Relative clauses provide additional context or details about a noun. They begin with a relative pronoun like "which", "that", or "who". There are defining and non-defining relative clauses. Defining clauses are essential to identifying the noun, while non-defining clauses provide extra information. Relative pronouns like "which", "whom", and "whose" introduce relative clauses, connecting them to the noun. Relative adverbs like "where", "when", "why", and "what" also introduce relative clauses providing details about place, time, reason, or object. Participles (-ing and -ed forms) can be used in relative clauses to describe actions or characteristics related to the noun.

1. Grammar for academic Purposes
Grammar fo academic porpose
Relative Clause

2. Introduction
What is a relative clause?
A relative clause is one kind of dependent clause. It has a subject and
verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence. It is sometimes called an
“adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives more
information about a noun. A relative clause always begins with a
“relative pronoun,” which substitutes for a noun, a noun phrase, or a
pronoun when sentences are combined.

3. Defining relative clauses give us essential information – information that tells us
who or what we are talking about.
- The woman who lives next door works in a bank.
- These are the flights that have been cancelled.
example
DEFINING RELATIVES CLASSES

4. Non-defining relative Clause
non-defining relative clauses tell us more about someone or
something, but the information in these clauses does not help us to
define what we are talking about.
We stopped at the museum, which we had never visited before.
example

5. Whose can be used for people, animals or things:
Example
# the man whose daughter won the tournament is a tennis coach.
# a dog whose owner lets it run loose may cause an accident.
# the tree whose branches shade my kitchen window is an oak
whom are used mainly for people. However, these pronouns can also be used to refer to
animals that are mentioned by name and seen as persons.
Example
# The musician who wrote this song is Canadian.
# the witnesses whom I interviewed gave conflicting evidence.
# the vacuum scared our cat Scooter, who was sleeping on the rug.
Whom & whose

6. In each case, the relative pronoun (which, whom, etc.) connects the relative clause to the noun it
refers to, providing more context or detail about that noun.
Relative clauses are used to provide additional information about a noun in a sentence. They start
with a relative pronoun like "which," "from which," "to whom," etc.
1. *Which*: Used to introduce a non-restrictive relative clause that gives extra information about the
noun. Example: "The book, which is on the table, is mine."
2. *From which*: Indicates the origin or source of something. Example: "The letter, from which I
quoted, arrived today."
3. *To whom*: Refers to the recipient of an action or the object of a preposition. Example: "The
person, to whom I spoke, was friendly."

7. ~~~~~~
In each of these cases, the relative adverb (where, when, why, what) connects the relative clause to
the noun it refers to, providing more context or detail about that noun in terms of place, time,
reason, or object.
Relative clauses with "where," "when," "why," and "what" are used to provide additional information
about a noun and are introduced by these relative adverbs. Let's break down their usage:
1. *Where*: This relative adverb is used to refer to a place or location. Example: "The city where I
was born is beautiful."
2. *When*: "When" is used to refer to a specific time or period. Example: "The day when we met
was memorable."
3. *Why*: "Why" is used to refer to a reason or cause. Example: "The reason why she was upset is
unclear."
4. *What*: "What" is used to refer to a thing or things. Example: "The thing what she said surprised
everyone."

8. Participles can be used in relative clauses to add information about the noun being referred to. There are two main
types of participles used in relative clauses: present participles (-ing) and past participles (-ed or irregular forms).
1. *Present Participles (-ing)*:
- *Used to describe ongoing actions or characteristics related to the noun*: "The woman, smiling warmly, greeted
us."
- *Gives a sense of simultaneous action*: "The book, intriguing readers, was a bestseller."
2. *Past Participles (-ed or irregular forms)*:
- *Used to describe completed actions or passive voice*: "The house, painted last month, looks great."
- *Gives a sense of a completed action before the main action*: "The cake, baked by the chef, was delicious."
In both cases, participles provide additional details and characteristics about the noun in the relative clause. They help
to convey a sense of action, state, or description related to the noun, enriching the information in the sentence.f

9. Grammar for academic Purposes