterday the day before / the previous day last week the week before / the previous week a month ago the previous month / the month before