renewable and non renewable resources

Formative assesment- 2
Multi-disciplinary project
Group project

Subjects covered
(1)Science
(2)Social science
(3)English
(4)Mathematics
(5)Information technology

OUR TEAM :-
Shantanu patil
Shreyash lapshetwar
Shubhum gonare
Shravani paitwar
Saburi chavan
shivkumar kamshette

WHAT ARE NATURAL RESOURCES?
Resources that occur in our nature are known
as Natural Resources.
These can not be produced by our man-kind.
Examples:
1. Sun light
2. Minerals

• Ever since the earth was inhabited, humans and other life forms have
depended on things that exist freely in nature to survive. These things
include water (seas and fresh water), land, soils, rocks, forests
(vegetation), animals (including fish), fossil fuels and minerals. They are
called Natural Resources and are the basis of life on earth.
All these mentioned above are natural, and they exist in nature. No
human created them. We tap into their supply to survive and also to
function properly. Natural resources are all connected in a way.
Therefore if one is taken away, it will affect the supply or quality of all
others. For example, if water is eliminated from an area, the
vegetation, soils, animals and even the air in that area will be affected
negatively.
Below is a simple illustration of some great things that we get from
some natural resources.
Natural resources can be consumed directly or indirectly. For instance,
humans depend directly on forests for food, biomass, health, recreation
and increased living comfort. Indirectly forests act as climate control,
flood control, storm protection and nutrient cycling.
Natural resources

CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural Resources can be classified into TWO categories:
1.Renewable resources
2.Non-Renewable
resources

WHAT ARE RENEWABLE RESOURCES?
• Resources that can be replenished naturally in the
course of time are called Renewable Resources.
A 'renewable resource' is an organic natural resource which can replenish to
overcome usage and consumption, either through biological reproduction or
other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time. Renewable
resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components
of its ecosphere. A positive life cycle assessment is a key indicator of a
resource's sustainability.
• Definitions of renewable: resources may also include agricultural production, as
in sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources. In 1962 Paul Alfred
Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms
providing man with food, fibres, drugs, etc...".Another type of renewable
resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable
energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorised as
renewable resources.
Examples:
i. Air
ii. Water
iii. Sunlight
iv. Wind

RENEWABLE RESOURCES
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Hydro power
• Geo Thermal
energy
• Biomass
• Tidal energy

SOLAR ENERGY
• Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a
range of
ever-evolving technologies such as solar photovoltaic cells.
• The Sun is a powerful source of energy that provides the Earth with as
much energy every hour as we collectively use in a year worldwide.
• Energy from the sun is harnessed in two ways:
1. Active solar involves capturing and redistributing sunlight through
the use of solar panels, pumps or solar fans to generate power usually
on a large scale.
2.Passive solar works to reduce the amount of energy traditionally
used to power a location, such as a building or house. An example is
building a house in the natural direction of sunlight to trap heat.

• It is an important source of renewable energy and its
technologies are broadly characterized as either
passive solar or active solar depending on how they
capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into
solar power. Active solar techniques include the use of
photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and
solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive
solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or
light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that
naturally circulate air.

Solar power being encouraged in india

WIND ENERGY
• The Electrical energy that is obtained from harnessing the wind
with wind mills or wind turbines is called Wind Energy.
•Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by
the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of
the earth.
•Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into
mechanical power.
•Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind
turbines which are connected to the electric power
transmission network.

Wind power is the use of air flow through wind
turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity. Wind
power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is
plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces
no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water
and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are far less
problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources.
Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are
connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore
wind is an inexpensive source of electricity, competitive with or in
many places cheaper than coal or gas plants. Offshore wind is
steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less
visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are
considerably higher. Small onshore wind farms can feed some
energy into the grid or provide electricity to isolated off-grid
locations.

HYDRO POWER
• Hydro power is the energy derived from the falling water or running water.
* Falling water is channeled through water turbines.
* The pressure of the flowing water on turbine blades rotates a shaft and
drives an electrical generator, converting the motion into electrical energy.
* But hydroelectric power doesn't necessarily require a large dam. Some
hydroelectric power plants just use a small canal to channel the river water
through a turbine. The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a
dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the
reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a
generator to produce electricity. But hydroelectric power doesn't necessarily
require a large dam. Some hydroelectric power plants just use a small canal
to channel the river water through a turbine.
• Another type of hydroelectric power plant - called a pumped storage plant -
can even store power. The power is sent from a power grid into the electric
generators. The generators then spin the turbines backward, which causes
the turbines to pump water from a river or lower reservoir to an upper
reservoir, where the power is stored. To use the power, the water is released
from the upper reservoir back down into the river or lower reservoir. This
spins the turbines forward, activating the generators to produce electricity.

Mechanism of hydro-power plant

The largest hydroelectric project in india
The Koyna Dam is one of the largest dams in Maharashtra, India. It is a rubble-
concrete dam constructed on Koyna River which rises in Mahabaleshwar, a
hillstation inSahyadri ranges. It is located in Koyna Nagar, Satara district, nestled
in the Western Ghats on the state highway between Chiplun and Karad.
The main purpose of dam is hydroelectricity with some irrigation in neighboring
areas. Today the Koyna Hydroelectric Project is the largest completed
hydroelectric power plant in India having a total installed capacity of 1,920 MW.
Due to its electricity generating
potential Koyna river is considered as
the 'life line of Maharashtra'.The
spillway of the dam is located at the
center. It has 6 radial gates. The dam plays a
vital role of flood controlling in monsoon
season.The catchment area dams the
Koyna riverand forms the Shivasagar
Lake which is approximately
50 km (31 mi) in length. It is one of the
largest civil engineering projects
commissioned after Indianindependence.
The Koyna hydro-electric project is run
by the Maharashtra State Electricity Board.

GEO-THERMAL ENERGY• Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the
Earth.
• Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of
matter.
• The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the
original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive
decay of minerals (80%).
• The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature
between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous
conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to
the surface.
• Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground
to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's
surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high
temperatures of molten rock called magma.

Geo thermal energy
• Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and
sustainable. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow
ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the
Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high
temperatures of molten rock called magma.
• Many regions of the world are already tapping geothermal energy as
an affordable and sustainable solution to reducing dependence on
fossil fuels, and the global warming and public health risks that result
from their use. For example, as of 2013 more than 11,700 megawatts
(MW) of large, utility-scale geothermal capacity was in operation
globally, with another 11,700 MW in planned capacity additions on the
way. These geothermal facilities produced approximately 68 billion
kilowatt-hours of electricity, enough to meet the annual needs of more
than 6 million typical U.S. households. Geothermal plants account for
more than 25 percent of the electricity produced in both Iceland and El

Mechanism of geo themal power plant

Geothermal power plants
in india

TIDAL ENERGY
• There are two types of tidal energy systems that can be used to extract
energy: kinetic energy, the moving water of rivers, tides and open
ocean currents; and potential energy from the difference in height
(or head) between high and low tides. The first method - generating
energy from tidal currents - is becoming more and more popular
because people believe that it does not harm the environment as much
as barrages or dams. Many coastal sites worldwide are being
examined for their suitability to produce tidal (current) energy.
• Like other hydroelectricity, tidal power is classified as a renewable
energy source, because tides are caused by the orbital mechanics of
the solar system (ocean currents are caused by the surface effect of
winds) and are considered inexhaustible. The root source of the energy
is the orbital kinetic energy of the earth-moon system, and also the
earth-sun system. Tidal power has great potential for
future power and electricity generation because of the essentially
inexhaustible amount of energy contained in these rotational systems.
Tidal power is reliably predictable (unlike wind power and solar
power). In Europe, tide mills have been used for nearly 1,000 years,
mainly for grinding grains. Modern tide mills provide tidal stream
power.

Wave and tidal potential energy in india

BIOMASS
• Biomass is a renewable energy source not only because the energy in
it comes from the sun, but also because biomass can re-grow over a
relatively short period of time compared with the hundreds of millions
of years that it took for fossil fuels to form. Through the process of
photosynthesis, chlorophyll in plants captures the sun's energy by
converting carbon dioxide from the air and water from the ground into
carbohydrates—complex compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen. When these carbohydrates are burned, they turn back
into carbon dioxide and water and release the energy they captured
from the sun. But like all our energy sources, biopower has
environmental risks that need to be mitigated. If not managed and
monitored carefully, biomass for energy can be harvested at
unsustainable rates, damage ecosystems, produce harmful air pollution,
consume large amounts of water, and produce net global warming
emissions.

• Assessing the potential role of biopower as a climate
solution requires a look at its lifecycle carbon emissions—
which vary according to the type of feedstock, the manner
in which it is developed and harvested, the scale at which it
is used and the technology used to convert biomass into
electricity. The lifecycle carbon emissions of biopower
should also be compared to the fossil fuels it’s displacing
and other zero and low carbon solutions it’s competing
with.

Some biomass power plants in india

Non renewable resources
• A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that
is used up faster than it can be made by nature. It
cannot be produced, grown or generated on a scale
which cansustain how quickly it is being consumed.
Once it is used up, there is no more available for
future needs. Also considered non-renewable are
resources that are consumed much faster than
nature can create them. Fossil fuels (such
as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), types of nuclear
power (uranium) and certain aquifers are examples.
Resources such as timber (when harvested
sustainably) or metals (which can be recycled) are
considered renewable resources.

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
1. Crude Oil
2.Natural gas
3.Coal
4.Nuclear resources

Crude OIL
• Liquid petroleum -crude oil- is the only nonrenewable resource
in fluid form.
• A fossil fuel that is being used up faster than new reserves are
discovered, the oil supply may only last through the middle of
this century.
• Industrial nations, with the U.S. far in the lead, are the biggest
consumers of crude oil.
• Gasoline, heating oil, and diesel fuel are the primary uses of the
resource, although manufacturers utilize oil as the base for such
products as plastics and industrial chemicals.

crude oil
• Heavy crude oil (or extra heavy crude oil) is highly-viscous oil that cannot
easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions.
• It is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher
than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid
petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°.(Dusseault 2001)Physical
properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include
higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as heavier molecular
composition. In 2010, the World Energy Council defined extra heavy oil as
crude oil having a gravity of less than 10° and a reservoir viscosity of no
more than 10,000 centipoises. When reservoir viscosity measurements are
not available, extra-heavy oil is considered by the WEC to have a lower
limit of 4° °API.(WEC 2007) (i.e. with density greater than 1000 kg/m3 or,
equivalently, a specific gravity greater than 1 and a reservoir viscosity of
no more than 10,000 centipoises. Heavy oils and asphalt are dense
nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). They have a "low solubility and are
with viscosity lower and density higher than water."Large spills of DNAPL
will quickly penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate on its
bottom.

NATURAL GAS
• Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants,
gases, and animals are exposed to intense heat and pressure
over thousands of years.
• The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is
stored in the form of chemical bonds in natural gas.
• It is primarily composed of methane, but contains ethane,
propane and butane as well.
• Once drillers extract natural gas, processing plants remove the
propane and butane for use as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), a
household and industrial fuel.
• According to the current usage statistics and the volume of world
reserves, the supply of natural gas should last another century.

Natural gas
• Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting
primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other
higheralkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. It is formed when layers of
decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and
pressure supplied by existing under the surface of the Earth over millions of
years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored
in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.
• Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations or associated
with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates.
Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found in close proximity to
and with natural gas. Most natural gas was created over time by two
mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is created
by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow
sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure,
thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material.

COAL
• Coal, which is a primary resource of energy in India, is the product of
millions of years of pressure on original organic matter from plants
buried underground.
• It is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually
occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal
seams.
• Anthracite, the purest form of coal, contains about 94 - 95% of carbon.
• At the power plant, coal is commonly burned in a boiler to produce
steam. The steam is run through a turbine to generate electricity.
• The global supply of coal, given the current rate at which it is used,
should last at least two more centuries.

• Coal (Old English col; meaning "mineral of fossilized carbon" since the thirteenth
century) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually
occurring inrock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The
harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic
rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is
composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements,
chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. A fossil fuel, coal forms when
dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite,
then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This
involves biological and geological processes that take place over a long period.
• Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining. Since 1983, the world's top
coal producer has been China. In 2011 China produced 3,520 million tonnes of coal
– 49.5% of 7,695 million tonnes world coal production. In 2011 other large
producers were United States (993 million tonnes), India (589), European Union
(576) and Australia (416). In 2010 the largest exporters were Australia with 328
million tonnes (27.1% of world coal export) and Indonesia with 316 million tonnes
(26.1%), while the largest importers were Japan with 207 million tonnes (17.5% of
world coal import), China with 195 million tonnes (16.6%) and South Korea with
126 million tonnes (10.7%).

NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Nuclear power, or nuclear energy, is the use of exothermic
nuclear processes, to generate useful heat and electricity.
• The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear
fusion.
• Presently the nuclear fission of elements in the actinide series of
the periodic table produce the vast majority of nuclear energy
in the direct service of humankind.
• In nuclear fission, neutrons smash into the nucleus of Uranium
atoms and release energy in the form of heat. Water is
converted to steam by this heat and it is used to drive the
turbines.
• Nuclear (fission) power stations, excluding the contribution
from naval nuclear fission reactors, provided about 5.7% of the
world's energy and 13% of the world's electricity in 2012.

Reaction in nuclear reactors
(nuclear fission)

Reaction in nuclear reactors
(nuclear fusion)

Most power producing nuclear reactor of india
(tarapur nuclear plant)
Capacity of 1400 mega watt (MW).

India’s nuclear capacity
PWR= pressurized water reactor
PHWR= pressurized heavy water reactor

Health concequences by nuclaer power
• However, if a person were exposed to significant amounts of radiation over a
period of time, this exposure could damage body cells and lead to cancer. If a
person were to be exposed to an acute dose of high-levels of radiation, the
result would be radiation sickness. Radiation sickness is defined as illness
caused by exposure to a large dose of radiation over a short period of time.
Symptoms may include skin burns, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss,
general weakness and possibly death.
• Very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within
60 days, but such "noticeable" deaths would be expected in only 2% of reactor
melt-down accidents; there would be over 100 in 0.2% of meltdowns, and 3500 in 1
out of 100,000 melt-downs. To date, the largest number of noticeable deaths from
coal burning was in an air pollution incident (London, 1952) where there were
3500 extra deaths in one week. Of course the nuclear accidents are hypothetical
and there are many much worse hypothetical accidents in other electricity
generation technologies; e.g., there are hydroelectric dams in California whose
sudden failure could cause 200,000 deaths.

Radioactive waste
• The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact
with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the
spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care.
This "high level waste" will be converted to a rock-like form and emplaced in the natural
habitat of rocks, deep underground. The average lifetime of a rock in that environment is
one billion years. If the waste behaves like other rock, it is easily shown that the waste
generated by one nuclear power plant will eventually, over millions of years (if there is
no cure found for cancer), cause one death from 50 years of operation. By comparison, the
wastes from coal burning plants that end up in the ground will eventually cause several
thousand deaths from generating the same amount of electricity.
• The much larger volume of much less radioactive (low level) waste from nuclear plants
will be buried at shallow depths (typically 20 feet) in soil. If we assume that this material
immediately becomes dispersed through the soil between the surface and ground water
depth (despite elaborate measures to maintain waste package integrity) and behaves
like the same materials that are present naturally in soil (there is extensive evidence
confirming such behavior), the death toll from this low level waste would be 5% of that
from the high level waste discussed in the previous paragraph.

Results caused by bad radiations in chernobly reactor
disaster for years.

Conclusion from the project
(social science)
• We can conclude from the project that India is country
having many resources in it. Mostly from recent years
India is paying attention on renewable resources, which
is available at less cost. These resources do not produce
any kind of pollution and harm environment.
• AS India is nearer to the equator it receives more
sunlight. That’s the reason why India uses solar energy
most in renewable energy. Because India is nearer to the
equator it receives more sunlight and continuous sunlight
in all seasons. Whereas it does not pay attention on wind
energy because, there should be continuous blow of
wind, which is a problem in country like India.

POWER PRODUCED BY RENEWABLE
RESOURCES IN INDIA

conclusion from the project
(science)
Renewable sources
• Renewable energy can
be generated
continuously practically
without decay of
source.
• Responsible for 3-4% of
carbon dioxide in
environment.
• Not a reason behind
“GLOBAL WARMING”.
• It exists in infinite
supply.
Non-renewable energy
• Non-renewable cannot
be generated
continuously without
decay of source.
• Responsible for 91-94% of
carbon dioxide in
environment.
• Main reason behind
“global warming”.
• It exists in infinite
supply.

renewable and non renewable resources

renewable and non renewable resources

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