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![Let’s steal server’s /etc/passwd using a telnet client
# telnet localhost 80
...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET /../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Server: Tiny webserver
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin
...
Contents of the
/etc/passwd
exposed
14](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/remotefilepathtraversalattacksforfunandprofit-170802022233/85/Remote-file-path-traversal-attacks-for-fun-and-profit-14-320.jpg)
![The patched web server stopped the exploit
# telnet localhost 80
Trying ::1...
Trying 127.0.0.1...
Connected to localhost.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET /../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1
HTTP/1.0 404 NOT FOUND
Server: Tiny webserver
<html><head><title>404 NOT Found</title></head><body><h1>URL not
found</h1></body></html>
Connection closed by foreign host 19](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/remotefilepathtraversalattacksforfunandprofit-170802022233/85/Remote-file-path-traversal-attacks-for-fun-and-profit-19-320.jpg)
Uploaded byDharmalingam Ganesan
Remote file path traversal attacks for fun and profit
The document discusses remote file path traversal attacks, demonstrating how attackers can exploit web servers to steal sensitive files. It explains the vulnerabilities associated with file path concatenation and emphasizes the need for secure coding practices such as canonicalizing file names and validating file access. The author provides strategies for preventing these attacks and highlights increased coding effort required for secure applications compared to traditional coding.
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Remote file path traversal attacks for fun and profit
- 1. Remote File PathTraversal Attacks for Fun and Profit Dr. Dharma Ganesan
- 2. Disclaimer ● The opinionsexpressed here are my own but not the views of my employer ● The source code fragments shown here can be reused but ○ without any warranty nor accept any responsibility for failures ● Do not apply the exploit discussed here on other systems ○ without obtaining authorization from owners 2
- 3. Goal ● Demonstrate howattackers can steal information from servers ● Present an anti-pattern that enables file path traversal attacks ● Discuss how to prevent file path traversal attacks (in C) ● Present some metrics to compare # of lines before and after patching 3
- 4. Intended Audience ● Anyoneinterested in foundations of secure programming (in C) ● Exploits discussed here are well-known to the security community ● But I hope it is still informative for newcomers to software security 4
- 5. Context: Client-Server ArchitecturalStyle ● Clients send request for a file to the server ○ Clients can be web-browsers, telnet clients, web clients, etc. ● Server sends the requested file to the clients ○ Server can be any program (e.g., web server) that responds to requests ● Of course, the server should not disclose not-public files to the clients 5
- 6. Context: Client-Server ArchitecturalStyle... Request (public) File Response File Threat: Attackers could steal files from the private folder of the server. Caution: This threat is not only applicable to web but also to any distributed systems Server 6
- 7. System under attackand Tools ● System under attack: The web server used here is part of a Hacking book by Jon Erickson ● The web server vulnerability presented here is not discussed in the book ○ Slides complement the book by exploiting a different vulnerability ● Tools ○ Telnet web client - part of standard Linux installations ■ Telnet has its own security problems but it is fine for this demo ○ But you may use any other proxy/plugins to browsers (e.g., developer tools, etc.) 7
- 8. A simple webapplication - Proof of Concept What are the attack surfaces to steal private files? - No forms to submit - No javascripts Take sometime before seeing the rest of the slides 8
- 9. Right click toview page source of index.html <html> <img src="image.jpg"> </html> So image.jpg must be the smiley face 9
- 10. Under-the-hood steps tojust smile 1. Request: “GET / HTTP/1.1” from the browser to the server 2. Response: index.html from the server to the browser 3. Request: “GET /image.jpg” from the browser to the server 4. Response: image.jpg contents from the server to the browser 5. Request: Browser sends an implicit request for the url icon 1.GET / HTTP/1.1 2. Contents of index.html 3. GET /image.jpg HTTP/1.1 4. Contents of image.jpg Server 10
- 11. Confirm these steps- take a peek at server’s log ● Just to be sure let’s see our web server’s log fragment: ● Got request from 127.0.0.1:50628 "GET / HTTP/1.1" Opening ./webroot/index.html't 200 OK Got request from 127.0.0.1:50630 "GET /image.jpg HTTP/1.1" Opening ./webroot/image.jpg't 200 OK ● The log shows that the browser actually sent two requests as expected ● The files are delivered relative to the (public) webroot directory 11
- 12. Attack surface toreach the server’s private files ● Of course, what if we target one of the GET request’s path? ● For example, the second GET request and mess with the file name ● Core Idea: Instead of image.jpg what if we request any other file 12
- 13. Let’s steal arbitraryfile contents (telnet client) ● Instead of a web browser, let’s use a telnet client ○ Telnet has its own security problems but for our purpose it is fine. ● # telnet localhost 80 (i.e., connect to our web server listening at port 80) ... GET / HTTP/1.1 (I typed this command) HTTP/1.0 200 OK Server: Tiny webserver <html> <img src="image.jpg"> </html> 13
- 14. Let’s steal server’s/etc/passwd using a telnet client # telnet localhost 80 ... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. GET /../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1 HTTP/1.0 200 OK Server: Tiny webserver root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/usr/sbin/nologin ... Contents of the /etc/passwd exposed 14
- 15. The web serverlog fragment and analysis # ./tinyweb Accepting web requests on port 80 Got request from 127.0.0.1:50750 "GET /../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1" Opening ./webroot/../../../etc/passwd't 200 OK ● The attacker was able to get out of the public root directory! ● The tiny web server is clearly vulnerable to remote file content disclosure ● It appears that the server strcat the web root with the incoming file name ○ We will confirm by looking into the source code of the web server 15
- 16. Analysis of theweb server code fragment if(strncmp(request, "GET ", 4) == 0) // GET request ptr = request+4; // ptr is the URL. ... strcpy(resource, WEBROOT); // Begin resource with web root path strcat(resource, ptr); // ptr points to the input url string in GET … } ● The anti-pattern is that the server concatenate the public web root with the input filename (can be evil) ● The resource variable contains the filename as a string but it was not evaluated/canonicalized before opening the file 16
- 17. How to fixthis vulnerability? (high-level idea) ● It is not that difficult to find this anti-pattern but fixing is important ○ For large systems, grep for strcpy followed by strcat with variable names (e.g. filename) ○ grep -A 1 “strcpy” -r * | grep “strcat” … ● Canonicalize after combining the public webroot with the input filename ● Evaluate whether the canonicalized file is within the webroot ● If yes, we are safe and can disclose the content ● Otherwise, raise a generic error that the file is not found 17
- 18. Canonicalize and thenvalidate filenames - core idea ● canonicalize_file_name is a library function ● For example, if the input string is ./webroot/../../../etc/passwd ● Output of canonicalize is : /etc/passwd (in my case) ○ Do not forgot to free the memory returned by canonicalize ● Check whether the prefix of the canonicalized file name is within the public dir ○ See starts_with_substr in the appendix ○ I don’t think the C language has built-in functions to check the prefix ❖ If you find bugs in my patch (see the appendix), please contact me 18
- 19. The patched webserver stopped the exploit # telnet localhost 80 Trying ::1... Trying 127.0.0.1... Connected to localhost. Escape character is '^]'. GET /../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1 HTTP/1.0 404 NOT FOUND Server: Tiny webserver <html><head><title>404 NOT Found</title></head><body><h1>URL not found</h1></body></html> Connection closed by foreign host 19
- 20. The patched webserver log fragment and analysis # ./tinyweb_secure Accepting web requests on port 80 Got request from 127.0.0.1:50816 "GET /../../../etc/passwd HTTP/1.1" input file name = /etc/passwd Unsafe file ./webroot/../../../etc/passwd't 404 Not Found ● The server knows that the attacker is reaching into non-public directories ● The server successfully stopped the attacker 20
- 21. Number of linesbefore and after patching # wc -l tinyweb_secure.c tinyweb.c 224 tinyweb_secure.c (after patching) 122 tinyweb.c (before patching) ● To my surprise, the patched version (tinyweb_secure.c) has nearly two times more code than the original version (tinyweb.c) ○ Comments are inlined using “//” - so they do not contribute much to the metrics ● This shows to me that secure coding (in C) will take at least two times more coding effort than “traditional” coding ○ If I add my code review and testing effort, it is at least three times more expensive! ● More study is needed on other systems to confirm my claims on effort ○ May be it is the C language and its small library contribute to more application code ○ Or, it is me who did not patch it in a compact way - but I doubt 21
- 22. Space of inputsfor traditional vs secure programs 22 Evil input values Valid input values ● Traditional programs handle only valid input values well ● Secure coding requires the programs to handle evil input values, too ● The problem is that the threats (evil inputs) have to identified up-front and ○ software has to be designed to resist and recover
- 23. Conclusion and broaderapplicability ● Using string concat to construct file names can be dangerous ○ This anti-pattern should be avoided ● The server should canonicalize file names and check the resulting filenames ○ Otherwise attackers will get into private directories and steal files ● File Path exploitation is independent of web-applications ● Any client-server architecture must close this attack surface ● Usage of TLS between clients and server will not stop the attack ○ In this case, TLS will just help attackers to securely download private files :) ● Firewalls do not usually stop file path exploitation payload 23
- 24. References 1. HTTP: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP 2.OWASP: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Path_Traversal 3. Jon Erickson, Hacking - The Art of Exploitation a. The web server of this book is exploited for buffer overflows in the book b. My slides show a different vulnerability not discussed in the book AFAIK 4. Robert Seacord, Secure coding in C and C++. a. There is a nice chapter dedicated to file system exploits but my slides show a detailed demo b. Usage of strcat to construct and test filenames is also well-explained 24
- 25.
- 26. Appendix - Implementationto fix the vulnerability 26
- 27. How to fixthis vulnerability? strcpy(resource, WEBROOT); // Begin resource with web root path strcat(resource, ptr); // and join it with resource path pointed by ptr. if(is_safe_file(resource)) { // Is it inside the web root? fd = open(resource, O_RDONLY, 0); // Try to open the file. printf("tOpening %s't", resource); } else { printf("tUnsafe file %s't", resource); // Hacker is attacking us. fd = -1; } 27
- 28. My implementation ofis_safe_file /* Returns -1 if the absolute filename is NULL. * Returns 1 if the absolute filename is present inside the web root. * Returns 0 otherwise. */ int is_safe_file(char *filename) { char *realFname; char *fullwebRootPath; int status = -1; if(NULL == filename) return status; fullwebRootPath = getWebrootFullPath(); if(fullwebRootPath != NULL) { realFname = canonicalize_file_name(filename); status = starts_with_substr(realFname, fullwebRootPath); printf("input file name = %sn", realFname); free(realFname); free(fullwebRootPath); } return status; } cont... 28
- 29. My implementation ofstarts_with_substr /* Returns 1 if the given str starts with the given prefix. * Returns -1 if the arguments are invalid. Otherwise, returns 0. */ int starts_with_substr(char *str, char *prefix) { if(NULL == str || NULL == prefix) return -1; while(*prefix) { if(*str++ != *prefix++) return 0; } return 1; } 29
- 30. My implementation ofthe get web root path /* Returns the full web root file path. The caller must free the returned memory. */ char* getWebrootFullPath() { long size; char *cwd; /* current working dir */ char *ptr = NULL; char *webrootPath = NULL; char *webrootCanoPath = NULL; size = pathconf(".", _PC_PATH_MAX); if ((cwd = (char *)malloc((size_t)size)) == NULL) return NULL; 30
- 31. get web rootpath ... if(getcwd(cwd, (size_t)size)) { size = strlen(cwd) + strlen(WEBROOT) + 2;// +2 is for '/' and '0' if ((webrootPath = (char*)malloc((size_t)size)) == NULL) { free(cwd); return NULL; } strcpy(webrootPath, cwd); strcat(webrootPath, "/"); strcat(webrootPath, WEBROOT); } webrootCanoPath = canonicalize_file_name(webrootPath); free(cwd); free(webrootPath); return webrootCanoPath; } 31