The document summarizes a study that used forward osmosis (FO) to remove cadmium (Cd+2) ions from simulated wastewater using a cellulose acetate (CA) membrane. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.7H2O) was used as the draw solution. The effects of parameters like draw solution concentration, feed solution concentration, operating time, flow rates, and temperature on water flux and Cd+2 ion removal efficiency were investigated. Key findings include: 1) water flux increased with higher draw concentration and temperature but decreased with higher feed concentration and time; 2) Cd+2 ion concentration in the feed effluent increased with feed concentration but decreased with draw flow rate; 3) FO
Optimization of ultrasonicated membrane anaerobic system (umas) for sewage sl...eSAT Journals
Abstract Ultrasonicated Membrane Anaerobic System UMAS was successfully used for sewage sludge treatment and biogas production. Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology were used to determine the optimum conditions in which UMAS produce a maximum content of methane in the biogas produced. The effects of three variables namely pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic loading rate (OLR) on methane content were evaluated individually and interactively. The optimum conditions obtained were pH 7.74, COD 1061.06 Mg/l and OLR 0.90 kg/m3d. The predicted maximum percentage of methane was 89.72 % and confirmed close to RSM result. Keywords: Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Sewage Sludge, Ultrasonic, Membrane, Anaerobic Digestion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of ultrasonicated membrane anaerobic system (umas) for sewage sl...eSAT Journals
Abstract Ultrasonicated Membrane Anaerobic System UMAS was successfully used for sewage sludge treatment and biogas production. Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology were used to determine the optimum conditions in which UMAS produce a maximum content of methane in the biogas produced. The effects of three variables namely pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and organic loading rate (OLR) on methane content were evaluated individually and interactively. The optimum conditions obtained were pH 7.74, COD 1061.06 Mg/l and OLR 0.90 kg/m3d. The predicted maximum percentage of methane was 89.72 % and confirmed close to RSM result. Keywords: Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Sewage Sludge, Ultrasonic, Membrane, Anaerobic Digestion.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A short description of thermal technologies for the recovery of ammonia from N-rich wastewaters and expirementing with membrane distillation for getting better results.
Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution using cobalt silicate precipitation ...IJSIT Editor
Cobalt silicate precipitation tube (CoSPT), prepared through ‘silica garden’ route was found to be a
potential adsorbent for removal of cadmium from aqueous medium. Detail adsorption study of Cd(II) on
CoSPT was investigated. Batch adsorption studies were carried out as a function of contact time, adsorbent
dose, adsorbate concentration (50-300 mg L-1), temperature (298-323K). Cd(II) loading on CoSPT was
dependent on initial Cd(II) concentration. Experimental adsorption data were modeled using Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherm equations. pH variation study revealed that the adsorption increased with increase in pH
of the solution. Cd(II) loading capacity of CoSPT was estimated at 319 mg g-1, which ranks high amongst
efficient Cd(II) adsorbents. Adsorption data were analyzed using two kinetic models, Lagergren first order
and pseudo second order. It was observed that pseudo second order rate equation represented the best
correlation.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
Kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium studies on removal of hexavalent chrom...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Removal of Cr(VI) by biosorption on two agro waste materials, casuarinas fruit powder (CFP) and sorghum
stem powder (SSP), has been investigated. The prepared adsorbent materials were characterized by SEM, EDX,
FTIR and BET. These biomaterials effectively removed Cr(VI) with a maximum removal of 93.35% and 63.75% using
15 gL−1 and 5 gL−1 of CFP and SSP, respectively, at 60 oC with 20mgL−1 initial Cr(VI) concentration in solution. In both
cases of adsorbents, kinetic data of adsorption fitted well in pseudo-second-order in terms of correlation coefficient
(R2). This helps in proposing the process of adsorption as chemical coordination, which is correlated with the thermodynamic
study results conducted at different values of temperature. Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R models were evaluated
for description of metal sorption isotherms. Values of coefficients of intra-particle diffusion and mass transfer have
also been determined at different values of temperature.
Collagen-polyurethane-chitosan hydrogels were synthesized by modifying the chemical structure of the crosslinking agent, with the aim to test which one plays a better role in removing of lead ions from water through adsorption process. In the first instance, two chemical crosslinkers based on aqueous polyurethane prepolymers (PPU) were used, where the type of aliphatic diisocyanate: hexamethylene diisocyanate P(HDI) or isophoronadiisocyanate P(IPDI) was varied. Hydrogels were subsequently designed using type I collagen (C) and chitosan (Q) varying the type of crosslinker: CQ-P(HDI) and CQ-P(IPDI), respectively. Hydrogels were characterized by means of crosslinking index, infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric behavior (TGA) and swelling/degradation kinetics. Finally, tests were performed to determine the removal rate of Pb (II) ions in model waters. The results indicate that CQ-P(HDI) hydrogels have a higher degree of crosslinking, improving its resistance to the both thermal and hydrolytic degradation, and higher swelling capacity at acidic pH; compared to those derived from CQ-P(IPDI); however, these hydrogels do not show a decrement in the removal rate of Pb (II) ions from water, compared to the CQ hydrogel (without crosslinking), thus these innovative materials could be used as an alternative with potential use in the remediation of waters contaminated with lead ions.
Treatment of Effluent from Granite Cutting Plant by Using Natural Adsorbents ...IJERD Editor
Granite cutting plant is one such industry that releases polluting and turbid effluent. The residue from all these processes is discharged with water as an effluent. The effluent mainly contains many solids that harm the environment. Hence it requires treatment techniques before disposal. Several conventional methods are available for removal of contaminants like coagulation, adsorption, polyelectrolyte methods and biological methods. Most of them are cost prohibitive. The reduction of solids concentration in the effluent before disposal by using the techniques, coagulation followed by adsorption using natural adsorbents, like rice husk carbon and saw dust carbon, in contrast to the usage of activated carbon as it is costly. From a local Granite cutting plant near Anantapur, the effluent is collected and its physico-chemical characteristics are estimated and found to be pH(7.5), TS(4240mg/l), TSS(21560mg/l), TDS(12373mg/l).Effluent obtained is subjected to coagulation by potash alum followed by adsorption using saw dust carbon and rice husk carbon.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A short description of thermal technologies for the recovery of ammonia from N-rich wastewaters and expirementing with membrane distillation for getting better results.
Removal of cadmium from aqueous solution using cobalt silicate precipitation ...IJSIT Editor
Cobalt silicate precipitation tube (CoSPT), prepared through ‘silica garden’ route was found to be a
potential adsorbent for removal of cadmium from aqueous medium. Detail adsorption study of Cd(II) on
CoSPT was investigated. Batch adsorption studies were carried out as a function of contact time, adsorbent
dose, adsorbate concentration (50-300 mg L-1), temperature (298-323K). Cd(II) loading on CoSPT was
dependent on initial Cd(II) concentration. Experimental adsorption data were modeled using Freundlich and
Langmuir isotherm equations. pH variation study revealed that the adsorption increased with increase in pH
of the solution. Cd(II) loading capacity of CoSPT was estimated at 319 mg g-1, which ranks high amongst
efficient Cd(II) adsorbents. Adsorption data were analyzed using two kinetic models, Lagergren first order
and pseudo second order. It was observed that pseudo second order rate equation represented the best
correlation.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Frabication of an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor from Terminalia catappa le...IJAEMSJORNAL
Metal corrosion is one of the most challenging problems facing industries. Using corrosion inhibitors is one reasonable approach to protecting metal surfaces. Due to the toxicity of industrial corrosion inhibitors, researchers are continuously searching for green, economical, and friendly alternatives. The present study focuses on the application of Terminalia catappa leaf extract to mitigate the corrosion of concrete reinforcing steel in a simulated seawater environment. The dry product from the Terminalia catappa leaf extraction process was determined to have amino functional groups in polyphenols. Polarization results demonstrate that the corrosion current density decreases from 8.87 A/cm2 (for samples soaked in blank solution) to 5.12 µA/cm2 when adding the optimal concentration of 0.004% of Terminalia catappa leaf extract. 3.5% NaCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis showed that the inhibition efficiency reached over 90% at this concentration after 24 hours of soaking.
Low Cost Anaerobic Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste Leachateiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The adsorption potential of two samples of clays namely Kaolinite (KAO) and Metakaolinite
(MKB) for the adsorption of Cu2+ ions from aqueous solution was investigated. The effects of pH, contact time,
adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of Cu2+ ions solution were studied on the adsorption feasibility onto
KAO and MKB. The maximum adsorption capacities of Cu2+ ions onto KAO and MKB were found to be 14.3
and 21.3 mg.g−1
respectively .The Dubinin-Kaganer-Radushkevich model’s revealed that, the Cu2+ ions
adsorption onto KAO and MKB was governed by physical adsorption and the equilibrium study obeyed the
Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetic investigation of Cu2+ ions adsorption onto KAO and MKB fitted well the
pseudo-first-order kinetic model.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Parameter Estimation of Pollutant Removal for Subsurface Horizontal Flow Cons...mkbsbs
Treatment efficiencies of a pilot scale constructed wetland treating greywater
from a staff canteen of the University of Moratuwa was studied to estimate the
temperature dependent reaction rate constants of specific pollutant removal
mechanisms.
Degradation of Paracetamol by Electro-Fenton and Photoelectro-Fenton Processe...Oswar Mungkasa
prepared by M.C. Lu *, M.L.Veciana**, M.D.G. de Luna*** * Department of Environmental Resources Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan **Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines *** Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1011 Diliman, Quezon City, Phi for Urban Environments in Asia, 25-28 May 2011, Manila, Philippines. organized by International Water Association (IWA).
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Treatability study of cetp wastewater using physico chemical process-a case s...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study is focused on a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) located at Umaraya, District Baroda. Waste water from about thirty five small and medium scale industries majorly comprising of chemical manufacturing and pharmaceutical industries are treated in this CETP. The incoming wastewater was collected and mixed to prepare samples. They were then oxidized by Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) reduction in COD and BOD were observed at different H2O2 and FeSO4 doses to determine the optimum values. Thereafter pretreated wastewater was subjected to filtration with ordinary charcoal and COD and BOD reductions were noted.COD and BOD reduction of 64.35% and 68.57% respectively was achieved by Fenton’s reagent and after filtration the values were well within the disposal standards. The results clearly indicate that conventional system should be replaced by physicochemical process like oxidation and filtration. Index Terms: CETP, COD and BOD reduction, Fenton’s Reagent, Charcoal Filtration
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Forward Osmosis Process for Removal of Cd+2
Ions from Simulated Wastewater by Using Cellulose
Acetate (CA) Membrane
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 536 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
One of major environmental problem is water contaminate by toxic heavy metals through water
discharge by activity of industries. Heavy metals are toxic elements and their discharge into
streams cause harmful effects on human health and the environment [1, 2]. So, before reuse of
the water or its discharged to the environment heavy metals must be removed [3]. Cadmium
one of highly toxic heavy metals to the environment and human beings and there is some
evidence that it is carcinogenic. Cadmium used in many industries such as cadmium mining,
widely used in pigments, battery industries, and ceramic industries [4]. The conventional
processes have been used for removing of heavy metals are electrochemical treatment, ion
exchange, chemical precipitation, and filtration, but these processes have disadvantages such
as need high energy, huge quantity of toxic sludge production and recovery of heavy metals
contaminate wastewater incomplete [5]. Membrane processes consider one of important
method for removing heavy metals from wastewater. There are several membrane processes
have been used successfully to treat heavy metals contaminate wastewater including
microfiltration (MF), reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), electrodialysis (ED),
nanofiltration (NF) [6]. Forward osmosis (FO) has drawn attention as a potential technology
alternative to reverse osmosis (RO) process. Forward osmosis operation generated by
difference in osmotic pressure between feed solution and draw solution. FO has a lower
tendency for irreversible fouling, low cost and higher cleaning efficiency [7, 8]. The choice of
draw solution usually depend on number of many factors such as high osmotic pressure, high
recovery, non-toxic, low cost, and chemically inert to the membrane [9].
This work review the efficiency of forward osmosis (FO) process for the removal of Cd+2
ions from wastewater. In this search using MgSO4.7H2O as draw solution, and the membrane
used in this work is cellulose acetate (CA) consist of active layer and support layer. The
influence of different parameters was studied such as concentration of draw and feed solutions,
experiment work time, temperature of both feed and draw solution, and feed and draw flow
rate on water flux. Feed solution outlet concentration and reverse salt flux through CA
membrane also was studied.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Preparation of Feed Solution
Samples with cadmium Cd+2
ions concentration (10, 30, 50, 80, 200) mg/l were prepared by
dissolving the required amount of Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate Cd(NO3)2.4H2O (Mwt =
308.42 gm/ml) allowed completely dissolved in deionized water (DI), of 3-8 µS/cm
conductivity. A stirrer at an agitation speed of 1000 rpm was used to mix the solution for 20
min. The total feed solution volume was 4 litters. Mass of cadmium metal added to water was
calculated according to equation (1)
W=V×Ci×
wtAt
wtM
.
. (1)
where: W: Weight of cadmium metal salt (mg), V: Volume of solution (1), Ci: Initial
concentration of cadmium metal ions in solution (mg/l), M.wt: Molecular weight of cadmium
metal salt (g/mole), At.wt: Atomic weight of cadmium metal ion (g/mole).
The removal efficiency (R %) of Cd+2
ions by CA membrane was calculated by using
Equation below
100*1%
−=
F
P
C
C
R
(2)
3. Tamara Kawther Hussein
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 537 editor@iaeme.com
where CF is the concentration of Cd+2
ions in the feed solution and CP is the permeate Cd+2
ions concentration.
2.2. Preparation of Draw Solution
For preparing magnesium sulfate hydrate (MgSO4.7H2O) solutions with concentration of 10,
30, 50 and 150 g/l it was supplied from scientific equipment offices in Bab Al-Moatham
markets, Baghdad, Iraq as powder, Deionized water of 3-8 µs/cm conductivity was used and to
mix the solution a stirrer at an agitation speed of 1000 rpm was used for 20 min. The total draw
solution volume was 4 liters. Table 1 shows the chemical specification of the salt
(MgSO4.7H2O).
Table 1 Chemical specifications of draw solutions
Component Properties
MgSO4.7H2O MW = 246.47
Assay 98% min.
Max. limits of impurities (%)
Chloride 0.04
Lead 0.0005
2.3. Membrane
The symmetric cellulose acetate (CA) membrane supplied by GE osmonics, England, RO was
used as flat sheet module. Cellulose acetate (CA) membrane consist of thick fabric backing
layer to provide mechanical support for membrane. The membrane maximum operating
temperature 45°C.
2.4. Experimental Work
Experiments were conducted using designed a bench membrane system. Forward osmosis
system consists of draw and feed solution reservoirs (7 liters in volume). Two diaphragm
booster pumps with inlet pressure 80 psia was used to pump draw and feed solution from
reservoir to direct osmosis element. To measure feed and draw volumetric flow rate two
calibrated flow meters were used each of range (30 - 100 l/h). The desired temperature for both
feed and draw solutions was controlled by submersible electrical coil and thermostat of range
from 0 to 80o
C. To indicate the feed solution pressure a pressure gauge (range of 0-2 bar gauge)
was used. FO osmosis cell consist of two symmetric channels on each side of the membrane,
the dimensions of the channels are 26.5×4×0.3 cm, the membrane provided an effective area of
106 cm2
. active side of CA membrane faced the feed solution Cd+2
ions and support layer faced
the draw solution MgSO4.7H2O. Both solutions flowing tangentially to both side of membrane
in the same direction (ie co-current flow). The effluent of draw and feed solutions were recycled
back to the main vessels. For all experiments pressure of 0.3 bar across the membrane sheets in
the feed side was applied. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine the
feed solution (Cd+2
ions) concentration in outlet and permeate. To determine reverse salt of
MgSO4.7H2O concentration of the salt was measured by using conductivity meter. Scheme of
forward osmosis apparatus is shown in Figure 1. Operating time of experiment was 3 hours.
For checking water flux permeate was calculated by measuring the increasing in volume of DS
every 0.5 hour and compared with the reduction in the FS volume. Water flux measured by
dividing this transported water by the effective area of CA membrane and the time. When the
experiment was finished the remaining solution was drained and physical cleaning was done
by circulating deionized water on both side of membrane.
4. Forward Osmosis Process for Removal of Cd+2
Ions from Simulated Wastewater by Using Cellulose
Acetate (CA) Membrane
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 538 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 The schematic diagram of forward osmosis process used in all experiments.
Table 2 Testing and Measuring devices used in forward osmosis process
No. Testing and Measuring Devices
1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)
(Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S.A)
2 Digital laboratory conductivity meter (CRISON
Basic 30 EC-Meter, Spain) with range (0.01μS -
500mS/cm)
3 Stirrer at an agitation (Type Heidolph, model
RZR 2021, speed range: 40 - 2000 rpm)
4 submersible electrical coil (Model CK – 002)
and thermostat of range from 0 to 70 o
C
3. RESULT AND DISCUSION
3.1. Effect of Feed Solution Concentration
Figure 2 illustrates the effect of feed solution (Cd+2
ions) concentration on water flux at different
concentrations of draw solution (MgSO4.7H2O) when flow rate of feed and draw solutions 50
l/h and temperature 25o
C. Increasing initial feed solution concentration from 10-200 mg/l the
water flux decreased because of osmotic pressure of feed solution increase and driving force
(∆π= πMgSO4.7H2O – πCd+2 ions metal) decreased. This behavior is well agreed with [10]. Feed
solution outlet concentration increased due to increase the water transport from feed side
(cadmium metal solution) to draw side (magnesium sulfate hydrate solution) across the CA
membrane, which conforms what came to [11] as shown in Figure 3.
5. Tamara Kawther Hussein
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 539 editor@iaeme.com
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
Waterflux,l/m2.h
Conc.of feed, mg/l
Conc.of draw=10g/l
Conc.of draw=30g/l
Conc.of draw=50g/l
Conc.of draw=150g/l
Figure 2 Effect of concentration of feed solution (Cd+2
ions) on water flux at different draw solution
concentration (MgSO4.7H2O).
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
Ccd+2outlet,mg/l
Conc.of feed, mg/l
Conc.of draw=10g/l
Conc.of draw=30g/l
Conc.of draw=50g/l
Conc.of draw=150g/l
Figure 3 Effect of concentration of feed solution (Cd+2
ions) on feed solution outlet concentration
(Cd+2
ions) at different draw solution concentration (MgSO4.7H2O).
3.2. Effect of Experimental Operating Time
Figure 4. illustrates the effect of time on water flux at different concentrations of draw solution
(MgSO4.7H2O) range from 10-150 g/l with constant concentration of Cd+2
ions solution 80
mg/l, flow rate of both feed and draw solutions was 50 l/h and temperature 25o
C. With the time,
the water flux decreased and after 2 hrs steady state was reached due to diminish concentration
of draw solution and formation of concentration polarization (CP) phenomenon on the CA
membrane. These conclusions are well agreed with the investigation of, [12]. Also with the
time, feed solution outlet concentration increased due to increasing pure water transport across
the CA membrane from feed side to draw side, which conforms what came to [2] as shown in
Figure 5.
6. Forward Osmosis Process for Removal of Cd+2
Ions from Simulated Wastewater by Using Cellulose
Acetate (CA) Membrane
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 540 editor@iaeme.com
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Waterflux,l/m2.h
Time, h
Conc. of draw=10 g/l
Conc. of draw=30 g/l
Conc. of draw=50 g/l
Conc. of draw=150 g/l
Figure 4 Effect of experimental operating time on water flux at different draw solution concentration
(MgSO4.7H2O).
75
85
95
105
115
125
135
145
155
165
175
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Ccd+2outlet,mg/l
Time,h
Conc.of draw=10g/l
Conc.of draw=30g/l
Conc.of draw=60g/l
Conc.of draw=150g/l
Figure 5 Effect of experimental operating time on Feed solution outlet concentration (Cd+2
ions)
at different draw solution concentration (MgSO4.7H2O).
3.3. Effect of Draw Solution Concentration
Increasing concentration of draw solution from 10-150 g/l, the water flux increased and this
attributed to increasing in driving force (∆π) and water transport through the membrane as
shown in Figure 6 when the flow rate of both feed and draw solutions was 50 l/h and
temperature 25o
C. These conclusions are well agreed with the investigation of [13]. Also feed
solution outlet concentration increased as shown in Figure 7 due to increase the volume of water
permeate from feed side (cadmium metal solution) to draw side (magnesium sulfate hydrate
solution) across the membrane, which conforms what came to [14].
7. Tamara Kawther Hussein
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 541 editor@iaeme.com
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Waterflux,l/m2.h
Conc. of draw, g/l
Conc. of feed=10 mg/l
Conc. of feed=30 mg/l
Conc. of feed=50 mg/l
Conc. of feed=80 mg/l
Conc. of feed=200 mg/l
Figure 6 Effect of draw solution concentration (MgSO4.7H2O) on water flux at different feed solution
concentration (Cd+2
ions).
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ccd+2outlet,mg/l
Conc. of draw, g/l
Conc.of feed=10 mg/l
Conc.of feed=30 mg/l
Conc.of feed=50 mg/l
Conc.of feed=80 mg/l
Conc.of feed=200 mg/l
Figure 7 Effect of draw solution concentration (MgSO4.7H2O) on Feed solution outlet concentration
(Cd+2
ions) at different feed solution concentration (Cd+2
ions).
3.4. Effect of Draw Solution Flow Rate
Figures 8, 9 illustrate the effect of draw solution flow rate (Qd) on water flux and feed solution
outlet concentration at different concentrations of draw solution (MgSO4.7H2O) when
concentration of Cd+2
ions solution was 80 mg/l, flow rate of feed solution 50 l/h and
temperature 25o
C. Decreasing the draw solution flow rate (Qd) increasing the concentration of
MgSO4.7H2O build at the vicinity of the membrane surface (support layer membrane), and lead
to increasing the driving force (∆π) which resulting in increasing water flux through the CA
membrane, this conclusion correspond with the investigation of [15]. Decreasing flow rate of
MgSO4.7H2O draw solution will increase water permeate and this will cause increasing of Cd+2
ions concentration in feed solution outlet. This conclusion is compatible what came to
investigation of [16].
8. Forward Osmosis Process for Removal of Cd+2
Ions from Simulated Wastewater by Using Cellulose
Acetate (CA) Membrane
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 542 editor@iaeme.com
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Waterflux,l/m2.h
Draw solution flowrate (Qd), l/hr
Conc. of draw=10g/l
Conc. of draw=30 g/l
Conc. of draw=50 g/l
Conc. of draw=150g/l
Figure 8 Effect of draw solution flow rate (Qd) on water flux at different draw solution concentration.
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Ccd+2outlet,mg/l
Draw solution flowrate (Qd), l/hr
Conc. of draw=10 g/l
Conc. of draw=30 g/l
Conc. of draw=50 g/l
Conc. of draw=150 g/l
Figure 9 Effect of draw solution flow rate (Qd) on Feed solution outlet concentration (Cd+2
ions) at
different draw solution concentration (MgSO4.7H2O)
3.5. Effect of Feed Solution Flow Rate
The flux of water increased by increasing the flow rate of feed solution at different
concentrations of draw solution (MgSO4.7H2O) with constant Cd+2
ions concentration 80 mg/l,
flow rate of draw solution was 50 l/h and temperature 25o
C as shown in Figure 10. Increasing
the flow rate of feed solution from 30 to 100 l/hr caused low concentration of cadmium metal
salt build up near the active layer of membrane surface (i.e. reducing the concentrative external
concentration polarization (CECP)), and this cause decreasing in osmotic pressure in the feed
solution side and result in increasing the driving force (∆π). These observations are well agreed
with results of, [17]. Increasing feed solution flow rate lead to increasing Cd+2
ions
concentration in feed solution due to increasing the transmission of water from feed solution to
draw solution through CA membrane as shown in Figure 11. This conclusion correspond with
previous studies [18, 19].
9. Tamara Kawther Hussein
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 543 editor@iaeme.com
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Waterflux,l/m2.h
Feed solution flowrate (Qf), l/hr
Conc.of draw=10g/l
Conc.of draw=30g/l
Conc.of draw=50g/l
Conc.of draw=150g/l
Figure 10 Effect of feed solution flow rate (Qf) on water flux with at different draw solution
concentration.
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Ccd+2outlet,mg/l
Feed solution flowrate (Qf), l/hr
Conc.of draw=10g/l
Conc.of draw=30g/l
Conc.of draw=50g/l
Conc.of draw=150g/l
Figure 11 Effect of feed solution flow rate (Qf) on Feed solution outlet concentration (Cd+2
ions) at
different draw solution concentration.
3.6. Effect of Temperature
The effect of temperature on water flux through CA membrane at different concentrations of
draw solution (MgSO4.7H2O) with constant Cd+2
ions concentration 80 mg/l, flow rate of both
feed and draw solutions was 50 l/h is shown in Figure 12. The increased in temperature of both
Cd+2
metal ions feed solution and MgSO4.7H2O draw solution from 10 to 40o
C lead to reduce
the viscosity of solutions and increasing the diffusion rate of water through the CA membrane
due to lower resistance against passage of flow and higher water flux, this consistence with
[20]. Increasing temperature of both feed and draw solutions will increase the water flux
through the membrane and lead to increase Cd+2
ions concentration in feed solution as shown
in Figure 13. This conclusion agrees with [21].
10. Forward Osmosis Process for Removal of Cd+2
Ions from Simulated Wastewater by Using Cellulose
Acetate (CA) Membrane
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 544 editor@iaeme.com
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Waterflux,l/m2.h
Temperature,o C
Conc. of draw=10 g/l
Conc. of draw=30 g/l
Conc. of draw=50 g/l
Conc. of draw=150 g/l
Figure 12 Effect of temperature of feed and draw solution on water flux at different draw solution
concentration (MgSO4.7H2O).
90
120
150
180
210
240
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ccd+2outlet,mg/l
Temperature,o C
Conc. of draw=10 g/l
Conc. of draw=30 g/l
Conc. of draw=50 g/l
Conc. of draw=150 g/l
Figure 13 Effect of temperature of feed and draw solution on Feed solution outlet concentration
(Cd+2
) ions at different draw solution concentration (MgSO4.7H2O).
3.7. Removal efficiency (R %) of Cellulose Acetate (CA) Membrane and Reverse
Salts Flux of MgSO4.7H2O Through the Membrane
The constant operating conditions for all experiments such as concentration of Cd+2
ions was
80 mg/l, concentration of MgSO4.7H2O was 30 g/l, flow rate of feed and draw solutions was
50 l/h and temperature 25o
C. Figure 14 shows the concentration of Cd+2
ions permeation
through CA membrane and removal efficiency (R %) of membrane with time. When Cd+2
ions
feed solution concentration increased lead to formation of external concentration polarization
(ECP) and fouling of the CA membrane so the removal efficiency (R %) of membrane
decreased which reached 78.87% after 3 hrs, This conclusion correspond with the investigation
with the investigation of [22]. Figure 15 shows the reverse salt flux of MgSO4.7H2O through
CA membrane with time, it was observed that the reverse salts flux high in the beginning of the
operation which reached 31.57 g/m2
.h after 0.5 hr and then slightly decreased with proceed time
which reached 23.34 g/m2
.h after 3 hrs due to adverse effect of internal concentration
polarization (ICP) near the support layer membrane. These observations are well agreed with
investigation of [23, 24].
11. Tamara Kawther Hussein
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 545 editor@iaeme.com
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Ccd+2inpermite,mg/l
RemovalEfficiency(R),%
Time,h
R%
Conc.Cd+2,mg/l
Figure 14 Effect of time on Cd+2
ions in permeation and Removal Efficiency (R %) of CA
membrane
0
10
20
30
40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
ReverseSaltFlux,g/m2.h
Time, h
Figure 15 Effect of time on reverse salt flux through CA membrane
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, forward osmosis can be used to remove Cd+2
ions from contaminated wastewater
by using cellulose acetate (CA) membrane as flat sheet. Water flux permeate increased when
the concentration of MgSO4.7H2O draw solutions, temperature of both feed and draw solution
and flow rate of feed solution increased, and decreased by increasing Cd+2
ions concentration
in feed solution, operating time of experiment, and flow rate of draw solutions. Cd+2
ions
concentration in feed solution outlet increased by increasing concentration of feed and draw
solution, operating time of experiment, flow rate of feed solution, and temperature of feed and
draw solutions while decreased by increasing draw solution flow rate. Reverse salts flux of
MgSO4.7H2O through the CA membrane decreased with time. The removal efficiency (R %)
of CA membrane decreased with time which reached 78.87% after 3 hrs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank the Mustansiriyah university (www.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq)
Baghdad - Iraq for its support in the present work.
12. Forward Osmosis Process for Removal of Cd+2
Ions from Simulated Wastewater by Using Cellulose
Acetate (CA) Membrane
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 546 editor@iaeme.com
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