Renewable and water resource, agriculture
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This document discusses various topics related to environmental science and engineering including renewable energy resources, floods and drought, agriculture, and water resources. It provides details on different types of renewable energy such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal power. It also describes the causes and impacts of floods and droughts. The document outlines sustainable agriculture practices like crop rotation, contour farming, and intercropping to prevent overgrazing. It provides an overview of the hydrologic cycle and different freshwater reservoirs including rivers, lakes, and groundwater aquifers.
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This document lists and briefly describes 5 natural disasters: drought, flood, forest fire, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions. For each disaster, it outlines key characteristics such as causes and impacts. Drought is described as a period of unusually dry weather caused by lack of rain or moisture. Floods occur when there is more water than the ground and rivers can hold, such as from excessive rain or snow melt. Forest fires are generally started by lightning or human causes and can burn large areas. Tornadoes form from mixing hot and cold air currents and cause damage as they move across the ground. Volcanic eruptions happen when magma rises from the earth's mantle and crust, posing hazards from ash, lava
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Soil erosion is one of the most critical environmental problems worldwide. It is caused by both physical phenomena like rainfall and wind as well as human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, and overcropping. This leads to the deterioration of agricultural land and increases issues like flooding, reduced water supply, and siltation of reservoirs. It can also damage buildings, roads and public works while depleting wildlife. Logging, farming, cattle ranching, and other activities can accelerate soil erosion when not carried out sustainably.
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Water resources on Earth include surface water found in lakes, rivers and streams, as well as groundwater located underground in aquifers. Surface water is used both instream for activities like fishing, and offstream through diversion for uses like irrigation and household needs. Groundwater supplies over half of the US population's drinking water and is heavily used for irrigation. Overuse of surface and groundwater can harm freshwater ecosystems through depletion and pollution of water bodies. Other issues surrounding water include floods, which occur when water submerges usually dry land, and droughts, which are periods of below average precipitation resulting in water shortages. Water scarcity also leads to conflicts between regions over unequal distribution and management of shared water resources.
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Natural resources supplied by nature like air, water, soil, forests and wildlife are being depleted by human activity which causes issues like global warming and environmental harm. Resources can be renewable like forests which regrow, or non-renewable like fossil fuels which cannot be replaced once used up. Deforestation occurs for many reasons like obtaining land, materials, fuel and construction wood, but it leads to problems through soil erosion, flooding, desertification and climate changes by reducing rainfall. Protecting natural resources and reducing deforestation can help address these environmental impacts.
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Drought is caused by a prolonged period of below average precipitation over an extended time, such as a season or more. This results in a shortage of available water that can adversely impact vegetation, animals, and people. Droughts are influenced by factors like increased anticyclones, global warming, overpopulation, overcultivation, and deforestation. Consequences of drought include hunger, thirst, disease, wildfires, and social conflicts that can lead to migration or relocation. Australia experienced years of drought in the early 2000s that resulted in millions of livestock deaths and temporary relocations until floods eventually provided relief.
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Natural resources supplied by nature like air, water, soil, forests and wildlife are being depleted by human activity which causes issues like global warming and environmental harm. Resources can be renewable like forests which regrow, or non-renewable like fossil fuels which cannot be replaced once used up. Deforestation occurs for many reasons like obtaining land, materials, fuel and construction wood, but it leads to problems through soil erosion, flooding, desertification and climate changes by reducing rainfall. Protecting natural resources and reducing deforestation can help address these environmental impacts.
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Drought is caused by a prolonged period of below average precipitation over an extended time, such as a season or more. This results in a shortage of available water that can adversely impact vegetation, animals, and people. Droughts are influenced by factors like increased anticyclones, global warming, overpopulation, overcultivation, and deforestation. Consequences of drought include hunger, thirst, disease, wildfires, and social conflicts that can lead to migration or relocation. Australia experienced years of drought in the early 2000s that resulted in millions of livestock deaths and temporary relocations until floods eventually provided relief.
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Drought occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation over an extended period, resulting in water shortages. Drought can have substantial impacts on agriculture and regional economies. In India, drought has historically led to tens of millions of deaths from famines in the 18th-19th centuries. Indian agriculture is heavily dependent on the summer monsoon, and failure of the monsoons can result in below average crop yields, impacting parts of India like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana, Gujarat, and Rajasthan. The document then discusses various physical and climatic factors that can cause drought, as well as human impacts like overuse of water resources and depletion of forests.
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This document discusses drought, its causes, effects, and suggestions for prevention. Drought is defined as a period of below average precipitation resulting in water shortages. Causes include deforestation, global warming, excess water use, and lack of precipitation. Economic effects are losses for farmers, businesses, and higher food and power costs. Environmental effects are damage to wildlife habitats and increased disease. Social effects include health issues, conflicts, and loss of life. Suggestions to prevent drought include stopping deforestation, saving water through techniques like drip irrigation, planting drought resistant crops, and educating farmers on conservation practices.
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1. Land, soil, water, natural vegetation, and wildlife are important natural resources. Soil provides nutrients for plants but is vulnerable to erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, and weathering.
2. Water is necessary for life but human activities like agriculture, industry, and urbanization are straining water supplies. Conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation can help manage water resources.
3. Natural vegetation and wildlife exist in delicate ecosystems and are threatened by habitat loss, pollution, and hunting. Protected areas and awareness programs aim to preserve biodiversity.
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This document discusses drought management in India. It provides classifications for drought based on meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural factors. Key parameters for drought risk analysis are discussed such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture. The document outlines drought management strategies in India including crop insurance schemes, calamity relief funds, and drought proofing programs. It identifies regions in India that are frequently affected by drought and the cumulative effects of changing rainfall patterns, water utilization, and agricultural practices that contribute to drought in these areas. Adaptation strategies are proposed such as micro-irrigation practices, sustainable crops, and social networks.
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The document summarizes several key concepts about global climates and biomes:
1) Various biomes are determined by the climate of a region, especially temperature and precipitation patterns. The major biomes described include tundra, boreal forest, temperate rainforest, temperate seasonal forest, woodlands/shrublands, temperate grasslands/cold deserts, and tropical rainforests.
2) Global climate patterns like the Hadley cell and Coriolis effect influence atmospheric circulation and ocean currents, which impact regional climates.
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Droughts are periods of time when there is a lack of water on land caused by low rainfall from high pressure weather systems. Without sufficient water, plants and crops do not grow properly, animals die, and food shortages for people can occur. Droughts turn land into deserts if they persist for long periods. Australia experiences drought about once every 18 years due to its variable climate and experiences about 3 bad years out of every 10 on average.
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2) The average farm power availability in India is 1.5 kW/ha but varies widely between states. States with higher availability such as Punjab have much higher agricultural productivity. In Assam, availability is only 0.8 kW/ha, below the national average.
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Farm mechanization in India : A Status Paper
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The document discusses the status of farm mechanization in India, noting that strengthening farm power will be crucial to increase food production as India has a large agricultural workforce but low levels of farm mechanization compared to other countries. It provides details on the sources of farm power in India, which is currently dominated by tractors, and faces challenges of high costs, land fragmentation, and low tractor penetration that limit wider adoption of farm mechanization. However, the tractor market is expected to continue growing as it represents an opportunity to boost low agricultural productivity through the introduction of machinery.
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PRECIPITATION:
is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water that falls under gravity from clouds.
The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice pellets, graupel and hail. Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor (reaching 100% relative humidity), so that the water condenses and "precipitates". Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the water vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate.
Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air.
REASON FOR CHANGE IN PRECIPITATION: There are many reasons for changes in precipitation. The leading cause is a change in temperature. Many scientists believe an increase in temperature could lead to a more intense water cycle. The rates of evaporation from soils and water, as well as transpiration from plants, could increase. The amount of precipitation could also increase. Predicted changes in the water cycle differ according to the region of the planet being examined. Many scientists believe rates of evaporation will be greater than precipitation in the middle latitudes such as the United States. This could result in drier summers in these regions. Of course, predicted changes in the water cycle also differ according to the climate. EFFECT OF PRECIPITATION ON PLANTS: Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on plants distribution. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants, too much or too little rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crops. Drought can kill crops and increase erosion, while overly wet weather can cause harmful fungus growth. Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive. For example, certain cacti require small amounts of water, while tropical plants may need up to hundreds of inches of rain per year to survive. In areas with wet and dry seasons, soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season.
DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT BIOMES: The geographical distribution (and productivity) of the plants in the various biomes is controlled primarily by the climatic variables precipitation and temperature. There are 8 major terrestrial biomes >Tropical Rain Forest >Tropical Savanna > Deserts >Grass Lands > Chaparral > Temperate Deciduous Forests > Temperate Boreal Forests > Artic And Alpine Tundra Each biome plants have different adaptation to survive in that environment.
Tundra means marshy plain. The geographical distribution of the tundra biome is largely poleward of 60° North latitude.
The tundra biome is characterized by an absence of trees, the presence of dwarf plants
Dynamic planet revision 2015 qus
The document discusses several topics related to plate tectonics and volcanoes:
- Convection currents in the mantle cause plates to move apart, allowing magma to rise and form shield volcanoes. When plates collide, oceanic crust is subducted under continental crust.
- At destructive plate boundaries where subduction occurs, volcanoes form as the melted oceanic crust rises through cracks in the overlying continental crust. These volcanoes are steep and cone-shaped.
- The effects of climate change on oceans and coral reefs include coral bleaching from increased temperatures, rising sea levels submerging coastal ecosystems, and more frequent storms damaging fragile corals. This impacts habitats and food chains.
Biomes+and+Ecosystems.pdf
There are six major land biomes and two major water ecosystems that are determined by climate factors like temperature and precipitation. The six land biomes are rainforests, deserts, grasslands, deciduous forests, boreal forests, and tundra. The two water ecosystems are freshwater, which includes streams, rivers, ponds and lakes, and marine ecosystems, such as estuaries, intertidal zones, and the neritic and open ocean zones. Each biome and ecosystem has distinctive characteristics and organisms that are adapted to the conditions present there.
water-150704040045-lva1-app6892.pptx
The document discusses various topics related to water resources including fresh water sources, uses of water, water scarcity issues, floods, droughts, conflicts over water, dams, and their environmental impacts. Specifically, it notes that fresh water sources include surface water and groundwater, the main uses of water are agricultural, industrial, household and more. It also discusses how water demand is exceeding supply in many areas, and how overutilization of water worsens scarcity issues.
Rainforest biomes and characteristic
Rainforest biomes are characterized by high rainfall, warm temperatures, and rich biodiversity. They receive between 80-430 inches of rain annually and are located near the equator where temperatures range from 72-93 degrees Fahrenheit. This allows them to support numerous species - for example, a single hectare can contain over 480 tree species. Rainforests also have a distinct four layer canopy structure with the emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor layers. They play an important role in regulating climate by absorbing carbon, releasing water vapor, and reducing temperatures.
Desert Ecosystem
What is a Desert?What is Desert Ecosystem?Types of desert,A Desert’s Characteristics ,Climate,Animals,Endangered Animals ,Plant Life of Deserts ,seasons,Adaptations,Human effects,Structure & Functions,Flora,Fauna,Environmental threats to deserts,major deserts,The ten largest deserts .
Chap 2 || Soil,Land, Water,Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources || Class...
To download click the given link
https://youtu.be/DqphXPcDm_M
Chapter 2 || Soil, Land, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources || Class 8 || NCERT-CBSE- Part 2 || Power point presentation
Natural disaster
This document lists and briefly describes 5 natural disasters: drought, flood, forest fire, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions. For each disaster, it provides details on what causes it, examples of environmental and social impacts, and hazards they can create. The document aims to concisely inform about different types of natural disasters and some of their effects.
Natural disaster
This document lists and briefly describes 5 natural disasters: drought, flood, forest fire, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions. For each disaster, it outlines key characteristics such as causes and impacts. Drought is described as a period of unusually dry weather caused by lack of rain. Floods occur when there is more water than the environment can hold, such as from excessive rain or snow melt. Forest fires are generally started by lightning or human causes and can burn large areas. Tornadoes form from interacting hot and cold air masses and cause damage through high winds. Volcanic eruptions happen when magma reaches the surface from underground.
Exogenous disasters floods
Hazards which originate above the surface of the earth (in the atmosphere) are called exogenous hazards.
floods.pptx
This document provides an introduction to flooding and disaster management. It defines floods as the overflowing of water onto normally dry land, usually due to excessive rain. Causes of floods include both physical/natural factors like heavy rainfall as well as human/anthropogenic factors like urbanization, deforestation, and failures of man-made structures. The document discusses key terms, hydrographs, impacts of floods, and strategies for flood management including both hard engineering approaches using structures and soft engineering working with natural processes.
Land Part of the Earth and Their Uses.pptx
Mountains are large, tall, rocky areas of land that come up out of Earth’s surface. The highest landform on Earth is a mountain (Mt. Everest in Nepal). It stands 8,850 meters above sea level.
Deserts are areas that receive little or no rain throughout the years. They are known to have some of the harshest conditions on Earth. They have dry air and a lot of wind. They can be very hot or very cold, too. During daytime, the temperature in the desert is very high thus it is very hot. At night time, the temperature drops steeply thus it becomes very cold. A cold desert has snow in the winter.
Floods. disaster management
Floods are caused by excessive rainfall or coastal hazards that result in overflowing bodies of water onto dry land. They start when erosion along shorelines causes flooding and end when water levels recede. Flooding is the most common natural disaster worldwide. It affects the environment by damaging soils, trees, and crops and can spread chemicals from agricultural or sewage runoff. Flash floods occur quickly in mountainous or desert areas, while river floods develop more slowly over watersheds. Coastal floods are driven by tides, storms or tsunamis. Lakeshore floods impact shoreline communities. Floods cause numerous deaths annually in the US despite most occurring in just a few inches of fast moving water.
PRABAL PPT 4TH.pptx
This document discusses desertification, providing definitions, categories, causes, consequences, and case studies. Desertification is land degradation in dryland regions resulting in increased aridity. It is caused by factors like overgrazing, drought, deforestation, and climate change. Consequences include environmental impacts like loss of vegetation and biodiversity, as well as economic and social impacts like increased poverty and conflicts. Case studies discussed include desertification issues in China, California, the Sahel region, and parts of India. Overall strategies to address desertification include sustainable land management practices.
Ecopphysiology, plant biomes, and weather
This document discusses plant physiological ecology and provides examples of how plants adapt to different environmental conditions. It covers three main topics:
1. It discusses the key factors that affect plant ecophysiology including light, temperature, water, and nutrition. It provides examples of plant adaptations to different light, temperature, and water conditions.
2. It summarizes two major biomes - tropical rainforests and deserts. For rainforests, it covers characteristics like climate, rainfall, biodiversity, and nutrient-poor soils. For deserts, it discusses precipitation levels and the close linkage to rainforests and mountains.
3. It provides a case study on the timing effects of heat stress on plant growth and
flood
The document discusses different types of floods including coastal, riverine, and surface floods. It provides details on the causes of flooding in India such as heavy rainfall, cyclone, inadequate drainage, and deforestation. The impacts of floods include loss of lives and property, loss of livelihoods, decreased economic growth, and long-term psychological effects.
Eight physical regions of north america
The document summarizes the 8 physical regions of North America: Western Cordillera, The Intermountain Range, The Interior Plains, The Coastal Plains, The Appalachian Region, The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Lowland, The Canadian Shield, and The Arctic. Each region is described in terms of its topography, climate, vegetation, economic activity, and environmental concerns. The document provides detailed information on the defining geographic characteristics of each region.
Flood & Kosi
The document discusses floods, their causes, effects, and management. It notes that floods are among the most common and destructive natural hazards. The main causes of flooding include prolonged rainfall, snowmelt, volcanic eruptions, storms, dam failures, and development in floodplains. Floods can damage infrastructure and agriculture, spread disease, and cause loss of life. Management strategies aim to modify floods, susceptibility, or loss burden through structural measures like dams or non-structural measures like warning systems and zoning. India's major flood-prone states are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam. The devastating 2008 Kosi flood in Bihar displaced millions and caused widespread damage costing over $500 million.
Unit ii drought
Drought is an extended period of below average precipitation that can cause water shortages and impact ecosystems, agriculture, and local economies. It is defined as rainfall 20% or more below normal levels for a region. Drought leads to economic impacts like agricultural losses, higher costs for irrigation and fuel, and reduced business from industries tied to farming. It also causes environmental impacts such as loss of wildlife habitat and food sources, increased wildfires, and erosion. Socially, drought can negatively impact public health and safety, as well as cause conflicts over limited water resources. Major droughts in India have historically led to severe famines that caused millions of deaths from starvation and hunger.
Similar to Renewable and water resource, agriculture (20)
Effect of Precipatation on Distribution of Plants.pptx
Effect of Precipatation on Distribution of Plants.pptx
Chap 2 || Soil,Land, Water,Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources || Class...
Chap 2 || Soil,Land, Water,Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources || Class...
More from Varun Karthikeyan
Ornithopter
The document discusses ornithopters, aircraft that fly by flapping wings like birds. It describes the wing flapping mechanism, which uses a crank and connecting rod system to convert rotary motion into up and down wing flapping. Key components include dual crank systems for symmetrical wing movement and a tail for stability and steering. The ornithopter works by flapping its own wings to generate both lift and thrust, replacing a propeller. Potential applications include spying and studying bird flight.
Unmanned aerial vehicle
This document discusses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their subsystems. It describes that UAVs are aircraft without human pilots that can be controlled autonomously or remotely. The key subsystems of UAVs discussed are communications (using ultra-high frequency), navigation (using GPS and WAAS), monitoring (using cameras and sensors), collision avoidance, and weather detection systems. The document also covers UAV power sources like batteries, advantages like reduced risk to human life, and potential uses in areas like surveillance, transportation, and scientific research.
Quad rotor
This document describes the components and design of a quadcopter. It discusses the key parts: a plastic frame with four arms, an Arduino microcontroller to control the motors and orientation, brushless motors turned by electronic speed controllers, lithium polymer batteries that provide around 7.5 minutes of flight time, and counter-rotating 10x4.7 inch two-bladed propellers attached directly to the motors. The goal was to create a lightweight yet sturdy design using affordable materials.
Conflicts over water
The document discusses several topics related to environmental science and engineering, including the effects of overutilizing water resources, floods and droughts, and conflicts over water. It describes how overusing water can lead to problems like decreasing groundwater levels, land subsidence, saltwater intrusion, and more. Floods occur when water bodies exceed their carrying capacity, and can erode land and spread water widely. Drought is caused by low rainfall and overextracting groundwater, resulting in issues like hunger, desertification, and migration. Conflicts over water arise from unequal distribution, dam construction that affects different states, and pollution from various industrial uses.
Electric rocket propulsion
This document discusses electric rocket propulsion systems. It describes how electric rockets use electrical energy rather than chemical reactions to provide thrust. There are several types of electric propulsion, including ion/plasma drives, electrostatic drives, electrothermal drives, and electromagnetic drives. Each type accelerates charged particles in different ways using electric and magnetic fields to generate thrust. While electric propulsion provides weaker thrust than chemical rockets, it can maintain a low thrust for extended durations, making it useful for satellite propulsion applications.
Gliders for begineers
This document provides an overview of gliders and soaring flight. It discusses the origins of gliders dating back to ancient birds, as well as the Wright Brothers' early glider experiments. Modern gliders come in various forms including sailplanes for recreation, hang gliders that are foot-launched, and gliders that are almost ready-to-fly requiring only minor assembly. The document also describes different methods for staying aloft including using thermal lift from warm rising air or slope lift from winds hitting inclined land, in addition to ways of launching gliders such as with electric winches.
Ramjet
The document discusses the principles and operation of ramjet engines. A ramjet relies on forward air compression through the engine intake to generate thrust, requiring high-speed flight. It has no moving parts for compression. Air entering the intake is slowed in a supersonic diffuser, then combustion and expansion in the engine accelerates the exhaust faster than inlet air to produce thrust. The HyFly program demonstrated a dual-combustion ramjet concept for hypersonic cruise flight at Mach 6 with a liquid hydrocarbon fuel. While ramjets have low drag and can operate at high pressures and temperatures, they also have limitations such as altitude restrictions and lower efficiency compared to engines with mechanical compression like turbojets.
Gliders
Gliders are aircraft that are supported in flight through the dynamic reaction of air against their lifting surfaces without an engine. Some gliders have small engines to extend flight or for launching. The Wright Brothers spent years experimenting with gliders to develop efficient airfoils and flight control before attempting powered flight. Modern gliders include sailplanes for recreation, hang gliders that are foot-launched, and almost ready-to-fly models that require minor assembly. Gliders find lift through thermals or slope lift and pilots circle to remain in rising air. Winches are commonly used to launch larger sailplanes a few hundred feet and electric motors now assist some gliders. Efficiency is measured by glide ratio and half the drag
Lpg and cng
This document provides information on compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). It defines CNG and LPG, lists their compositions and properties. CNG has higher methane content while LPG contains more propane and butane. Both are used as alternative fuels, with CNG being cleaner but requiring high-pressure storage while LPG has lower pressure storage. Their emissions and applications in vehicles and industry are also compared.
Food chain,food web, forest ecosystem
This document discusses various topics related to environmental science and ecology including food chains, food webs, and forest ecosystems. It defines food chains as a series of steps where organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Food webs show how different organisms are interconnected in an ecosystem. Ecological pyramids graphically represent trophic levels and show decreasing biomass at higher levels. Forest ecosystems support a variety of plant and animal life through processes like photosynthesis and decomposition. They help regulate climate and rainfall while providing habitat. The document provides details on different types of forests and their characteristic features.
Aircraft Systems and Instruments
This document provides an overview of aircraft landing gear systems. It describes three common types of landing gear: tricycle gear, taildragger gear, and ski gear. It then discusses key components of landing gear systems like nose wheel steering, shimmy damping systems, and safety systems. Nose wheel steering uses hydraulic power to turn the nose wheel. Shimmy damping systems like piston, vane, and steer types control unwanted vibration. Safety systems include mechanical downlocks, safety switches, and ground locks to prevent accidental gear retraction.
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyImproving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
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Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionClimate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyOptimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Renewable and water resource, agriculture
- 2. TOPICS • Renewable energy resources • Floods and drought • Agriculture and over grazing • Water resources
- 3. Renewable energy resources • Solar energy • Wind energy • Water energy • Geo thermal energy
- 4. Solar energy
- 5. At focal point = heat liquid – steam to turn turbine
- 8. Solar water heating solar air heating
- 9. Solar house problems • The Los Angeles air = smog • Retrofitting- very expensive • Hard for big hotels, Wal-Mart's, etc.
- 12. Netherlands = coastal development
- 13. England = off shore
- 14. Wind energy problems • Location – near population center • Bird migration – • Visual • Must be coupled with other sources of electricity (intermittent supply)
- 15. Hydropower
- 16. Problems with hydroelectric • Location = unused rivers are in extreme north or low population areas • Competition with recreational uses (U.S.) and environmental concerns • Hard to build dams in populated river valleys • Siltation of dams – limited life.
- 17. Tidal power 1.In areas of large tides 2.Anywhere – build offshore dam
- 18. Tidal power anywhere 1.No dam – but a turbine. Problems: 1. Corrosion 2. Navigation 3.Amount of energy available is low 4.Best tides are near poles – away from people.
- 19. Geo thermal energy Heat near surface of the earth = geysers, volcanoes, etc,,.
- 20. Use heat to make steam to turn turbine for electrical generation Note: deep hot waters are corrosive to best to inject clean water in a closed system and bring it back to the surface as steam. Geothermal Energy
- 22. Causes OF Floods • Floods are an excess of water that covers land that is normally dry. • This can be due dam or level failures, more rain than the landscape can dispose of, torrential rains caused by storms, rapid snow melts, or a blocked river.
- 23. Causes OF Droughts • it is caused by a lack of precipitation in an area resulting from weak or less frequent storms and other weather systems than normal. • Most major droughts last for months or years. • What is considered a drought in a rainy location may be enough precipitation for another region.
- 24. When Do They Occur? • Floods can occur any time of the year. • Floods occur primarily in the spring season due to ice and snow melting and frequent storms. • In some countries, there are monsoon seasons, a time of great rain, when floods often occur, then a dry season, when drought conditions occur. • Droughts can occur any time of the year. • In North America, droughts occur most often between March and September, when it is often dry and hot.
- 25. Major River Floods The areas in red are where river floods have occurred this year.
- 26. Other Facts • Floods account for 40% of all deaths caused by natural disasters. • In an average year, floods account for about 200 deaths and $2 billion of damage in the U.S. alone. • In 1937 floods removed 300 million tons of topsoil in the Ohio Valley. • The world’s longest drought occurred in Arica, Chile, from October 1903 to January 1918. No rain fell for over 14 years.
- 27. AGRICULTURE Crop rotation • Alternating the crop planted (e.g., between corn and soybeans) can restore nutrients to soil and fight pests and disease.
- 28. Contour farming • Planting along contour lines of slopes helps reduce erosion on hillsides.
- 29. Intercropping • Mixing crops such as in strip cropping can provide nutrients and reduce erosion.
- 30. Alley cropping
- 31. Terracing • Cutting stair steps or terraces is the only way to farm extremely steep hillsides without causing massive erosion. It is labor-intensive to create, but has been a mainstay for centuries in the Himalayas and the Andes.
- 32. Shelterbelts • Rows of fast-growing trees around crop plantings provide windbreaks, reducing erosion by wind.
- 33. Overgrazing • When livestock eat too much plant cover on rangelands, impeding plant regret • The contrast between ungrazed and overgrazed land on either side of a fence line can be striking.
- 34. Overgrazing • Overgrazing can set in motion a series of positive feedback loops.
- 35. Effects of overgrazing Land degradation Soil erosion
- 36. Water resources • Hydrologic Cycle • Water Reservoirs
- 39. Freshwater Reservoirs • Rivers and Streams • Lakes • Groundwater
- 40. Freshwater Reservoirs River and streams lakes
- 41. Groundwater • Much greater in volume than either lakes or streams • renewable in our lifetime
- 42. AQUIFER • Geologic formation that possesses porosity and permeability
- 43. Confined and unconfined aquifers
- 45. THANKYOU • BY – K.V. VARUN KARTHIKEYAN