Rawe & AIA Report for Agriculture students.pdf

RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE
AND
AGRO-INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT (AIA)
A PROJECT REPORT
the partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
In
AGRICULTURE
Submitted
By
Prabhakar Kumar
[Enr. No.19BSAG043]
SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCES
K.K UNIVERSITY
BIHAR SHARIF, NALANDA- 803115 (BIHAR)
INDIA
2022

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work described in this report, entitled “
Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial
Attachment (AIA)” which is being submitted by me in partial
fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from
School of Agriculture Sciences, K. K. University, Bihar Sharif,
Nalanda, Bihar-803115 is the result of investigations/work carried
out by me under the guidance of Mr. Sanjeev Kumar. The work is
original and has not been submitted for any Degree/Diploma of this
or any other university.
Date: Prabhakar Kumar
Place: Bihar Sharif En. No.19BSAG043

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled “Rural Agricultural Work
Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA)” that is
being submitted by Prabhakar Kumar in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from School of
Agriculture Sciences, K.K.University, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, Bihar is
a record of bonafide work carried out by him under our guidance
and supervision. The results embodied in this report have not been
submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any
degree or diploma.
Signature of Supervisor
Mr. Sanjeev Kumar
HOD, School of Agriculture Sciences
K. K. University, Nalanda.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled “Rural Agricultural Work
Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA)” that is
being submitted by Prabhakar Kumar in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture from School of
Agriculture Sciences, K. K. University, Bihar Sharif, Nalanda, Bihar
is a record of bonafide work carried out by him at our institution.
Signature of Head of Institution
Prof. (Dr.) M. Sreenivasa Rao
Professor &
Dean
M.Sc,M.Tech,PhD-Biotech
School of Agriculture Sciences
K.K. University, Nalanda

School of agriculture science, K. K. University 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere and heartily gratitude to my
beloved supervisor Mr. Sanjeev Kumar for their patience,
enthusiasm, motivation and immense research knowledge. His
valuable guidance helped me in each and every step of my RAWE
program, in report writing and who responded to my queries and
questions so promptly. I feel that I am extremely lucky to have such
supervisor who cared so much about my RAWE work and this report
would not have been possible without the support, help and patience
of my beloved supervisor.
I take this opportunity to take this gratitude to thank Er. Ravi
Chaudhary, Chairman, Er. Richee Ravi, vice chairman and vice
chancellor Dr. C. V. Reddy of K.K University, Bihar sharif, Nalanda,
for providing necessary facilities and also thanks to Dr. Sriniwasa
Rao, Professor & Dean of School of Agriculture Sciences, for motivation
and encouragement to carry out my RAWE program.
I extend our special thanks to all the members of Krishivan
Research Center, who have assisted us in manifold activities to
effectuate the village attachment programme and acted as a local
guardian.
I am highly grateful, from the deepest, core of my heart to my
father Mr. Bhagwat Mehta and my mother Mrs. Kanchan Devi for
their financial support, love and care in each and every part of my life.
I also thank my batchmates, and juniors for their valuable support.
Finally, I would thanks to my family, the support and encouragement
from my beloved sister, Mrs. Anshu Kumari and my lovely brother,
Mr. Bhaskar Kumar who is a powerful source of inspiration and
energy to my RAWE report. A special devoted respect to my beloved
parents for a never-ending support.
I wish to thank one and all who directly and indirectly
responsible for the successful completion of the RAWE report. Above
all, I humbly submit my RAWE report, into the hands of the Almighty,
who is the supreme power of all sources and who blessed me
knowledge for the successful completion of my RAWE.
PrabhakarKumar
En. No.19BSAG043

Index
S. No. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. Members of RAWE 2
2. Basic information about dehradhun 3-8
3. Motto of RAWE 9-13
4. COMPONENTS -I 14-54
5. Orientation of village survey 14-17
6. Village attachment 18-22
7. Agronomical interventions 23-29
8. Plant protection interventions 30-33
9. Soil improvements interventions 34-36
10. Fruit and vegetables production interventions 37-38
11. Food processing and storage interventions 39-43
12. Animal production interventions 44-45
13. Extension and transfer of technology activities 46-50
14. Plant clinic 51-54
15.
COMPONENT-II 55-63
Agro industrial attachment (AIA)
16. OTHER ACTIVITIES 64-78
17. Social service & village cleaning 64-65
18. Mushroom 66-70
19. Vermicompost 71-78
20. Final conclusion 79

MEMBERS OF RAWE PROGRAM
Team rural agriculture work program is meant the student of final year,7th
semester of B.sc(AG.) degree program for the year of 2022 at Krishivan
Research centre, Dehradun.
1. PRABHAKAR KUMAR
2. SUGANDHA PATEL
3. MAMTA KUMARI
4. CHANDAN KUMAR
5. ANKIT KUMAR
6. SUMAN PATEL
7. KOMAL KUMARI
8. SANJANA SINHA
9. NIKKI VIDYARTHI
10. KOMAL
11. SWEETY
12. ANKIT
13. UJJWAL
14. NISHA
15. DEENBANDHU
16. RAM
17. SHIVAM

Basic Information about Dehradun District.
Nearested in the mountain ranges of the Himalaya, Dehradun is one of
the oldest cities of India and is recently declared as the Provisional Capital
of newly created Uttaranchal (Now Uttarakhand) State in the month of
Nov’2000. Also known as the ‘Adobe of Dron’, Dehradun has always been an
important center for Garhwal rulers which was captured by the British. The
headquarters of many National Institutes and Organizations like ONGC,
Survey Of India, Forest Research Institute, Indian Institute of Petroleum etc.
are located in the city. Some of the premier educational and Training
Institutes like Indian Military Academy, RIMC (Rashtriya Indian Military
College), Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Lal Bahadur
Shahstri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) etc are also there in
Dehradun. It is a favoured tourist destination as it attracts tourists, pilgrims
and enthusiasts from various walks of life to its serene environs. Add to this
the abundance of special Basmati rice, tea and leechi gardens which
contribute in turning the city into a paradise.
District Boundaries and other Details
 The district is situated in the north-west corner of the state.
 It is bounded on the north and to some distance in the north-west by the
district of Uttarkashi,
 In the east by the district Tehri Garhwal and Pauri-Garhwal.
 In the south by the district of Saharanpur (Uttar Pradesh).
 At its southern tip touching the boundary of district Haridwar.
 Its western boundary adjoins the Sirmur (Nahan) district of Himachal
Pradesh with the rivers Tons and Yamuna separating the two.
 Lies between 29 degrees 58′ and 31 degrees 2′ 30″ north latitudes and 77
degrees 34′ 45″ and 78 degrees 18′ 30″ east longitudes.
 Total area of the district is 3088 sq km.
 Altitude is 640 mtr. (2100 ft) above sea level .

Fig.- Map of Dehradun District
Details of village
The Dhulkot village is located in the state Uttarakhand having state
code 05 and having the village code 045087. The Dehradun is the district of
this village with district code 060.The total geographical area in which this
village is expanded in 103.41 hectares / 1.0341 Square Kilometers (km2) /
255.5316749752 acres. The content of this page is for your general
information and use only

Village Name Dhulkot
Village Code Number 045087
Geographical Area 103.41 hectares / 1.0341
Square Kilometers (km2) /
255.5316749752 acres
Population 747
Subdistrict Vikasnagar
Location Details
The Dhulkot village is situated in the Dehradun district with district
code number 060. Vikasnagar is the sub district (tehsil / mandal), is a low-
level administrative division of a district, of this village, having the sub
district code is 00303. Sahaspur is the Community Development Block (C.D.
Block) of this village with C.D. Block code number 0031. The gram
panchayat for this village is Dhulkot. Vikasnagar is the Sub-district
headquarter of this village and it is situated 22 kilometers away from this
village. The district headquarters' name is Dehradun and as per distance
concern it is 16 kilometers from the Dhulkot village.
Community Development
Block Name
Sahaspur
Sub District Name Vikasnagar
District Name Dehradun
State Name Uttarakhand

Nearest Towns / Cities
Dehradun is the nearest statutory town of the village Dhulkot, which
is 16 kilometers away from the village.
Sex Ratio
The sex ratio is the ratio of Dhulkot males to females in the
population of 747 (normalized to 100). In most sexually reproducing species,
the ratio tends to be 1:1 as it is explained by Fisher's principle. The sex ratio
of Dhulkot village is 98.670212765957.
Total Households 152
Total Dhulkot Village Population 747
Total Male Population 371
Total Female Population 376
Sex Ratio 98.670212765957
Dhulkot Households and Populations
The total numbers of households in Dhulkot village are 152. It rely on
the total population of 747 people. As far as male population concern the
number of populations is 371 of the village Dhulkot and the total female
population number is 376. The reference taken to publish these data is of
year 2009. The source of data is Census of India.

Dhulkot Survey Numbers
How to get Dhulkot village map with survey numbers in
Uttarakhand?
A survey number is a unique number given to an unambiguous piece of
Dhulkot village land in order to maintain a record of the location, size, shape
and proprietorship information of the property. The land survey number
works as a record of information relating to a specific plot of Dhulkot
property in Uttarakhand state. It is beneficial when registering plots, selling
plots, resolving legal disputes, for planning the development of neighbouring
areas and so on.
About Krishivan ReseasearchCentre, Dhulkot,Dehradun:
Krishivan Research Centre for Agripreneurship Development and
Environment Protection Samiti (KRCADEPS)
Registered under the societies Registration act, 1860 Registration No:
UK06008102020004964 Jhajra, Dehradun. Recognized as Technology
Resource Centre (TRC) by UCOST, Vigyan Dham, Jhajra. (KRCADEPS)is
dedicated to promote Sustainable Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry and
Environment disciplines. We are involved in training of farmers,
entrepreneurs, students and women self-help groups in Doon valley and
neighboring states. We help the stakeholders in value addition, branding,
market interventions and rural entrepreneurship development related to
agriculture, forestry and allied Subjects.
We help the Stakeholders in Mushroom spawn technology and
cultivation, Medicinal and aromatic plant (MAPs) cultivation and value
addition, Bamboo crafting and carpentry, Non-Timber Forest Product
entrepreneurship development programs, Apiculture, Nursery Making,
Vermicomposting and organic farming, environment related programs, etc.
We also help the stakeholders in value addition, branding, digital market

and Agro-Eco Tourism interventions and rural entrepreneurship
development related to agriculture, forestry and allied Subjects.
We have established linkages with farmers; various agriculture,
horticulture and forestry related universities and colleges; Government
departments; Researchers; Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s; Van Vigyan Kendra’s;
NGOs; Banks, etc. Along with the support of our Krishivan Doon Pvt.
Limited, Jhajra, Dehradun, company is fulfilling the need of value addition
of Agroforestry and allied based product its value addition practices and
marketing too.
Fig.- (a) Krishivan Centre.

MOTTO OF RAWE
 Preparing Agricultural Graduates for better career in agriculture
/agribusiness.
 Preparing Agricultural Graduates to face the challenges by
Acquiring knowledge and skill through hands on experience.
 Understanding of technologies followed by Farmers.
 Understanding of rural life by students.
 Opportunity for practical training.
 Development of communication skill in Transfer of Technology.
 Familiarity with the socio economic situation of village.
 Preparation of production plan suitable for local situation, development
of confidence and competency for facing problematic situation and
finding solution.
Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE)
The Rural Agriculture Work Experience (RAWE) provides exposure to
agricultural students to the natural setting of the village situations, work
with the farm families, identify their problems and make use of various
extension tools for transferring the latest agricultural technologies. The
students also get an opportunity to study the various ongoing schemes
related to agriculture and rural development and participate in their
implementation. The students would be given rigorous orientation and
familiarization on various issues and problems expected on farmers’ field
and hence would gain competence and confidence for solving problems
related to agriculture and allied sciences. It would be implemented in
adopted villages under the supervision of scientists. Activities designed are
mainly focused on intensive observations/analysis of socio-economic and
technological profile of the farm families in rural areas, participatory
extension approach and acquaintance with farming situations, farm
practices and interaction with progressive farmers. Soil testing has become

the integral part of RAWE. The RAWE programme will help orient our
agricultural graduates for participation in various rural developmental
programme.
Fig.-(b) Dhulkot
The students will also gain first-hand information on industries during
attachment with identified agro-based industries. The Rural Awareness
Work Experience (RAWE) will help the students primarily to understand the
rural situations, status of agricultural technologies adopted by farmers,
prioritize the farmers’ problems, prepare farm and village development plans
and to develop skills and attitude of working with farm families for overall
development in rural area. The timings for RAWE proposed coincide with the
main cropping season.
The main objectives of this component are:
1. To provide an opportunity to the students to understand the rural
setting in relation to agriculture and allied activities.

2. To make the students familiar with socio-economic conditions of the
farmers and their problems.
3. To impart diagnostic and remedial knowledge to the students relevant
to real field situations through practical training.
4. To develop communication skills in students using extension teaching
methods in transfer of technology.
5. To develop confidence and competence to solve agricultural problems.
6. To acquaint students with on-going extension and rural development
programme.
Programme of Work
The RAWE programme comprises of nine components as under:
1. Survey of Village
2. Agronomical Interventions
3. Plant Protections
4. Soil Improvement Interventions (Soil sampling and testing)
5. Fruit and Vegetable production interventions
6. Food Processing and Storage interventions
7. Animal Production Interventions
8. Extension and Transfer of Technology activities
9. Agro-Industrial Attachment

Activity we had performed during Village survey.
That are mentioned below.
On first day of our village visit, be gathered together at entry point of
Dhulkot Village, where our coordinator Mr. Jitesh Sharma divided our
group into two parts Each group contains 17 students in which 2 leader
from the group where (Prabhakar Kumar) the leader of our group and
(Sweety Kumari) 17 students are again divided in 3 group 5-6 student each
group.
After that he gave us instruction how to gathers information from farmers.
How to talk with them. Before we start village survey, we have to take
permission from village Pradhan Smt. KUSHUMLATA PANWAR on an
application written by us.
Each group had to collect minimum 15 farmer data.
In village survey report we asked things like: -
 Collect family data along with name and age
 What they do for livelihood
 Which types of crops they usually grow
 Cropping pattern
 Manure and fertilizers they using
 Adoption of technology
 Cost of cultivation
 Government schemes
 Constraint analysis

Component-I:
Village Attachment Training Program.
1. Orientation and Survey of Village
2. Agronomical Interventions
3. Plant Protection Interventions
4. Soil Improvement Interventions (Soil sampling and testing)
5. Fruit and Vegetable production interventions
6. Food Processing and Storage interventions
7. Animal Production Interventions
8. Extension and transfer of technology activities
Component–II:
Agro Industrial Attachment
1. Students shall be placed in Agro-and Cottage industries and
Commodities Boards for 03 weeks.
2. Industries include Seed/Sapling production, Pesticides-
insecticides, Post-harvest-processing- value addition, Agri-finance
institutions, etc.

COMPONENT –I
ORIENTATION AND SURVEY OF VILLAGE
First day we have reported at the krishivan research Centre at Jhajra.
Where we have to give our general introduction In front of our available
faculty or in front of our RAWE Instructor who is
They give us basic information about RAWE program. which we have to
perform during the RAWE Period.
They also provide us information about Krishivan How Krishivan work They
gave us information about Production of mushroom, honey etc.
Power instructor information related to agriculture field. Opportunity of
doing agriculture course.
They provided information how to perform our Rawe program sand which
type of challenge we are going to face and how to deal with it.
In village survey report we have to gather the basic information about
village.
Meet with farmers take their basic information about crops, cattle, home,
what they do for livelihood.
Give suggestion about crops related problem and also give them solution.
We also provide the information about different government scheme related
to farmers benefits and also provided them information about KVK and
different organization which are working for farmers benefits.

What is PRA?
The PRA, the methodology assume that the popular participation is a
fundamental ingredient in project planning. It is one of the several
approaches for rapid designs, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
rural development. PRA is a systematic yet semi-structure activity carried in
the field by a multidisciplinary team and designed to acquire quick new
information on and new hypothesis on rural development. PRA can help:
 Renew nations natural resource base with improved policy and action.
 Focus on rural communities especially vulnerable ecosystems.
 Integrate relevant sector in rural development by focusing on natural
resources.
 Link technical and socio-economic issue in defining problem and solution.
Systematize participation so that donors govt. And non-governmental
organization arrest and reverse nation declining productivity.
The basic steps that to be followed in PRA as follows:
1. Site selection and clearance from local administrative officials.
2. Preliminary site visit.
3. Data collection: (a) Spatial (b) Time related (c) Social (d) Technical.
4. Data synthesis and analysis.
5. Problem identification and sitting of opportunities to resolve them.
6. The ranking of opportunities and the preparation of the village resource
management plan.
7. Adoption and implementation plan.
8. Follow up evaluation and decimation of finding.

Activity: Concluding PRA.
Now, our next programme is concluding the PRA. All the villagers
helped in mapping the PRA of their own village. After figure out the map of
the village, the farmers told that some area are lowland and upland, their
orchard area, cultivated areas, and the areas that occupies the house.
Survey of Village
1. Name Of Village: Dhulkot
2. Tehsil: Vikashnagar
3. District: Dehradun
4. Distance In Kilometer From The Nearest:
a) Primary/Middle School: Bansiwala-5km
b) High School /Higher Secondary/College: Selaqui -5km
c) Post Office: Bansiwala-5km
d) Railway Station: Dehradun Station -13km
e) Bus Stand: Isbt Dehradun-15km
f) Tehsil Place: Vikashnangar -25km
g) Krishi Upaj Mandi: Selaqui-6km
5. Transport Facilities Available In The Village: Yes (Bus And Auto
Services)
6. Nearest Village(Weekly)Market:
a) Place: Jhajra
b) Distance: 3km

Fig.-I (a) Main gate of Dhulkot
VS-II : Population of village.
S. No. Item Population as per Census
1. Total Population 747
2. Total Male
1. Literate
2. Illiterate
371
316
55
3. Total Female
1. Literate
2. Illiterate
376
277
99
4. Number of Cultivators 15
5. Number of Agricultural
Labour
3
6.
No. Of Scheduled Caste
22

7. Total geographical area of the
village.
103.41 Ha.
UNIT-I: VILLAGE ATTACHMENT
It was among the best and most emotional experience of us while
going through the village survey. During this village survey we realize that
understanding farmer is more important than understanding crop .For a
researcher, a scientist or an extension worker it is important to understand
farmer, their culture, behaviour, needs, living style ,problems and strength
to implement any methodology or technology in rural circumstances.
Village attachment is an important and crucial part of RAWE Programme. It
helps in learning the realistic situation or condition between theory and
practical cultivation, economic condition and living standards of the farmer,
problem faced by them, etc. It also help in linkage between the students and
the farmers collecting income, livelihood, livestock, etc.
ACTIVITY: Conducting household survey with the help of scheduled
supplied to the student.

Fig.-I (b) Map of Dhulkot
1. Socio-economic:
The descriptive details of the survey are given below according to the
topics.
 Number of households = 152
 Total cultivated area = 71.18 hectare.
 Major crop cultivated = Wheat, Maize, Sugarcane
 Climate vulnerability = Season based (Flood ,Frost)
Socio-economic comes from the word first socio which comes from social
and refers to any number of demographic and social condition, such as age
structure, racial composition, sex ratio etc. Economic refers to the economic
condition such as income, unemployment rates, saving rates , and so
on.Majority of the people of village are dependent on agriculture sector .The
village are dependent on agriculture sector. The village includes running a
school and two angan-bari, only few people are employed in organized sector
and others are in agriculture which includes cultivation of crops, poultry,
cattle, etc.

1. ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGY
Under this heading we Can say there is no innovator in this village
and most of them are using subsistence method of farming, even they only
depend on rainfall for irrigation and some of them doing organic farming,
only few farmers has attracted toward mechanization in owing the machines
and majority of farmers who use machines on rents.
Now, we enlisting the types and number of machines existed in that village:-
Tractors: 5
Rotavator: 2
Thresher: 3
Cultivators: 2
Fig. –I (c) Sugarcane juicer machine,Sprayer,Rotavator,Tube well.

Cost of cultivation
Their cost of cultivation is mainly on purchasing seed, fertilizer and
paying rents of machines (tractor, rotavator, thresher and cultivator).
Constraint Analysis
a) They don’t get benefited of any schemes of govt. due to lack of
information.
b) Pradhan of their village do not provide any help to the farmers, especially
in case of monkey they do nothing to protect their crops.
GENERAL INFORMATION OF FARMERS
S.
No.
Farmer’s
name
Wife’s
name
No. of
family
members
Total
land
Cultivated
crops
Famer’s
income
(yearly)
1. Mr. Sher
Singh
Mrs.
Shuruti
Singh
6 3 ha. Sugarcane,
maize, paddy
85000/-
2. Mr. Ram
Singh
Mrs.
Baby
Singh
5 2 ha. Sugarcane,
maize, paddy
80000/-
3. Mr.
Mitra
Singh
Mrs.
Shuruchi
Singh
7 3 ha. Sugarcane,
maize, paddy
90000/-

Fig. I (d)Sher Singh
Fig. I (e) Mr. Mitra Singh
Fig. I (f)-Mr. Ram Singh

Unit- II
Agronomical Interventions
We visited the fields of farmer and observed the following practices of
cultivation of crops:-
 Sugarcane
 Paddy
 Maize
 Berseem as a fodder crop
Crop: Maize
B.N.: Zea Mays.
Family name: Poaceae
ChromosomeNo.2n=20
Season:kharif
Field preparation
After discussing with farmer we came to know that 2- 3 deep ploughing
were done for field preparation.
Seed /varieties: hybrid varieties.
Seed rate: 18 Kgs/Ha
Planting distance: R*R= 40cm & P*P =20 cm
Intercultural operation: we didn’t observe good management of
intercultural operations. They used Atrazine @1gm/ltr.
Irrigation: No irrigation facilities.
The crops are raised with natural rain only i.e. Rainfed.
Pest Management: No major pest attack observed.

Disease Management
Disease Symptom Management
Bacterial stalk rot The basal internodes
develop soft rots and
give a water soaked
appearance.
 Use of disease
resistance
varietyi.e. ganga
safed -2
 Avoid
waterlogging &
poor drainage
Charcoal – rot The infected stalks
may split
longitudinally into a
mass of fiber.
 Field sanitation
 Crop rotation
 Seed treatment
with thiram
@3gm/kg.
Fig. II (a) Bacterial stalk rot Fig. II (b) Charcoal – rot
Harvesting
Harvesting is done by hand sickle
Yield: 11-12 Quintal/ha.

Fig. II (a) Field of Maize
Sugarcane
B.N. : Saccharum officinarum
Family: Poaceae
Chromosome no. 2n=80
Season: Kharif crops
Field preparation:-
2-3 deep ploughing were done with tractor.
Seed/varieties.: Not known
Planting distance:-
Row to Row: 1.8m-1.9m
Plant to Plant: 60cm
Intercultural Operation:- Blind hoeing after 1-2 weeks
Irrigation: rainfed
Pest management : no major pest observed till our presence.
Disease management
Disease Symptoms Management
Red rot The spindle leaves
display drawing. At
latter stage, stalks
becomes discolored
and hallow
Growing of disease
resistant varietiesi.e.
co86032, co86249.

Wilt Externally gradual
yellowing & drying of
foliage,
shrinkage/withering of
canes.
Plant resistant
varieties
Fig. II (c) Red rot Fig. II (d) Wilt
Harvesting
Harvesting should be done at fully maturity at 12 months. Close
harvesting 2- 3cm below ground level. Using a hand axe is idle.
Topping should be done at the point of break
Yield:400-500 Q/Ha.(Likely to be harvested in feb-mar.2023. )

Fig.II (e) Field of Sugarcane
Paddy
B.N.:- Oryza sativa
Family: Poaceae
Chromosome no. :-2n=24
Season: kharif
Field preparation: 2-3 deep ploughing with tractor were done.
Varieties: Hybrid.
Seed Rate: Use 20-25kgs seed per hectare.
Spacing: 20x15cm or 20x10cm Depth: 3-4cm Transplant 2-3 plant per hill
for better yield.
Seed Treatment: Generally, it is done by making solution of 75gm thiram
or 50gm carbendazim in 8-10lt water to treat 25kg seed.
Irrigation: Rainfed. Irrigation with tube well were done at critical growth
stage.
Pest management : No major pest attack observed till our presence.

Disease management:-
Disease Symptoms Management
Rice blast disease appears on leaves as
elliptical spot with
light-colored Centre &
reddish edges
Use of bisvtin @2g/ltr.
At flag leaf stage
Tungro disease Tungro can appear at
any time right from
seedling stage.
Use of systemic
insecticides
imidaclorpid @1ml/ltr.
after 1 month of
transplanting.
Fig.II (f) Rice blast disease Fig. II (g) tungro disease
Harvestings:hand sickle
Yield:18-22 quintal /Ha.

Fig. II (h) Field of Paddy
Suggestion by us to the Farmer:
 Proper Seed treatment with bavistin @ 2g/kg of seed.
 Proper planting distance (45*45 &30*30).
 To make the effort for drip and sprinkler irrigation by the Govt.
scheme.
 Suggested for mechanical approach in farming.(use of machine to
reduce the cost of cultivation)
 Forming a co operative society.

Unit –III
Plant Protection and Interventions
Activities:-Visiting the crop field and diagnosis of Insect-pest and disease
infestation in the crops.Under the Plant protection intervention, we Visited
the field of Village and few farmers.
I have talked about the disease and insect pest infestation on their
fields. In the discussion and the analysis of field resulted for me to have the
first hand knowledge of the disease and insect-pest infestation.
The brief detail of the disease and insect-pest infestation are as
follows:-
Diseases of field & agronomic crop
Crop:-Rice.
S.no. Diseases Symptom Management
1 Khaira
(Zn
Deficiency)
Yellow patches at
the leaf bases on
both side of midrib
Spray @5kg
ZnSo4/ha, or
application of zinc
sulphate @25kg/ha
at the time of sowing
in Zn deficient soil
2 False Smut
(Claviceps
oryzae)
Symptom appears
after flowering
infected spikelet
transformed into
large velvety, yellow
to orange mass
which later into
greenish then black
in colour
1. Seed treatment
2. Uprooting the
plant affected
and are burnt
and buried
under the soil.

3 Bacterial
LeafBlight
(Xanthomo
nas)
Initially seedling wilt
occurs and then
Plant withers and
dries up. Later
blighting occurs
from tip of leaves to
base.
1. Seed treatment
with
Strptocyclin
0.015%
2. Spray of
bacteromycin
@25gm/ha
Khaira Disease Falsse smut Bacterial leaf blight
CROP: Mango
S.NO Disease Symptoms Management
1. Stem borer
(Batocera
rufomaculata)
Shedding of leaves
And drying of
terminal shoots takes
place in early stage of
attack while damage
to main stem causes
Avoid injury at the
base of trunk while
pruning., apply 10
ml-20ml mono-
crotophos 36 Soluble

Stem borer Mango hopper
CROP- CHILLY
Serial no. Disease Symptoms Management
1. Leaf spot of
chilly(xanthomonas
campestris)
Water soaked
spots on
leaves. Leaves
fruits and
Field sanitation
tree death. Liquid/tree
2. Mango hopper
(Amritodus
atkinsoni)
Both nymphs and
adults suck the sap
from tender shoots
and inflorescence
resulting in withers
and shedding of
flower buds and
wilting and drying of
shoots and leaves.
Avoid excess use of
nitrogenous
fertilizers.
Spray dimethoate 30
EC or moncrotophos
36 SL 2.5-3.3 L

stems are
affected.
Leaf spot of chilly
Suggestion given us to the farmer:
 We suggested them to make contact with nearest KVK.
 Adopt the methods suggested by KVK.
 Use of desi breed for chilly

Unit- IV
Soil Improvement Interventions
Our group visited the village for our next activity. We meet with
a farmer whose name is Krishna lal, we take the sample of soil from
his field, he gives us his aadhar card for testing soil in govt. soil
testing lab.
The following procedure are taken while taking soil sampling:-
 The equipment required during soil sampling such as polythene bag,
spade, etc.
 Sampling of soil must be taken from near bunds because the exact
analysis can’t be obtained.
 Soil sampling should be taken randomly in a zig-zag manner to get the
correct data.
 Firstly, with the help of spade “V” shape lining should be made at 5-6
places randomly on the field and the upper layer (2-3cm) would be
removed.
 Now, collection of soil sample from various V-shapes places should be
done properly and mixed up thoroughly on the polythene sheet.
 After removal of weeds and impurities from the taken soil sample, mix up
until it gets 500gm for lab purpose.
 This 500 gm soil should be dried up in a shed area.
 Finally, we put this soil sample into the polythene bag and take it in to
the lab for the further analysis.

Fig-IV (a) Collecting of Soil Sample.
Name Of the farmer: Shri Krishna Lal
Block: Sahaspur
Village: Banshiwala
 Soil health card number:20551

Fig. IV (b) Report of Soil Sample
CONCLUSION:
To provide an assessments of the soil fertility to make fertilizer
recommendation. To learn the ability of soil to support crop growth. With
knowledge of what each soil test value means, grower can make more
informed crop input decision to minimize risk and maximize profitability.

Unit-V
Fruits & vegetables production intervention.
 Information on fruits and vegetable production status of farmer :-
In this activity we visited the field of fruits and vegetables.
S. No. 1 2 3
Fruit/Vegetable Mango Pomelo Chilly
B. Name. Mangifera indica Citrus maxima Capssicum
frutescens
Family Name Anacardiaceae Rutaceae Solanaceae
Area/No. of
Plants.
10 5 0.1 Ha.
Manure/Fertilizer Cow dung
@30kgs/plant
Cow dung@ 5
kgs/plant
decomposed
kitchen waste.
Variety Chausa, Deshari Not Known Not Known
Age 10-12 Years 9-10 Years current year
Bearing Alternate Regular Annual
Yield 1.5 Q/tree 40 kgs/tree 25kgs (expt.)
Uses Pickle & Own
consumption
Own
consumption &
Selling @
7/pc.
Pickle & Own
consumption

Suggestion given us to the farmer:
 Increase the no. of mango plantation.
 Chausa & deshari fetch good price in market.
 Application of NPK @4 kgs/plant in mango.
 Use of desi breed for chilly for better pungency.

Food processing methods that are used by farmer to preserve foods:
S.No. Method Material used
(cereals/pulses/vegetable/fruit)
01 Refrigeration and
freezing
Cucumber ,apple ,tomato
02 Canning Mushroom ,pineapple ,okra
03 Irradiation Pasteurizing milk ,canning fruit
04 Dehydration Tomato ,garlic ,onion
05 Freeze-drying Juice, vegetables, fish, dairy
06 Fermentation Sugarcane ,cabbage
Procedures Practical applications
(Fruits/vegetables etc.)
Fresh Storage Banana
Cold Storage Potato ,ice cream
Freezing Mushroom,
Drying/Dehydration Tomato, garlic, onion
Concentration Lemon , juice, mango
Unit-VI
Food Processing and Storage Interventions

Packaging material used for horticultural crops
 Students have to collect the information regarding the packaging material
used for vegetables, fruits and other material at village level.
S. No. Name of article Packaging material used
1 Mango Bodda, Basket
2 Vegetable Basket, Crates
3 Rice Bodda,
4 Fruit Crates, Basket
5 Honey Bamboo, Cardboards Box
Storage Interventions
Grain contamination is influenced by
Type of storage structure:-
a) Mud kothi type storage structure.
b) Metal /steel bin type storage structure
c) Temperature-15-25C
d) Moisture-12%-14%
2. Storage losses in grains (%)
 Improved storage structure
 Type of structure used –Pusa bin
 Length and purpose of storage- Brick and cement bin
 Grain treatment – Chemical

FOOD PROCESSING AND STORAGE INTERVATIONS.
AWARENESS PROGRAMME ON VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS FROM
VARIOUS FRUITS AND VEGETABLES:-
In awareness programme on value added food products from various
fruits and vegetables, we visited the village and met with farmers and
organized the awareness programme.
First of all we asked question about the losses of harvested fruits and
vegetables, the response was that the farmers were suffering with huge loss,
and now it’s our turn to give the helpful knowledge about the value added
products of various fruits and vegetables which get the good prices in
market and also can be stored for long time.
In this programme we told them about the tomato catch up tomato sauces,
guava jelly, fruit jams etc. these products can be easily made at home with
easily available materials.
The pickles of mango also can be easily made at home, with easily available
materials and can be stored for long and can be sold at good prices, as like
pickles of chilies are also made, and jellies of guava is also important to the
producer of guava as it also perish early and can not be stored for long time.
So the processing adds great value to the guava.

PREPARATION OF GUAVA JELLY:-
THE PREPARATION OF GUAVA JELLY IS DESCRIBED BELOW WITH THE
FLOW CHART.
We made guava jelly of 1kg guava. And the recipe is for making 1kg
Guava( pulp/juice)
mixing with strained syrup solution( sugur+water+acid,heated
just to dissolve) according to recipe.
homogenizetion
bottling
crown corking
pasrturization(at about 90*
c) for 25 minutes.
cooling
storage

PREPARATION OF FRUIT JAM
In fruit jam we made the apple jam. The recipe of apple jam is according to
2kg of apple. The steps of making are as follows.
Ripe-firm fruits
Washing
Peeling(remove seed & core )
Addition of sugar
Boiling (with continuous stirring)
Addition of Citric acid, colour
flavour
further cooking
Judging end point (TSS 68-70% or
temp 105*c)
Filling hot into sterilized bottles
cooling
waxing
capping sealing
storage

Unit-VII
Animals Production Interventions.
No. of cattle 3
Breed Desi
Milk production 8-9 ltr.
Fodder Berseem& Oat
Consumption 50% for domestic use
Sell 50% @ Rs45/ltr.
House Katcha
Any disease Foot and mouth disease
Management of disease Vaccination from Block vet.

Fig, Shed of cattles
Suggestion given by us to the farmer:
 Replacement of desi cow by improved breed like: Holiestien, Jersy
as climate of village dhulkot conducive for these breed.
 We suggested them to make shed for cattle like :
a) Tail to tail system.
b) Head to head system
 Also suggested for vaccination scheduled.
Vaccination schedule
Disease Age Interval Month
FMD 3rd month
Every six
month
Jan-Feb, June-
July
BG 6th Month Every year Aug-Sep
HS 6th Month Every Year Sep-Oct
Anthrax 6th Month
Every Year
( Affected area
only)
April – May

Unit;-VIII
EXTENSION AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
ACTIVITIES :
Activity: visit kisan mela:-
Place: Forest Research Institute
Organized by: Extension field and Forest research Institute, Dehradun.
Fig. VIII (a) Kisan Mela
 At kisan mela we saw different types of stalls selling their products and
the farmers also share the information related to that product.
 In kisan mela there are many women who selling their products made
from Bamboo, aachar, bag, made of jute and many more
 In one stall we saw seed of bamboo and they give us information that
bamboo gives seed after 50-75 years of cycle with very low seed set and it
is very to cultivate bamboo by seeds.

BAMBOO is now belongs to POACEAE Family.
 At first stall we saw a man selling hand made products from different
varieties of bamboo ,
 They use thinnest variety o bamboo i.e. RINGAL.
Fig. VII(b) Seeds of Bamboo
Fig VIII(c) Basket of Bamboo

ACTIVITY:
VISITED 2ND LARGEST HERBARIUM OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT.
GUIDED BY: Dr.ANUP SINGH
Fig. VIII(d)-Herbarium
Dr. ANUP SINGH shared important useful information about the
herbarium.
Fig. VIII (e) Inside of Herbarium

This herbarium is established in 1908 and the arrangement is given by
BENTHAM & HOOKER
 Oldest specimen:1807
 Total specimens:3,30,000
 Largest family: leguminosae (3101 species)
 Largest Genus:Panicum(172 species).
EXTENSION EDUCATION IN AGRICULTURE:
One Of the most tedious job in agriculture is technology transfer to
the farmers i.e. dissemination of new methodologies from lab to land .In our
state various KVKs ,research station ,agricultural university govt. agency
mass media and some voluntary organization ,are playing their part in
agricultural extension.
To improve our agricultural production, understanding farmers is more
important than understanding crops. If we succeed in manipulating farmers
in scientific way and in right direction we can directly or indirectly increase
the yield of our crop .Agricultural extension works on the principle of
learning by doing and seeing is believing.
So, the extension worker should be powerful orator and have substantial
knowledge of their subjects .The SMSs (subject matter specialist) and
various scientific deputed at several KVKs have a chairmatic quality of
attracting peasants with their effective way of interaction and subject matter
being concerned .

KISAN GOSTHI
 It is a one way of communication between the extension worker or
scientist and the farmer.
 In this scientist give their views on general issues or aware farmers on
global problem.
 More number of farmer participate generally above 300-500.
 Venue selected has wide space at: FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
(FRI),DEHRADUN.
Fig. VIII (g)-Kishan Ghosti

UNIT IX
PLANT CLINIC.
 WHAT IS PLANT CLINIC?
Plant Clinic is a place where diagnosis and remedial measures for plants are
provided to the farmers.
 Visited: Krishi Nivesh Kendra
 Guided By; Mr. Dhiraj Singh Rawat
Instructor of Krishi Nivesh Kendra gives us information about
Herbicides, Insecticide and Fungicide and also about some harmful
insect which infest on the local crops.
Fig. IX (a)-Krishi Nivesh Kendra

 Herbicides:
 A chemical substance that farmers use to kill plants that are growing where
they are not wanted.
• 2,4-D (it is systemic poison use specially in broad leaf weeds.)
• Pretilachlor (A broad‐spectrum systemic herbicide with the chemical
name 2‐chloro‐2′, 6′‐diethyl‐N‐(2‐propoxyethyl) acetanilide. It has
excellent action against annual weeds, sedges, and broadleaf weeds in
rice fields)
• Pendimethalin: (Pendimethalin is the most widely used preemergent
herbicide )
Fig. IX (b)-Herbicides

 Fungicides
 Fungicides are pesticides that kill or prevent the growth of fungi and
their spores
• Propiconazol: (a triazole fungicide used to control lawn diseases and
fungi. It is a systemic fungicide, so it will be absorbed into treated plants
to prevent diseases as well as treat ongoing infections)
• Mancozeb: (Mancozeb is a broad-spectrum contact fungicide which is
labeled for use on many fruit, vegetable, nut, and field crops )
• Carbendazim: (a systemic benzimidazole fungicide is applied
repeatedly to control plant diseases including soil borne diseases, over a
growing season.)
 Insecticides:
 Insecticides are chemicals used to control insects by killing them or
preventing them.
• Monocrotophos: (Monocrotophos is a water-soluble organophosphate
insecticide with high oral and moderate dermal toxicity.)
• Imidacloprid:(a systemic insecticide belonging to a class of chemicals
called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of
insects)
 Major Pest Of Rice & Maize:
• Stem borer
• Leaf hopper
• Pod borer
• Termite
 Varities Of Rice:
1. Vl-68
2. Pr-121
3. Pv-1509

 Hybrid Varitey
1. Basmati368
2. Pant26
 Varities Of Maize
1. Sweta
2. Naveen
3. Kanchan
Fig.IX(c) Collecting Data about Disease
CONCLUSION:
Plant clinic approach is that farmers' knowledge and management of
pests and diseases will be enhanced, which will improve agricultural
productivity, translating into increased incomes in the long run.

COMPONENT -II
AGRO INDUSTRIAL ATTACHEMENT
Under this module of RAWE,we were sent to agro industry i.e AANCHAL
DAIRY.
It has enable us to understand the different aspects of agribusiness.
Fig.(a) Main Gate of Aanchal Diary
Activities and task during agro industries attachment programme:
Study of structure, functioning, objectives, and mandates of industry.
STRUCTURE OF AANCHAL DAIRY
It was established in 1956.

Aanchal dairy has made a name for itself in the list of top suppliers of in
INDIA.The supplier company is located in Dehradun.
Aanchal dairy is listed in the Trade India list of verified sellers offering
supreme quality etc.
ACHIEVEMENTS:
 In Feb. 2008 started production work of cheese and ricotta.
 In June 2008 started production and distribution of yogurt.
 In May 2010 started distributing Aanchal packaged drinking water.
 In Jan, 2011 started production work of kheer.
 In March, 2012 started production of khoya.
 They have well managed structure of entire dairy well manured staff were
there they were very much sincere about their work.
PRODUCTS SUPPLY BY AANCHAL DAIRY:
 Skimmed milk
 Toned milk
 Yogurt
 Curd
 Butter
 Paneer
 Balmithai
 Chocolate

Fig.(b) Products of Aanchal Diary
OBJECTIVE OF VISIT;
 The current project is aimed at the study of milk and milk products from
a food science and public health perspective.
 To learn about the technology and technique used in industry for
obtaining the useful microbial products.
 To know about the functioning of an industry.  To interact with the
industrial personal.
 To have a close look at the industrial application of the theoretical
knowledge.
STEPS OF MILK PROCESSING IN DAIRY
 Receiving of raw milk
Raw milk from various sources is collected at the processing plant from the
district milk unions in uttrakhand. Reception of the raw milk occurs at the
reception deck or tank unloading bed.

 Acceptance of milk on the basis of products attributes
After reception of raw milk its quality both chemical and bacterial is
accessed by means of mainly three types of platform test i.e. organoleptic
test, chemical test, bacteriological test.
The raw milk is forced through the 3 chambered heated section where hot
water in opposite side of the plates heats the milk upto temperature of at
least 720C.
The milk at pasteurization temperature and under pressure flows through
the holding tube for at 15 sec. clarification and homogenization occur
simultaneously during pasteurization. Properly heated milk flows reversily
through the pasteurized milk regenerator section where it gives up heat to
raw product and in turn is cooled .the warm milk processed through the
section where it cooled to 40 C or below by coolant on the opposite side of
the thin stainless-steel plates.
Fig.(c) Storage Tank

 Storage
Standardization, homogenization add pasteurized milk is stored at 4 c in
separate tanks to prevent contamination till packing.
 Packaging of milk
Packing
From the storage tanks, milk, is pumped to the vat of packaging section and
is UV sterilized poly packs of varying.
In the automated pouch packing machine accordingto different
standardization.
Fig. (d) Packing

Cold storage
Packaged milk pouches in trays are in cold store, temperature are
maintained at 40 till distribution.
Distribution
Crates of processed milk pouches are delivered to depots and agents in
refrigerated van and distributed to the consumers.
Fig. (e) Cold Storage

Water disposal
The industry daily release a large amount of milk sample .the microbial
waste along with the undigested part of wastage are treated as sludge use a
fertilizer which is one of the most unique cause of green vegetation around
the industry.
 Marketing
The different products are packed according to the requirements and
transferred to the packaging stations.
The final step in milk processing is putting the milk into retailer containers.
Fig.(e) Product Ready

Main destination of export= Dehradun, Rishikesh, Haridwar. Etc.
BENEFITS FROM THE INDUSTRIAL VISIT
 We came to know about the vivid process and infrastructure by an
industry to produce according to public interest.
 We have acquired the knowledge of milk processing.
 How pasteurization is done that has achieved through the visit.
 How an industry process may be controlled by automation system that
can be known from the visit.
OVERALL OUTCOMES OF RAWE (rural agriculture work
experience):
 Rural awareness
 Field experience
 Team work
 Experiential and experiential learning.
 Knowledge on field-based research
 Capacity building
 Understanding rural life
 Working with people organization
 Problem solving attitude
 Awareness about rural economy

CONCLUSION
At the end of RAWE programme I reached to the conclusion that RRAWE is
the most important part of the B.Sc. agriculture because I have learnt
practically a lot of things which I have learnt theoretically in the previous
semester. I learnt how to interact with the farmers and to resolve their
problems.
RAWE programme gives me the great experience to work in rural areas.
There are many things which looks quite different when I came to work on
the ground level.

OTHERS ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITY: SOCIAL SERVICE & VILLAGE CLEANING:
Under this activity our group along with our coordinator Mr. Deepak
Gupta provide useful information on ,
Rain water harvesting :
 We prepare some slogans to encourage peoples about rain water
harvesting.
 With rain harvesting,we maintain the water table of ground.
 About the multipurpose use of this method,especially in agriculture.

Village cleaning:
To make villages dirt, filth and plastic free and green
To create awareness about the need and importance of voluntary labour and
its contribution towards social coherence and feeling of dignity of labour
To make aware and motivate people the need and importance of cleanliness,
greenery and Non use of plastic material
To address challenges and barriers for making villages clean, plastic free
and green
To motivate youth in keeping nearby Monuments and Cultural Heritage
Sites clean
Display of No Plastic Use at prominent places, houses, schools, shops, etc
Swachhta Abhiyan and Shramdaan by youth and villagers.
Fig. Social service & village cleaning

UNIT ATTACHMENT IN KRISHIVAN RESEARCH
CENTRE:
 MUSHROOM CULTIVATION
Mushroom are a group of fungi having large sporophores. They occur all
over the world in various form ,sandy plain to thick forest or green meadows
to roadside pathways .The Mushroom are of various sizes ,shapes, colours,
and tastes, several of them are edible while other are non edible or
poisonous , even deadly poisonous.
They are rich source of nutrient. only 5-6 have commercially exploited.
In India only 3 mushroom types –White button mushroom (Agarics
bisporus),
Oyester Mushroom (Pleurotus spp.)
Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella spp.) are being cultivated commercially.
Mushroom are group of fungi having large sporophores, They belongs to two
different subdivision, Ascomycotina and Basidomycotina of fungi. The
mushroom belongs to Ascomycotina fourth ascocarps, which may be
different shape and size.
The classification of Mushroom is as:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Basidiomucotina
Class: Agricales
Order: Agricales
Genus: Agricus

Species: Bisporus
IMPORTANCE OF MUSHROOM:
Mushroom is considered to be the good alternative to combat food shortage
of increasing population in the world during the present are in general
,Mushroom are consumedas food for their attributes ,however , mushroom
provide us high level qualitative nutrition that required for our growth and
different medicines to combat disease and to increase immune system in our
body .
NUTRITIVEVALUE:
Mushroom have been recognized as delicious food of god quality protein
.There are rich in vtamin, (in vit.c and vit.B complex) and mineral .Further
,these are the food of low calorie with little fat ,where sugar content is very
less ,starch and colestrol content are absent and ergosterol present.
MUSHROOM VALUE:
Mushroom is traditionally been used in China and Japan for the medicine
and tonic properties. Several cosmetics products and tonic beverages have
also been produced in China from ganoderma mushroom.
IMPACT OF CLIMATIC FACTOR:
Edible mushroom can survive in a wide range of climatic condition, but for
satisfactory commercial.
Production they must be given condition fairly near to the ideal at each
successive stage of growth failure.
To do this will result in weaker or slower growth. A large no. of climatic
factors are involved in the growth.

Fig. Organic method of sterilization of straw

Topic: Oyster mushroom
Oyster mushroom:
Variety:-
Pleurotus florida
Characteristics:
 It is a subtropical edible mushroom is suitable for cultivation in summer and
rainy Season. Its production is remarkably affected by the environment
conditions like-Temperature and relative humidity.
Requirement:
 Straw
 Spawn
 Chemical (Bavistin and Fromalin)
 Polythene bag
 Rubber bands
 Hydrometer
 Water
 Humidity fire
 Sprinkler
Mushroom hut Preparation
Three types of Structures.
 Paddy straw hut
 Permanent Cemented Structure
 Bamboo hut
Required environment inside the mushroom Room.
Temperature:7°-35°c Humidity:80-90% Ventilation-cross type
Window size-2×2ft at 10 to 12 ft distance.

Cultivation of mushroom
 Sterilization of straw
Organic method: In 100 lit water put10 kg straw at temperature
of 70°c,after bubbles starts maintain it for 10 minutes and then
remove the straw and strain all water from it.
Chemical method: In 150 litre water mix 150ml formalin and 5 to 7 gm
bavistin. Put 15kg straw into it for 24 hours to remove all contaminations.
To Remove Moisture: Spread the Sterilized straw in shady place to remove
excess water. At least 60% moisture should be removed.
SPAWNING METHOD:
 Broadcasting method
 Layering method Ratio should be10:1.
 Bagging
 Incubation chamber: for 8 to 14 days.
Harvesting:
1st harvesting is done after 18 to 20 days.

VERMICOMOSTING:
Vermicomposting is simple biotechnological process of composting, in
which certain species of earthworms are used to enhance the process of
waste conversion and produce a better product.
Vermicomposting is a method of preparing enriched compost with the use of
earthworms. Key raw material used:-
Decomposable waste:-
 Animal excreta
 Kitchen waste
 Farm residue etc.
Vermicompost is stable, fine granular organic manure enriched soil quality,
improve biological properties.
Fig. Harvesting of worm

Species of earthworm:-
Eisenia foetida(Red earthworm) is most commonly used earth worm species
in world. Its origin in Austrilia.
Why earthworm is called engineer of soil?
Because, it increase aeration in soil, make borrow into soil, increase water
holding capacity, looses the soil .One earthworm can loose 36 tonnes of soil
in their life time of 1-3 years.
It can eat upto half of the body weight and eats 70-90% of organic matter,
fast breeding 2-3 times in 60-90 days.

Earthworms are divided into three main groups by where they live
within the soil:
 leaf litter dwellers,
 soil dwellers
 deep burrowers
 Leaf litter dwellers are reddish-brown, small and usually less than
3 inches long when mature.
 Soil dwellers live in the top 20 inches of soil.
They are light gray and sometimes have a pink head and range in
size from 1 to 5 inches.
 Deep burrowers dwell 6 feet deep but feed on fresh surface litter.
Fig. Earthworm

Methods of vermicomposting.
 Bed method- beds are made on the floor (6×2×2 feet). It is easy to
maintain
 Pit method- composting is done in pits made of cement (5×5×3 feet).
This method is rarely used.
Materials used for Vermicomposting
 Organic waste- kitchen waste, animal waste, and farm waste ( cow dung
and dried crop waste are mainly used). Always use both leguminous and
non-leguminous crop waste for vermicomposting.
 Earthworms- Locally available earthworms and those found in soil show
prolonged action. For quick action, specific earthworms are preferred.
 Cow dung
 Water
 Gunny bags
 Large bin (cemented or plastic tank)
Preparation of Vermicompost:
 To prepare the vermicompost, a plastic or concrete tank can be used
according to the availability (Size- based on the number of raw materials
available)
 Collect the dried biomass ( garden waste, animal waste, municipal waste,
etc.) and chop them
 Mix the chopped dry material with cow dung in a 1:3 ratio and keep them
aside for 15-20 days for partial decomposition
 Add a thin layer of soil /sand (2-3 inches) at the bottom of the tank.
 Now prepare the bedding by adding the partially decomposed cow dung
and dried waste mixture. Distribute it evenly on the soil
 Continually add the mixture up to a depth of 0.5-1 foot.

 Now release the earthworms in the tank (1000-2000 earthworms /
square meters). Cover the mixture with gunny bags/ straw/ plastic.
Monitor the bin for the availability of food to the earthworms and add the
food (fruit and vegetable peels, other kitchen waste) when necessary
(make sure not to add excess food)
 Do watering regularly to maintain moisture.
 Monitor the composting tank to maintain temperature and moisture
 Beds should be turned in every 30 days for aeration and proper
decomposition.
 The compost will be ready in 45-50 days.
Harvesting of Vermicompost
 Earthworms eat the food and leave the excreta.
 A soft, black/brown-colored component similar to humus is formed in
the bin within 45-60 days.
 This is called worm casting/ vermicast/ vermicompost and collects the
casting formed on the top layer.
 Before the collection, separate the earthworms and transfer them into
new biomass.
 Earthworms will start their activities and continue with the process of
vermicomposting.
 The castings can be collected once a week.

Fig. Separate of warm and compost
Preventive measures
The site should be cool, shady, and moist.
 Biomass should be properly dried.
 Cattle dung should at least be 15-20 days old to avoid heat.
 Organic waste should be free from plastics, pesticides, metals,
chemicals, and other toxic materials.
 Avoid adding dairy, ginger, meat, and acidic foods like lemon, orange,
and citrus foods as feed for the earthworms.
 Proper aeration should be maintained for the growth and
multiplication of earthworms.
 Optimum moisture should be maintained (above 50 %, usually 70-80
% is considered ideal)
 The Optimum temperature should be maintained (Temperature- 18-
25o C)

Application of vermicompost
 The dosage of vermicompost is based on the crops we grow.
 For field crops, 5-6 tonnes/Ha. vermicompost is applied.
 For horticultural crops, it is advised to combine an equal amount of
manure with vermicompost.
 Other components derived from Vermicompost
 Vermiwash
 It is the excreta and mucus secretion of the earthworms.
 This can be collected by passing water through the medium of the
earthworms.
 It is a pale yellowish liquid containing micronutrients from the organic
matter in the medium.
 It also contains enzymes and secretions of earthworms, which aid in
the growth of the plant.

 Advantages of vermicompost
 Vermicompost helps improve soil structure, texture, porosity, water
holding capacity, drainage, and aeration and reduces erosion.
 It improves plant growth by enabling the growth of new shoots and
leaves, thereby increasing productivity.
 It helps to neutralize the pH of the soil.
 Vermicompost enhances the soil’s microbial activity and adds
beneficial microbes, lowering the pest and disease incidence.
 It is easy to apply and handle, economical, and does not have a foul
odor.
 It is free from any pathogens or harmful materials.
 It contains several micro and macronutrients, vitamins, enzymes, and
hormones like auxins and gibberellins.

Disadvantages of Vermicompost.
 Odor- If not done properly, it releases a bad odor. Filling the compost
bin with green plants forms ammonia and produces the smell. Adding
carbon sources like paper helps to neutralize the smell.
 Time- It is a time-consuming process and usually takes 2-3 months to
complete the process.
 Maintenance- Temperature needs to be maintained for better action
by earthworms. The bad odor attracts rodents and flies. So, the bin
should be covered properly.
Conclusion:
Vermicomposting is a biotechnological process involved by earthworm;
the natural bioreactors playing an essential role in the breakdown of organic
matter and maintaining soil fertility. The worms involved recycling of organic
waste and enhanced plant growth.

Final Conclusion :-
 We were allotted village dhulkot as our site for project RAWE Mr. Jitesh
sir coordinator of krishivan simplified the ongoing steps of RAWE
programme.
 We are lucky to have our farmer Mr. Sher singh as his very co operative
and friendly behavior.
 While surveying the village we understood the socio economic status of
villagers. Still they have traditional mode of cultivation practices.
 While interacting with the farmers we came to know that most of the
govt. scheme are not availed in village dhulkot.
 We Insisted them to get attached with the programme of KVK &
Agriculture block.
 Proper seed treatment recommened spacing scheduled spraying of
pesticides, fungicides, adaptation of drip & sprinkler irrigation system
etc. were the prime suggestion to the farmer.
 Overall project RAWE facilited us the difference between theorytical
aspect and practical implementation of agriculture studies.
 In true scence project RAWE is the Gita of Bsc. Agriculture.
Thank You

Rawe & AIA Report for Agriculture students.pdf

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