—The removal efficiencies of 137Cs for 10 days were 50-70%. The removal efficiencies according to the elapsed time after 10 days were reduced. When an electric current density of 25-75 mA/cm2, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid as electrolyte, a 0.5-2.0 cm/min hydraulic conductivity of soil were applied, respectively, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach 80% was 20-30 days. For improving removal efficiency of 137Cs from contaminated soil, it is necessary to increase an electric current density using sulfuric acid as an electrolyte and to decrease hydraulic conductivity of soil in the soil cell.
Hydrogen Gas Production from Tannery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation of a Co...IOSRJAC
The performance of a continuous electrocoagulation (EC) process was investigated for tannery wastewater treatment using aluminum and iron electrodes. The effects of the operating parameters, such as current density, pH of solution and inlet flow rate, on pollutants removal efficiency and recovery of hydrogen gas were investigated in order to optimize process performance. In the case of aluminum electrodes, The results showed that for tannery wastewater with an influent pH adjusted at about 6, the use of a current density of 14 mA/cm2 , and an EC time of 125 min, gave access to pollutants (COD, Color, Cr, and NH3-N) removal efficiency 73, 94, 100 and 51%, respectively. The energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 16% of the electrical energy demand of the electrocoagulation process. However, in the case of iron electrodes, with effluent pH adjusted at about 7, , the use of a current density of 14 mA/cm2 , and an EC time of 125 min, gave access to pollutants (COD, Color, Cr, and NH3-N) removal efficiency 67, 93, 100 and 46 %, respectively. And also, the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 15 % of the electrical energy demand of the electrocoagulation process. Thus, the operating costs for two cases were found to be 0.675 $/m3 wastewater. It could be seen that hydrogen gas production coupled with pollutants removal efficiency by EC continuous mode would be an effective approach for energy recovery and wastewater reutilization.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon f...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Hydrogen Gas Production from Tannery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation of a Co...IOSRJAC
The performance of a continuous electrocoagulation (EC) process was investigated for tannery wastewater treatment using aluminum and iron electrodes. The effects of the operating parameters, such as current density, pH of solution and inlet flow rate, on pollutants removal efficiency and recovery of hydrogen gas were investigated in order to optimize process performance. In the case of aluminum electrodes, The results showed that for tannery wastewater with an influent pH adjusted at about 6, the use of a current density of 14 mA/cm2 , and an EC time of 125 min, gave access to pollutants (COD, Color, Cr, and NH3-N) removal efficiency 73, 94, 100 and 51%, respectively. The energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 16% of the electrical energy demand of the electrocoagulation process. However, in the case of iron electrodes, with effluent pH adjusted at about 7, , the use of a current density of 14 mA/cm2 , and an EC time of 125 min, gave access to pollutants (COD, Color, Cr, and NH3-N) removal efficiency 67, 93, 100 and 46 %, respectively. And also, the energy yield of harvested hydrogen was 15 % of the electrical energy demand of the electrocoagulation process. Thus, the operating costs for two cases were found to be 0.675 $/m3 wastewater. It could be seen that hydrogen gas production coupled with pollutants removal efficiency by EC continuous mode would be an effective approach for energy recovery and wastewater reutilization.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Activated Carbon f...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In present work forward osmosis (FO) process was used as a novel process for the removal of Cd+2 ions from wastewater. Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane used as flat sheet membrane for Cd+2 ions removal. MgSO4.7H2O with different concentration was used as draw solution. Influence of different parameters was studied such as concentration of draw solutions ranged (10-150 g/l), concentration of feed solutions (10-200 mg/l), flow rate of draw solutions (30-100 l/hr), flow rate of feed solutions (30-100 l/hr), and temperature of both feed and draw solution (10-40oC) at constant pressure 0.3 bar gauge. The results proved that when the draw solution concentration, flow rate of feed solution, and temperature of both feed solution and draw solution increased, the water flux increase. Water flux decreased by increasing cadmium ions concentration in feed solution, operating time of experiment, and flow rate of draw solution. Cadmium ions concentration in feed solution effluent increased when concentration of feed solution increased, time of experimental work, draw solution concentration, feed solution flow rate, and temperature of feed and draw solutions and decreased with increasing draw solution flow rate. According to the results obtained, forward osmosis process can be used to recover Cd+2 ions contaminated wastewater with removal efficiency 78.87% after 3 hrs. Reverse salt flux of MgSO4.7H2O through the CA membrane decreased with time which reached 23.34 g/m2.h after 3 hrs
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
A new technique to measure oxygen reduction kinetics underneath coatings using hydrogen permeation from the back side. Huge step towards characterising buried interface reactivity.
ELECTRO DIALYSIS FOR THE DESALINATION OF BACKWATERS IN KERALAcivej
With the declining freshwater source and increase in demand for the potable water need of desalination
have increased. The electrodialysis can be put as an economic substitute for the desalination of the
brackish water. This paper deals with the assessment of the effect contaminants in the desalination of
natural brackish water using electrodialysis. The contaminants studied were Boron, Sulfate and
Magnesium in the presence of chloride. The study was based on the function of pH at a constant voltage
of 11 V. Magnesium, Chloride, and Sulfate was not affected by the pH variations and was removed to an
efficiency of 94%, 95%, and 74% respectively. But the boron was not removed in neutral pH and showed
a removal efficiency of 41% at pH 10 in an hour. There was significant interference in the removal of the
Chloride ion and Sulfate ion.
Oxidized multi walled carbon nanotubes for improving the electrocatalytic act...Iranian Chemical Society
In the present paper, the use of a novel carbon paste electrode modified by 7,8-dihydroxy-3,3,6-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1(2H)-one (DTD) and oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) is described for determination of levodopa (LD), acetaminophen (AC) and tryptophan (Trp) by a simple and rapid method. At first, the electrochemical behavior of DTD is studied, then, the mediated oxidation of LD at the modified electrode is investigated. At the optimum pH of 7.4, the oxidation of LD occurs at a potential about 330 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. Based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the oxidation current of LD exhibits a linear range between 1.0 and 2000.0 μM of LD with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.36 μM. DPV was also used for simultaneous determination of LD, AC and Trp at the modified electrode. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor was used for determinations of these substances in human serum sample.
In India around 147 million hectares (Mha) of land is under degradation, this includes 94 Mha from water erosion, 16 Mha from acidification, 14 Mha from flooding, 9 Mha from wind erosion, 6 Mha from salinity, and 7 Mha from a combination of factors. Even though The total land area of India is just 2.4% of the world’s land area , it ranks second in the world in farming. Agriculture employs almost 50% of the total workforce in India. So there is an increased need for monitoring and researching the various facets of land degradation. Electrokinetics is defined as the physicochemical transport of charge, action of charged particles and effects of applied electric potentials on formation and fluid transport in porous media. The utilization of electrokinetic in geotechnical engineering for dewatering, consolidation and stabilization of low permeability and to transport certain chemical species in an electrolyte system had opened new opportunities for application in geo environmental engineering. Approaching anode is one of the enhancement techniques in electrokinetic soil remediation. This technique is reported to give promising migration for heavy metals under shorter treatment time and at lower cost in comparison to normal fixed anode system. In the present study, the effectiveness of fixed anode and approaching anode techniques in electrokinetic soil remediation for lead migration under different types of wetting agents (0.01M NaNO3 and 0.1M citric acid) was investigated. Key Words: Acidification , Failure, Land Degradation, Electrokinetics
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Clean Sky Projects on the More Electric AircraftTorben Haagh
Giuseppe Pagnano, Coordinating Project Officer / CTO at Clean Sky JU in Belgium, describes the main achievements of projects on MEA developed in Clean Sky as well as insights of the Clean Sky 2 program as presented at last year’s “More Electric Aircraft” conference. Find out more at his presentation here: http://bit.ly/SP_Presentation_Pagnano
Suspended nanoparticles in conventional fluids,
called nanofluids, have been the subject of intensive study
worldwide since pioneering researchers recently discovered the
anomalous thermal behavior of these fluids. The heat transfer from
smaller area is achieved through microchannels. The heat transfer
principle states that maximum heat transfer is achieved in
microchannels with maximum pressure drop across it. In this
research work the experimental and numerical investigation for
the improved heat transfer characteristics of serpentine shaped
microchannel heat sink using Al2O3/water nanofluid is done. The
fluid flow characteristics is also analyzed for the serpentine
shaped micrchannel. The experimental results of the heat
transfer using Al2O3 nanofluid is compared with the numerical
values. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat
transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an
Al2O3–water nanofluid-cooled micro channel with serpentine
shaped fluid flow
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In present work forward osmosis (FO) process was used as a novel process for the removal of Cd+2 ions from wastewater. Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane used as flat sheet membrane for Cd+2 ions removal. MgSO4.7H2O with different concentration was used as draw solution. Influence of different parameters was studied such as concentration of draw solutions ranged (10-150 g/l), concentration of feed solutions (10-200 mg/l), flow rate of draw solutions (30-100 l/hr), flow rate of feed solutions (30-100 l/hr), and temperature of both feed and draw solution (10-40oC) at constant pressure 0.3 bar gauge. The results proved that when the draw solution concentration, flow rate of feed solution, and temperature of both feed solution and draw solution increased, the water flux increase. Water flux decreased by increasing cadmium ions concentration in feed solution, operating time of experiment, and flow rate of draw solution. Cadmium ions concentration in feed solution effluent increased when concentration of feed solution increased, time of experimental work, draw solution concentration, feed solution flow rate, and temperature of feed and draw solutions and decreased with increasing draw solution flow rate. According to the results obtained, forward osmosis process can be used to recover Cd+2 ions contaminated wastewater with removal efficiency 78.87% after 3 hrs. Reverse salt flux of MgSO4.7H2O through the CA membrane decreased with time which reached 23.34 g/m2.h after 3 hrs
Retention Behavior of Lead Ion in Soil Bentonite LinerIJERA Editor
In this study, it is proposed to obtain breakthrough curves for commonly occurring lead ions in any effluents
through locally available soil amended with 10% bentonite and determine the diffusion coefficients. The
theoretical breakthrough curves of migrating ions in the soil column experiment are generated using
mathematical equation considering effective diffusion coefficients , knowing soil parameters and hydraulic
head. These curves are then compared with experimental curves. In cases where the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough curve do not match, there would be need to consider other parameter retardation factor along with
diffusion coefficient. Theoretical curves are generated for sets of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor.
The sets which give theoretical curve close to experimentally determined breakthrough curves are accepted.
Thus it may be possible to bring out the condition for the dominance of diffusion coefficient and retardation
factor. Then knowing the values of diffusion coefficient and retardation factor along with soil porosity and
hydraulic gradient it is possible to predict the breakthrough times of different ions in the soil. In this work the
breakthrough times of lead ion for the soil of 1m and 0.5m are established. The studies can be extended for any
ion or soil after establishing diffusion coefficient and retardation for the considered ions in the selected liner
under different hydrological regimes.
A new technique to measure oxygen reduction kinetics underneath coatings using hydrogen permeation from the back side. Huge step towards characterising buried interface reactivity.
ELECTRO DIALYSIS FOR THE DESALINATION OF BACKWATERS IN KERALAcivej
With the declining freshwater source and increase in demand for the potable water need of desalination
have increased. The electrodialysis can be put as an economic substitute for the desalination of the
brackish water. This paper deals with the assessment of the effect contaminants in the desalination of
natural brackish water using electrodialysis. The contaminants studied were Boron, Sulfate and
Magnesium in the presence of chloride. The study was based on the function of pH at a constant voltage
of 11 V. Magnesium, Chloride, and Sulfate was not affected by the pH variations and was removed to an
efficiency of 94%, 95%, and 74% respectively. But the boron was not removed in neutral pH and showed
a removal efficiency of 41% at pH 10 in an hour. There was significant interference in the removal of the
Chloride ion and Sulfate ion.
Oxidized multi walled carbon nanotubes for improving the electrocatalytic act...Iranian Chemical Society
In the present paper, the use of a novel carbon paste electrode modified by 7,8-dihydroxy-3,3,6-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1(2H)-one (DTD) and oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) is described for determination of levodopa (LD), acetaminophen (AC) and tryptophan (Trp) by a simple and rapid method. At first, the electrochemical behavior of DTD is studied, then, the mediated oxidation of LD at the modified electrode is investigated. At the optimum pH of 7.4, the oxidation of LD occurs at a potential about 330 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. Based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the oxidation current of LD exhibits a linear range between 1.0 and 2000.0 μM of LD with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.36 μM. DPV was also used for simultaneous determination of LD, AC and Trp at the modified electrode. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor was used for determinations of these substances in human serum sample.
In India around 147 million hectares (Mha) of land is under degradation, this includes 94 Mha from water erosion, 16 Mha from acidification, 14 Mha from flooding, 9 Mha from wind erosion, 6 Mha from salinity, and 7 Mha from a combination of factors. Even though The total land area of India is just 2.4% of the world’s land area , it ranks second in the world in farming. Agriculture employs almost 50% of the total workforce in India. So there is an increased need for monitoring and researching the various facets of land degradation. Electrokinetics is defined as the physicochemical transport of charge, action of charged particles and effects of applied electric potentials on formation and fluid transport in porous media. The utilization of electrokinetic in geotechnical engineering for dewatering, consolidation and stabilization of low permeability and to transport certain chemical species in an electrolyte system had opened new opportunities for application in geo environmental engineering. Approaching anode is one of the enhancement techniques in electrokinetic soil remediation. This technique is reported to give promising migration for heavy metals under shorter treatment time and at lower cost in comparison to normal fixed anode system. In the present study, the effectiveness of fixed anode and approaching anode techniques in electrokinetic soil remediation for lead migration under different types of wetting agents (0.01M NaNO3 and 0.1M citric acid) was investigated. Key Words: Acidification , Failure, Land Degradation, Electrokinetics
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Clean Sky Projects on the More Electric AircraftTorben Haagh
Giuseppe Pagnano, Coordinating Project Officer / CTO at Clean Sky JU in Belgium, describes the main achievements of projects on MEA developed in Clean Sky as well as insights of the Clean Sky 2 program as presented at last year’s “More Electric Aircraft” conference. Find out more at his presentation here: http://bit.ly/SP_Presentation_Pagnano
Various energy sources for wearable and IoT has been covered and explained.
Super-capacitor, Secondary cell and energy harvesting technology has been explained here. Thin film battery, Piezo electric energy harvesting, wireless charging and other technology has been explained.
Bayer has a long history and tradition in designing sulphuric acid plants as well as in operating those plants. The DOUBLE CONTACT PROCESS developed by Bayer some 50 years ago is recognized as state of the art since decades. Over the years Bayer continuously has worked to improve the process.
Facing market needs in treating high grade SO2 gases Bayer Technology Services GmbH (BTS) in 2006 has developed a technology to face this challenge: The BAYQIK®– Process.
Sebastiani - Nano-mechanical and microstructural characterization of MS-PVD N...thinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Nano-mechanical and microstructural characterization of MS-PVD Nb thin films (Marco Sebastiani - 30')
Speaker: Marco Sebastiani - Roma 3 University | Duration: 30 min.
Abstract
E. Bemporad1, M. Sebastiani1, F. Carassiti1
1Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome ‘Roma Tre’, Via della Vasca Navale 79-00146 Rome, Italy
The main objective of the present study was to identify the influence of the applied bias voltage on the microstructural and mechanical properties of magnetron sputtering physical vapour deposition (MS-PVD) niobium thin films for use in superconducting resonant cavities for particle accelerators.
The microstructure and mechanical properties evolution as a function of the applied bias voltage and nature of the substrate (copper or quartz) were investigated by means of micro-hardness and nanoindentation testing, FIB/SEM, AFM and TEM techniques.
The superconducting properties (critical temperature Tc and residual resistivity) were determined by a calibrated four-contact probe and a cryogenic apparatus and then correlated to the mechanical properties.
Significant difference in terms of microstructure, surface roughness and mechanical properties were observed for biased coatings grown on different substrates. The observed differences are likely connected to the low conductivity of quartz that induces a re-sputtering effect and a consequent modification of the superconducting performances.
TREATING WASTE WATER USING ELECTROCOAGULATION APPROACHIAEME Publication
Performance of Electro coagulation method is evaluated by treating various
sources of water. The electrodes of stainless steel are used for arranging electrolytic
cell. The treatment efficiency is assessed by varying electrical potential and
concentration time. The parameters namely pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Hardness, Electrical Conductivity, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were tested and results were compared to assess
the performance of treatment process. Effects of operating parameters such as
varying electrical potential (3V-12V) and concentration time (10 minutes- 30 minutes)
were evaluated for optimum operating conditions. The result shown that identified
electrolytic arrangement is significantly efficient for treating BOD and COD when
compared to other water quality parameters especially for grey and industrial water
samples. The highest removal efficiency under optimum operating condition for COD
and BOD removal were obtained with 58% and 67% in grey water sample whereas in
industrial waste water sample, the efficiencies are 53% and 57%. Further, the study
suggested the various simulations in the operating parameters with the economic
considerations to optimize the findings and for upcoming progress in the application
of this advanced technology.
Effect of deep chemical mixing columns on properties of surrounding soft clay...AltinKaradagli
This study examines an alkaline material for improving soft clay soil. A series of tests, including unconfined compression strength, pH, undrained shear strength, electrical conductivity, and microstructural analysis, were conducted.
Research: A new process to remove salt and organic compounds from frack waste...Marcellus Drilling News
A new process was developed by researchers at University of Colorado Boulder to treat frack wastewater using a "simpler" yet effective method. The research explaining the process is published as the cover story in the journal Environmental Science Water Research & Technology, January 2015 issue.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation on Hypochlorous Acid Water Production using Electr...iosrjce
Available chlorine has an effect on the sterilization and disinfection of a water supply, especially for
drinking water. In order to obtain available chlorine industrially, it is important to generate available chlorine
at high-concentrations with high-efficiency. However, it is difficult to simultaneously attain high concentration
with high-efficiency. In this paper, the optimum operation conditions for available chlorine production are
proposed from the standpoint of high-efficiency. The experiment was conducted using a flow-type reactor with
narrow and parallel electrode plates, even though it lacks a barrier membrane between the plates. The
governing factors are: the electrode plate interval and the flow rate of sodium chloride solution from the
viewpoint of hydrodynamics, and the concentration of sodium chloride of the medium and current density
supplied to the electrode plates from the standpoint of chemical reactions. The production efficiency of the
available chlorine was estimated by the ratio of actually reacted available chlorine to the ideally reacted
available chlorine. The governing factors were examined based on the experimental results. As a result, the
production of available chlorine with high-efficiency is strongly affected by the flow rate as well as the current
density. These results will be useful for producing chlorinated water, called hypochlorous acid water.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Characterization and Humidity Sensing Application of WO3-SnO2 NanocompositeIOSR Journals
Studies on the sensitivity of the electrical resistance and fabrication process of SnO2 doped WO3
nanometer materials for sensing applications are reported in details .Other properties such as reproducibility,
aging and hysteresis were also recorded and found satisfactory. The sensing mechanism was discussed based on
their annealing temperature, composition, crystallite size, surface area and porosity of the sensing element. In
general, at low humidity, surface area and water adsorption plays the dominant role, while at high humidity,
mesopore volume and capillary condensation become important. At the annealing temperature 600°C, sample 3
weight % of SnO2 doped WO3 nanocomposites have been prepared through solid-state reaction route, shows
average sensitivity of 18.61 MΩ/%RH in the 15%-95% RH range, lower hysteresis, less effect of ageing and
high reproducibility. It was observed that as resistance of the pellets continuously decreased when relative
humidity in the chamber was increased from 15% to 95%. As calculated from Scherer’s formula, crystallite size
for the sensing elements of SnO2 doped WO3 are in 11–234 nm range, respectively.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to Removal of 137Cs from contaminated soil using pilot electrokinetic decontamination equipment (20)
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Removal of 137Cs from contaminated soil using pilot electrokinetic decontamination equipment
1. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 104
Removal of 137Cs from contaminated soil using pilot
electrokinetic decontamination equipment
Gye-Nam Kim1*
, Seung-Soo Kim2
, Jong-Won Choi3
Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1045 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-353, Republic of Korea
Abstract—The removal efficiencies of 137Cs for 10 days were 50-70%. The removal efficiencies according to the elapsed
time after 10 days were reduced. When an electric current density of 25-75 mA/cm2, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid as
electrolyte, a 0.5-2.0 cm/min hydraulic conductivity of soil were applied, respectively, the time required for the removal
efficiency of 137Cs to reach 80% was 20-30 days. For improving removal efficiency of 137Cs from contaminated soil, it is
necessary to increase an electric current density using sulfuric acid as an electrolyte and to decrease hydraulic conductivity
of soil in the soil cell.
Keywords—Decontamination, Electrokinetic equipment, 137Cs, Soil, Removal Efficiency.
I. INTRODUCTION
The contaminated soil around the underground radioactive waste solution tank of the TRIGA reactor has a slightly high
hydro-conductivity and has been mainly contaminated with 137Cs due to corrosion of a connection pipe over the past 30
years. Recently, a soil washing method has been applied to remove 137Cs from the radioactive soil, but it appears that the
removal efficiency of 137Cs from fine soil is lower and a lot of reagent effluent was generated [1,2,3]. An electrokinetic
(EK) decontamination method provides a high removal efficiency of 137Cs and generates a little waste effluent. It was
suggested that an EK decontamination method is a suitable technology for the removal of 137Cs from soil in consideration of
the soil characteristics near the TRIGA reactor [4].
Most recently, EK field has been developed to enhance the remediation of contaminated soils [5,6,7]. Many extraction
solutions such as diluted salt or diluted acid only dissolve a limited portion of the liable metals and metalloids in
contaminated soils [8]. Recent studies reported that the EK, as an assisted method, was effective on promoting the release of
heavy metals from solid-phase components and reducing the usage of washing solution [6,9]. The EK process involves
introducing EK by inserting the electrodes into the contaminated soils [10].
Once the EK remediation process is over, extraction and removal of heavy metal contaminants are accomplished by
electroplating at the cathode, precipitating at the cathode, pumping water near the cathode or anode, or reacting with ion
exchange resins [11]. The efficiency of the EK method can be enhanced by coupling with other remediation technologies
such as oxidation-reduction, bioremediation, permeable reactive barrier, and so forth [12,13]. While previous studies have
shown that EK technique is effective for remediation of Cs in low-permeability soil such as clays [14, 15], a number of
recent studies have also investigated the performance of EK remediation for Cs contaminated sandy soil around nuclear
facilities in South Korea [16,17].
EK involves using a direct or alternating current with electrodes inserted into contaminated soils. When a low intensity
electric field is applied, H+ is generated around the anode electrode through the effect of water electrolysis. As a result, more
metals are demobilized under the acid condition around the anode electrode [18]. In addition, enhanced mobilization
processes occur in soils resulting in the transport of metal ions from the anode to the cathode electrode [19]. Water present in
soil is able to move towards the cathode through soil pores by electroosmosis while cations move to the cathode through
electromigration [20]. The migration of ions makes it possible for the subsequent removal of soluble metals or
immobilization with oxides, hydroxide and carbonates during the phytoremediation [21]. However, the detailed mechanisms
of releasing/mobilization of metals/metalloids with EK coupled with phytoremediation are not clearly understood.
In this study, pilot EK decontamination equipment suitable for the geological characteristics of the TRIGA reactor site was
developed for the removal of 137Cs from contaminated soil. The influences in which the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the
soil cell, the electric current between electrodes, and the electrolyte in chambers reach the removal efficiency of 137Cs from
soil were investigated experimentally using the manufactured pilot EK decontamination equipment in order to obtain a high
removal efficiency of 137 Cs during a short period.
2. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 105
II. MATERIAL AND METHOD
2.1 Radioactive soil parameter measurement
South Korea currently has about 25 nuclear power plants and a research reactor. Because most of the nuclear facilities were
constructed on hard sandstone rock, the contaminated soil around such facilities contains a lot of sand, which has a slightly
high hydro-conductivity. Table 1 shows the soil properties near the TRIGA facility. The water content of soil at a nuclear
facility site is about 26.7%, and the hydro-conductivity of the soil is a slightly higher.
TABLE 1
HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS OF TRIGA SOIL
A B C
Bulk density (g/ cm3
) 1.57 1.55 1.51
Porosity (%) 41.2 39.7 40.8
Hydraulic conductivity
(cm/sec)
1.8x10-2
3.7x10-2
7.4x10-2
Water content (%) 26.7 25.7 24.5
pH 6.3 5.9 6.1
Fig. 1 shows the particle size distribution of the radioactive soil stored in the TRIGA facility, where the average particle size
of the excavated radioactive soil is about 3.0 mm. The main nuclides of the radioactive soil are 137Cs, and this radioactive
soil has been stored in many 200L drums in a storage facility for more than 30 years. Table 2 shows the contents of TRIGA
soil components, which contain a lot of SiO2 and Al2O3.
FIG. 1. THE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE SOIL STORED AT THE TRIGA FACILITY.
TABLE 2
CONTENTS OF THE TRIGA SOIL COMPONENTS.
Component Content (%)
SiO2 68.1
Al2O3 16.9
K2O 7.87
Fe2O3 2.4
P2O5 1.54
CaO 1.49
Na2O 0.95
MgO 0.23
3. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 106
2.2 Manufacturing of the pilot EK decontamination equipment
The pilot EK decontamination equipment of 24 L in size was manufactured for the decontamination of radioactive soil near
the TRIGA reactor, as shown in Fig. 2. This pilot EK decontamination equipment consists of an EK soil cell of 24 L
(40×40×15 cm), an anode electrode chamber (40×40×12 cm), a cathode electrode chamber (40×40×15 cm), a reagent
reservoir (40×30×30 cm), an equipment support system, a pH controller, a power supply, and so on. A dimensional stable
anode (DSA, 40×40 cm) was established in an anode electrode chamber to prevent the dissolution of the electrodes, and a
titanium electrode was established in the cathode electrode room. The thickness of the soil cell was proportional to the
decontamination period. In order to finish the soil decontamination experiment within 1 month, the thickness of the soil cell
was determined to be 15 cm in consideration of pre-experiment results. The injection rate of the reagent can be controlled by
changing the hydraulic head difference between the solution level in the anode electrode chamber and that in the cathode
electrode room. In addition, the electro-osmosis direction of the soil cell was forward to the cathode ward, and 137Cs of the
positive ions moved by electro-osmosis and electro-migration to the cathode ward.
FIG. 2. (A) 3-D DESIGN DRAWING AND (B) MANUFACTURED PILOT SIZE OF ELECTROKINETIC
DECONTAMINATION EQUIPMENT.
2.3 Decontamination experiment for radioactive soil
To verify the capability of the manufactured pilot EK decontamination equipment to decontaminate radioactive soil,
radioactive soils that had been stored in a storage facility for more than 30 years were used for the experiments. This
experiment was carried out under the following experiment conditions. The initial concentration of the soil contaminated
with 137Cs is about 40 Bq/g. The hydraulic conductivity of soil in the soil cell is 0.5 cm/min, the electric current is 50
mA/cm2. The electric current between electrodes is 68-82 A, and the electric voltage between electrodes is 23-26 V. The
temperature in the cathode chamber was 68-71℃. In addition, 0.3 M of H2SO4 was used as an electrolyte to accelerate the
desorption of 137Cs from the soil. The period of electrokintic decontamination operation was 15-30 days. The EK
decontamination experiment was stopped at the appointed times, and the rate and concentration of electrolyte effluent
discharged from the cathode chamber were measured. After the decontamination experiments were completed, the
concentrations of residual 137Cs of the decontaminated soil were measured. In addition, the removal efficiencies of 137Cs
from the contaminated soil according to the lapsed decontamination time were calculated in consideration of the 137Cs flux
rates discharged from the cathode chamber of the pilot EK equipment. The radioactivity concentrations of the electrolyte
effluents were measured using an MCA.
First, the removal efficiencies according to the electric current change, i.e., 25, 50, and 75 mA/cm2
, were analyzed. Second,
the removal efficiencies according to the change of electrolyte type, i.e., sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and acetic acid in
chambers, were analyzed. Third, the removal efficiencies according to the change of hydraulic conductivity of soil in the soil
cell, i.e., 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cm/min, were analyzed.
(a) (b)
4. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 107
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first paragraph under each heading or subheading should be flush left, and subsequent paragraphs should have a five-
space indentation. A colon is inserted before an equation is presented, but there is no punctuation following the equation. All
equations are numbered and referred to in the text solely by a number enclosed in a round bracket (i.e., (3) reads as "equation
3"). Ensure that any miscellaneous numbering system you use in your paper cannot be confused with a reference [4] or an
equation (3) designation. Cesium (137Cs+) in the contaminated soil in the EK separation equipment was removed by electro-
osmosis, electro-migration, and a hydraulic pressure flow, as in the following equation:
C
τ
D
CpkIRkkj hmo 2
])[( (1)
where j is the molar flux of the species per unit pore area, ko is the electro-osmotic permeability, km is the electro-migration
coefficient, R is the electric resistance, I is the electric current, kh is the hydraulic permeability, p is the pressure, C is the
molar concentration, D is the diffusion coefficient, and is non-dimensional tortuosity.
3.1 Experiment results according to the electric current
The results of EK experiment operated at an electric current density of 25, 50, 75 mA/cm2 are shown in Fig. 3. The removal
efficiencies were proportional to the elapsed time. The removal efficiencies of 137Cs for 10 days were 60-70%. In addition,
the removal efficiencies according to the elapsed time after 10 days were reduced. When 25 mA/cm2 was applied, the time
required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach 80% was 25 days. When 50 mA/cm2 was applied, the time required for
the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach 80% was 20 days. When 75 mA/cm2 was applied, the time required for the removal
efficiency of 137Cs to reach 80% was 15 days. Even if a high electric current appears a high removal efficiency, the
consumption rate of electricity for operation of the EK equipment increases. In addition, a gap between anode and cathode
electrodes should be narrow to generate a high electric current. However, the narrower the width of the soil cell is, the
smaller the soil volume per batch to be treated by the EK equipment is. Conclusively, it is considered that when the electric
current increases, the 137Cs ion transport velocity is fast due to the increase of electro-osmosis and electro-migration in
equation (1).
FIG. 3. EK EXPERIMENT RESULTS ACCORDING TO THE ELECTRIC CURRENT
5. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 108
3.2 Experiment results according to the electrolyte type in chambers
The results of the EK experiment operated by different electrolyte type in the anode and cathode chambers are shown in Fig.
4. The removal efficiencies were proportional to the elapsed time. The removal efficiencies of 137Cs for 10 days were 50-
60%. In addition, the removal efficiencies according to the elapsed time after 10 days were reduced. When sulfuric acid was
applied, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach about 80% was 20 days. When nitric acid was
applied, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach about 80% was 25 days. When acetic acid was
applied, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach about 80% was 30 days. Even if sulfuric acid shows
the high removal efficiency, the sulfate gas was discharged due to the high temperature of electrolyte in the anode and
cathode chambers. In addition, when the acetic acid as an electrolyte in the anode/cathode chambers is used, the electric
current between the anode and cathode electrodes and the removal efficiency of 137Cs from soil decrease. Also, sulfuric acid
desorbs more 137Cs from soil than nitric acid and acetic acid. Conclusively, it is considered that when the sulfuric acid as an
electrolyte in the anode/cathode chambers is used, the 137Cs ion transport velocity is fast due to the increase of the electric
current (I) and 137Cs concentration (C) in Eq. (1) by a strong acid.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
10
20
30
40
Radioactivity/Bqg
-1
Elapsed time / day
sulfuric acid
nitric acid
acetic acid
FIG. 4. EK EXPERIMENT RESULTS ACCORDING TO THE DIFFERENT ELECTROLYTE IN CHAMBERS.
3.3 Experiment results according to the hydraulic conductivity of soil
The results of the EK experiment operated at a 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 cm/min hydraulic conductivity of soil in the soil cell are shown in
Fig. 5. The removal efficiencies were proportional to the elapsed time. The removal efficiencies of 137Cs for 10 days were
50-60%. In addition, the removal efficiencies according to the elapsed time after 10 days were reduced. When 0.5 cm/min of
soil A was applied, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach about 80% was 20 days. When 1.0 cm/min
of soil B was applied, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach about 80% was 25 days. When 2.0
cm/min of soil C was applied, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach about 80% was 30 days. For a
reduction of hydraulic conductivity of soil in the soil cell, the soil in the soil cell should be hardened. Thus, electrolyte
contaminated with 137Cs in the cathode chamber should be prevented from infiltrating into the clean electrolytes in the
anode chamber. Conclusively, it is considered that when the hydraulic conductivity of soil reduces, the 137Cs ion transport
velocity is fast due to the increase of electro-osmosis in Eq. (1) by fine particle of soil.
6. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR) ISSN:[2454-1850] [Vol-3, Issue-1, January- 2017]
Page | 109
Therefore, for improving removal efficiency of 137Cs from contaminated soil, it is necessary to increase an electric current
density using sulfuric acid as an electrolyte, and to decrease hydraulic conductivity of soil in the soil cell.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0
10
20
30
40
Radioactivity/Bqg
-1
Elapsed time / day
0.51 cm/min (soil A)
1.07 cm/min (soil B)
2.12 cm/min (s0il C)
FIG. 5. EK EXPERIMENT RESULTS ACCORDING TO THE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF THE SOIL.
IV. CONCLUSION
To ensure a high-quality product, diagrams and lettering MUST be either computer-drafted or drawn using India ink. The
removal efficiencies of 137Cs from contaminated soil in manufactured pilot EK decontamination equipment were
proportional to the elapsed time. The removal efficiencies of 137Cs for 10 days were 50-70%. In addition, the removal
efficiencies according to the elapsed time after 10 days were reduced. When an electric current density of 25, 50, and 75
mA/cm2 was applied, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach to 80% was 25, 20, and 15 days. In
addition, when sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid as an electrolyte in the chambers was applied, the time required for the
removal efficiency of uranium to reach 80% was 30, 25, and 20 days. Moreover, when a 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cm/min hydraulic
conductivity of soil in the soil cell was applied, the time required for the removal efficiency of 137Cs to reach 80% was 20,
25, and 30 days.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
An acknowledgement section may be presented after the conclusion, if desired. This work was supported by the Nuclear
Research & Development Program of the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the South
Korean government (MEST).
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