A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
A report for my Environmental Management for Food Industries Class
This discussed the significance of trace and heavy metals present in wastewater and also the methods that can be used to lessen and remove them.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process Vaibhav Kambale
Very important Secondary Treatment of Wastewater which is followed in the design of most of the types of conventional sewage treatment plant. Hence it is important to understand the basic principles of Activated Sludge Process
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
Water Quality Monitoring Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Water Quality Monitoring Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides which will assist in developing, distributing, and managing the optimum use of water resources. By taking advantage of our readily available water testing PPT visuals, discuss the six main indicators of the water quality. This water resource management PPT slide deck can be used by the department of water for analyzing information about water quality and to underpin decisions about water resource management. You can provide an overview of water market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure by using our readily available water quality modeling PPT slideshow. Describe how you can monitor and assess the water quality in order to manage the water resources. You can also showcase the wastewater treatment according to various industry types by utilizing these water quality monitoring PowerPoint slides. Highlight the trends that can influence the water industry in the future. Also, showcase the factors that can affect the performance of the water technology market. Hence, download our ready-to-use assessing water quality PowerPoint presentation and ensure the optimum use of water resources. https://bit.ly/30tFhdE
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Activated Sludge Process Vaibhav Kambale
Very important Secondary Treatment of Wastewater which is followed in the design of most of the types of conventional sewage treatment plant. Hence it is important to understand the basic principles of Activated Sludge Process
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...Soumyashree Panigrahi
This reflects light on the effects of Heavy metals on the contaminated soil & how to over come the ill effects by phyto remediation..or use of plants in reclaiming the soil...
Various energy sources for wearable and IoT has been covered and explained.
Super-capacitor, Secondary cell and energy harvesting technology has been explained here. Thin film battery, Piezo electric energy harvesting, wireless charging and other technology has been explained.
Bayer has a long history and tradition in designing sulphuric acid plants as well as in operating those plants. The DOUBLE CONTACT PROCESS developed by Bayer some 50 years ago is recognized as state of the art since decades. Over the years Bayer continuously has worked to improve the process.
Facing market needs in treating high grade SO2 gases Bayer Technology Services GmbH (BTS) in 2006 has developed a technology to face this challenge: The BAYQIK®– Process.
Sebastiani - Nano-mechanical and microstructural characterization of MS-PVD N...thinfilmsworkshop
http://www.surfacetreatments.it/thinfilms
Nano-mechanical and microstructural characterization of MS-PVD Nb thin films (Marco Sebastiani - 30')
Speaker: Marco Sebastiani - Roma 3 University | Duration: 30 min.
Abstract
E. Bemporad1, M. Sebastiani1, F. Carassiti1
1Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome ‘Roma Tre’, Via della Vasca Navale 79-00146 Rome, Italy
The main objective of the present study was to identify the influence of the applied bias voltage on the microstructural and mechanical properties of magnetron sputtering physical vapour deposition (MS-PVD) niobium thin films for use in superconducting resonant cavities for particle accelerators.
The microstructure and mechanical properties evolution as a function of the applied bias voltage and nature of the substrate (copper or quartz) were investigated by means of micro-hardness and nanoindentation testing, FIB/SEM, AFM and TEM techniques.
The superconducting properties (critical temperature Tc and residual resistivity) were determined by a calibrated four-contact probe and a cryogenic apparatus and then correlated to the mechanical properties.
Significant difference in terms of microstructure, surface roughness and mechanical properties were observed for biased coatings grown on different substrates. The observed differences are likely connected to the low conductivity of quartz that induces a re-sputtering effect and a consequent modification of the superconducting performances.
Electrochemical study of anatase TiO2 in aqueous sodium-ion electrolytesRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
In this paper, a basic electro-analytical study on the behavior of anatase TiO2 in aqueous NaOH has been presented using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV). The study has explored the possibility of using TiO2 as anode material for ARSBs in presence of 5 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. CV profiles show that anatase TiO2 exhibits reversible sodium ion insertion/de-insertion reactions. CV studies of TiO2 anode in aqueous sodium electrolytes at different scan rate shows that the Na+ ion insertion reaction at the electrode is diffusion controlled with a resistive behavior. Proton insertion from aqueous sodium electrolytes into TiO2 cannot be ruled out. To confirm the ion inserted and de-inserted, CV studies are done at different concentration of NaOH and it is found that at lower concentrations of NaOH, proton insertion process competes with Na+ ion insertion process and as the concentration increases, the Na+ ion insertion process becomes the predominant electrode reaction making it suitable anode materials for aqueous sodium batteries in 5 M NaOH.
2022 PA AMR Conference Domestic Production of Critical Minerals 9:30AM 6/22/22Michael Hewitt, GISP
Abandoned Coal Mine Drainage Cleanup Through Domestic Production of Critical Minerals for National Security – Sarma V. Pisupati, Mohammad Rezaee, and Dr. Barbara Arnold, Penn State University
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Electrokinetic Remediation of Heavy Metal contaminated soil
1. Guide,
Dr. Vinish V. Nair
Associate Professor
Dept. Of Civil Engineering
VIJAI KRISHNAN V.
S7 CE
ROLL NO.: 58
Govt. RIT,Kottayam, KERALA
2. INTRODUCTION
EKR is most efficient green technology to remove heavy metals
from soil by using low volt DC
Heavy metals – group of metals or metalloids with atomic
density > 5 g/cm3
Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, As etc…
Non-biodegradable & persistent
Affect quality of soil & water
Stored by plants & crops
Intake leads to health hazards - toxic, carcinogenic
Use in US & Europe
4. Rapid industrialization & urbanization
Open dumping & landfills
Mining, manufacture & use of synthetic products
Waste-water & municipal sludge
Change in life style
Military & volcanic areas
Pesticides & Fertilizers
Heavy metal
contamination at
Bagacay copper
mines, Philippines
5. Scenario in world & India
REF : European Environment Agency, 2015
Contaminants affecting soil matrix in Europe (2011)
7. • Site Investigation
• Contaminants-type, depth,
concentration
Stages in Soil Remediation
Risk
assessment
Feasible
remediation
options
Verification
Design &
Implementation
Monitoring &
maintenance
• Solidification
• Soil washing
• Vitrification
• Isolation
•Bio-remediation
• Coagulation
• Flotation
• Electro-kinetic
remediation
• Type & Spacing of electrodes
• Electrolyte, Voltage gradient
•Period of operation
Lab test – removal
efficiency, economy
8. Why Electro-kinetic Remediation?
Suitable for low permeability soils
Faster remediation
Efficient & applicable to wide range of heavy metals
In-situ & ex-situ method
Remove radio nucleotides, organic & inorganic contaminants
Low cost
9. Electro-kinetic Remediation
Consist of 4 parts
i). Electrode compartment - graphite, platinum
ii). Electrolytic solution reservoir
iii). Power supply unit – DC, Solar cell, Pulse current
iv). Soil cell
Processes in EKR :-
i). Electro-osmosis
ii). Electro-migration
iii). Electrophoresis
10. Electro-osmosis
Movement of water molecules
Flow towards cathode
Electro-migration
Transport of ions to opposite charged electrode
Major transport of metal ions
Electrophoresis
Transport of charged colloidal particles
Negligible in low permeable soil
11. Laboratory Setup – Chromium removal
Sample is contaminated by Potassium Chromate solution
Cr(VI) commonly exist in anionic form
After 24hrs contaminated soil is compacted in HDPE container
Electrodes – slotted graphite
Electrolyte – potable water
Voltage gradient – 1 Volt DC/cm
REF: Journal Of Environmental Engineering, ASCE 2004
12. Electrolysis of water At anode : 2H20 O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
At cathode : 4H2O + 4e- 2H2 + 4OH-
H+ move from anode to cathode ( acidic front )
OH- from cathode to anode ( basic front )
Acidic front mobilize metal ions Electro-migration occurs
Cr(VI) migrate to anode ( + ) & precipitated
Exhausted electrolyte stored in reservoir
Concentration of Cr is determined by Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer
Removal efficiency is low
Enhancing agents are added & test is repeated
14. Electrokinetic Remediation Field Setup
Well is constructed
Filling electrolyte
Inserting Anode (+) &
Cathode ( - )
Applying electric field
Electro-osmosis &
Electrolysis of water
Desorption of metal ion by acidic front
Electro-migration & precipitation or dissolution of metal ion
Pumping & storing of exhausted electrolyte
15. Avg Spacing b/w anode & cathode – 14 ft
Avg Spacing b/w anodes or Cathodes – 7 ft
Vary depending on level of contamination & remediation time
16. How to improve removal efficiency?
Use of enhancing agents :-
EDTA, NTA, acetic acid, citric acid, NaOH, NaCl etc…
Form complexes with metal ions easy removal
Ion selective membrane around electrodes Electrodialytic
remediation
Use of pulse current
Using combined EK technologies-EKR with Ultrasonics
EKR remove metal
Ultrasonic removes organic matter
Removal efficiency for Pb increase up to 91%
Making consistency of soil equal to liquid limit
17. Case Study
A. US Army Waterway Experiment Station, Louisiana
Electrokinetics Inc.
Electro-Klean Electrical Separation process
Lead – avg removal efficiency -85%
B. Old TNX Basin, South Carolina
Isotron Corporation
Electrosorb process
Mercury, Lead, Chrome
C. Sandia National Laboratories Chemical Waste Landfill
Chromium
Supported by US Dept of Energy
REF : US-EPA, 1995
18. Problems
Insoluble organic matter & stable compound reduce removal
efficiency
Polluting metal species is high very slow remediation
Buried metal objects short circuiting, waste of current
Careful design
Success depends on :-
Soil type
Soil pH high pH ( >10 ), lower removal efficiency
Applied electric field
Presence of carbonate
Concentration of target metal ion
20. Conclusion
Industrial effluent increase heavy metal contaminants
Heavy metals cause several health hazards
In-situ technique minimum surface disturbance
EKR - High removal efficiency upto 90%
Suitable for any depth
High level of sustainability, social acceptability & economic
performance
Used commercially in Europe, USA
Necessary to keep environment safe & healthy
21. References
1. US-EPA (1995), “Insitu remediation technology: Electrokinetics”
2. InterstateTechnology & Regulatory Council ( 2010 ), “Technology Overview-Electrokinetics”
3. Krishna R. Reddy & Supraja Chinthamreddy ( 2004 ), “Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation
of Heavy Metals in Glacial Till Soil Using Different Electrolyte Solutions”, ASCE
4. Riffat Naseem Malik, Syed Zahoor Husain & Ishfaq Nazir ( 2015 ), “Heavy Metal
Contamination And Accumulation In Soil And Wild Plant Species From Industrial Area Of
Islamabad, Pakistan”, ResearchGate
5. P.K.Govil, J.E.Sorlie, N. N. Murthy, D. Sujatha, G.L.N.Reddy, Kim Rudolph-Lund,
A.K.Krishna & K.Rama Mohan (2007 ) “Soil contamination of heavy metals in the Katedan
Industrial Development Area, Hyderabad, India”, Springer
6. A.K.Krishna, P.K.Govil (2007), “Soil contamination due to heavy metals from an industrial
area of Surat, Gujarat”, Springer
7. A.K.Krishna, P.K.Govil (2004),“Heavy metal contamination of soil around Pali Industrial
Area,Rajasthan, India”,Springer
8. Burlakovs Juris, Stankevica Karina, Hassan Ikrema, Janovskis Reinis, Lacis Sandris,
“Removal Of Heavy Metals From Contaminated Soils By Elektrokinetic Remediation”
9. US Army Environmental Center ( 2000 ), “In-Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal
Contaminated Soils Technology Status Report”
22. 10. European Environment Agency (2007,2015), “Progress in management of contaminated sites”
11. Shweta .S. Angadi, Rashma Shetty , Manjunath N.T. (2015), “Coagulation Study to Remove
Heavy Metals from Leachate”, IJIRSET
12. J.Aruna, Dr.B.Naga Malleswara Rao (2015), “Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils”,
IJIRSET
13. Rageena S.S., Rani V. (2015), “Effect of Various Pore Fluids on Free Swell and Shrinkage
Cracking of Clays”, IJIRSET
14. Jaishree, T.I.Khan,(2015), “Assessment of Heavy Metals’ Risk on Human Health via Dietary
Intake of Cereals and Vegetables from Effluent Irrigated Land Jaipur District, Rajasthan”,
IJIRSET
15. Sruthy O A and S Jayalekshmi (2014), “Electrokinetic Remediation Of Heavy Metal
Contaminated Soil”, IJSCER
16. Okeke P. N. (2013), “Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation of Cadmium Contaminated Soil “,
An Int. Journal of Sci. and Tech.
23.
24. Potassium chromate, Nickel chloride,Cadmium chloride
Ion selective membrane-prevent entry of ions generated at electrode to soil
Pulse current
A unidirectional surge of current of very short duration. It quickly rises to a maximum, then
drops to zero in a similar fashion
EDTA – ethylene di amine tetra acetic acid-Form soluble complexes with Cr
NTA – nitrilo tri acetic acid
DTPA- di ethylene tri amine penta acetic acid
Chelating agents – form several bonds to a single metal ion
DC volt 20-30 V
Diseases : - gastro intestinal disorders, diarrhoea , tremor, paralysis, vomiting,depression,
pneumonia
Nuerotoxic,mutagenic
Coagulation – alum + polyelectrolyte ( FeCl3)
Electrode – carbon,platinum,graphite – cylindrical – inert –no residue
Pb Cd Cu Cr
* EDTA,DTPA •NTA (65-95%)
•H2SO4 soln (76 %)
* Battery &
electronics
* DTPA ( 60 %) * Citric acid>acetic
acid
25. Cd – Ni-Cd battery, alloys, paints, ink catridge
Zn- galvanizing
Vitrification
Soil is heated at high temp ~ 2000 C.Organic pollutants are volatalized, heavy metals are
retained in soil.Melted soil forms a solid block
Dist b/w anode or cathode 7ft, b/w anode & cathode 14 ft ( US army
environment center)
EKR field projects are funded & carried out in USA (by USEPA, ITRC, US army
Envt. Centre, Electropetroleum Inc., Terran Corporation, General electric) ,
Europe(Geokinetics International Inc.), Japan, Korea.
Cost <100 $/cub m to >400 $/cub m ( site specific )
Effect of pore fluid :-
Increase in conc of NaCl, NH4Cl, Acetic acid to clay decrease free swell but
NaOH increases free swell.Affects crack behavoir
Electrosorb process – contaminants are adsorbed to electrode
Pesticides & fertilizer - Cd & Pb
Micronutrients - Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni
26. Fines & closure notice – India
Potassium & sodium bichromate industry, gujarat
Dyeing units, Tirupur,TN
Steel industry, Kalmeshwar, Maharashtra
Heavy metal contamination in Kerala –
Kerala Minerals & Metals Ltd, Kollam – Lead & mercury ( perimeter of 500 m ) –
NDTV & KIMS
Eloor & edayar industrial develpmt area- HIL,Grasim Indstrys, Merchem Limited
and FACT ( Zn,Pb,Cd,Hg,Cr ) closed all units (2004-05)
KINFRA Textile Industries, Kannur – Zn,As,Pb
Kerala Clay & Ceramics Ltd,Kannur – closed due > Fe in water
27. Enhancing agents
EDTA Enhancement
At Cathode – EDTA
Form soluble complexes with Cr
Removal efficiency 45%
Acetic Acid Enhancement
At Cathode – acetic acid
Increase solubility of metal ion
Removal efficiency 57%
Citric Acid Enhancement
Cathode – citric acid
Electro-migration to anode is
more
Chromium citrate complexes are
formed
Removal efficiency 82%
NaCl & EDTA Enhancement
Anode – NaCl & Cathode – EDTA
NaCl sustain high current &
electro-osmosis
Removal efficiency 79%
Sulfuric Acid Enhancement
Greater electro-migration &
solubility
Removal efficiency 73%