1. The document discusses defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining relative clauses identify the noun, using who, that, which, etc. Non-defining clauses add extra information and are surrounded by commas. 2. Defining relative clauses can be used with people or things as the subject, object of a verb, object of a preposition, or in a possessive sense. The relative pronoun changes based on these roles. 3. Examples are provided to illustrate the different types of defining relative clauses.

1. Relative Clauses
1. Defining Relative Clauses
•
•
comma
clause
Adjective
relative
The man who works in your office came here yesterday.
The house that stands at the end of the street is very old.

2. Relative Clauses
2. Non- defining Relative Clauses
•
information)
•
comma
•
relative pronouns
•
that
(Additional
James Smith, who lives next door, is coming to see us.

3. 1. Defining Relative Clauses
Persons
(1) Subject
(2) Object of the verb
(3) Object of the
Preposition
(4) Possessive
Things (Animals)
who, (that)
that, (which)
that, (whom)
that , (whom)
that, (which)
that, (which)
whose
of which, (whose)
We like the woman who teaches us German.
We like the woman.
The woman teaches us German.

4. Defining Relative Clauses
The car that is going to pass now belongs to me.
The car belongs to me.
The car is going to pass now.

5. Defining Relative Clauses (Object of the verb)
whom
that
The lady (that or whom) you met last week came here
yesterday.
The lady came here yesterday.
You met the lady last week.

6. Defining Relative Clauses (Object of the verb)
The composition (that) you wrote yesterday was good.
The composition was good.
You wrote the composition yesterday.

7. Defining Relative Clauses (Object of the verb)
The teacher I love is ill today.
The friends he met at school went aboard.
The house we have just bought cost a million baht.

8. Defining Relative Clauses
(Object of the Preposition)
Subject + verb + preposition
The woman the book was written by is in hospital now.
The woman is in hospital now.
The book was written by the woman.

9. Defining Relative Clauses
(Object of the Preposition)
Subject + verb + preposition
The bridge they went over a few minutes ago was built in 1970.
The bridge was built in 1970.
They went over the bridge a few minutes ago.

10. Defining Relative Clauses
(Object of the Preposition)
Preposition + relative pronoun
The pencil with which I’m writing is cheap.
The woman by whom the book was written is in
hospital.

11. Defining Relative Clauses
(Object of the Preposition)
Prep. + which + s + v
Here is the book to which he referred.
Here is the book that he referred to.
that + s + v + prep.

12. Defining Relative Clauses
(Object of the Preposition)
Prep. + which + s + v
The joke at which I laughed was rather silly.
The joke that I laughed at was rather silly.
that + s + v + prep.

13. Take note
at
in
which = where (live, stay)
for which = why
on
at
which = when

14. Rewrite the following sentences using ‘when’,
‘where’, or ‘why’
when
1.) I have not fixed the date on which I’ll go abroad.
why
2.) Are those the reasons for which you choose to go to
Africa instead of America?
where
3.) This is the town in which I used to live.
where
4.) This is the place at which I found your watch.

15. Defining Relative Clauses
(Possessive)
Whose + subject + verb
The boy is my cousin.
The boy’s hat hangs here.
The boy whose hat hangs here is my cousin.

16. Defining Relative Clauses
(Possessive)
of which + subject + verb …..
The book of which the cover is black
and white is exciting.

17. Defining Relative Clauses
(Possessive)
with + noun
The book with the black and white
cover is exciting.

18. Join these pairs of sentences using whose or with.
Be careful to use ‘with’ for things and animals.
That’s the woman. Her husband is a professor.
That’s the woman whose husband is a professor.
That house is theirs. Its windows are white.
That house with the white windows is theirs.

19. Join these pairs of sentences using whose or with.
Be careful to use ‘with’ for things and animals.
The student failed his exam. His work has always
been bad.
The student whose work has always been bad failed
his exam.
Please buy me the dog. Its color is black.
Please buy me the dog with the black color.