1. The document discusses different types of relative clauses including participle clauses, to-infinitive clauses, adjective phrases, and prepositional phrases. 2. It provides examples of how these clause types are used in sentences and how they can be modified from active to passive voice or omit auxiliary verbs. 3. The final sections explain when different clause types can be used after nouns, prepositions, or adjectives to convey similar meaning to a relative clause.

1. Relative Clauses (2)
1. PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
2. TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSES
3. ADJECTIVE PHRASES
4. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
PANIZ ESMAEILLOO

2. Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
Do you know the man
talking to Sara?
The red car parked
over there is mine.
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3. Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
Do you know the man
who is talking to
Sara?
The red car which is
parked over there is
mine.
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4. Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
Active:
Do you know the man
talking to Sara?
Passive:
The red car parked
over there is mine.
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5. 5
Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
The cars which are made in Iran have more reasonable prices.
1. Omit the Relative Pronoun
2. Omit the auxiliary verbs
3. Passive Past Participle
The cars made in Iran have more reasonable prices.

6. 6
Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
The man who worked on the project was a Tehran University graduate.
1. Omit the Relative Pronoun
2. Omit the auxiliary verbs
3. Active
The man working on the project was a Tehran University graduate.
Present Participle

7. 7
Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
 Verbs not used in continuous forms may be used in
reduced relative –ing clauses:
 We cannot use an –ing reduced form for single, completed actions:
 We cannot use a reduced form when the first verb in the Relative Clause
is a modal verb:
This topping contains garlic.
I don’t like toppings containing garlic.
The person who invented the telephone was Graham Bell.
Children who cannot communicate with others at school might face
some problems when they grow up.

8. Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
 We use a to-infinitive clause after:
 A superlative + noun(phrase)
 The first/second, etc. + noun(phrase)
 The only, the next, one, another + noun(phrase)
She was the youngest person to win the competitions.
He was the first person to encourage me to continue my studies.
This is the only way to survive.
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9. Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
 A preposition:
 A to-infinitive:
 Or used with an adverb:
 Adjective(phrase)s + noun can have a meaning similar to a Relative
Clause. They can be followed by:
It is a job difficult for women.
That was a memory impossible to forget.
The Eifel Tower, absolutely spectacular, is the first place to visit
for all the tourists going to Paris.
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10. Participle Clauses
To-infinitive Clauses
Adjective Phrases
Prepositional Phrases
People around her completely know how sensitive she is.
The book under the table is Ali’s.
 Prepositional Phrases can have a meaning similar to a Relative
Clause.
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