The relational model in DBMS is based on the concept of relations and set theory proposed by Dr. Edgar F. Codd in 1970. A relation is defined as a two-dimensional table with rows representing tuples (records) and columns representing attributes (properties). A domain defines a set of atomic values for an attribute such as data type and value range. A relation schema specifies the structure of a table with attributes. A relation instance represents the actual data in a relation at a given time which can change with inserts, deletes or updates. Other concepts include degree as the number of columns, cardinality as the number of rows, and NULL values to represent unknown data.
The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints Ch5 (Navathe 4t...Raj vardhan
The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints
Ch5 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)
Example of STUDENT Relation(figure 5.1)
The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints Ch5 (Navathe 4t...Raj vardhan
The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints
Ch5 (Navathe 4th edition)/ Ch7 (Navathe 3rd edition)
Example of STUDENT Relation(figure 5.1)
1. What is Entity Relationship Model
2. Entity and Entity Set
3. Relationship and Relationship Set
4. Attributes and it's kinds
5. Participation Constraints and Mapping Cardinality
6. Aggregation, Specialization, and Generalization
7. Some Sample ERD models
The ppt will give the information about the ER-model.
and also here I added one ER-diagram of Placement Management System which will help anyone to understand the components of ER-diagram.
1. What is Entity Relationship Model
2. Entity and Entity Set
3. Relationship and Relationship Set
4. Attributes and it's kinds
5. Participation Constraints and Mapping Cardinality
6. Aggregation, Specialization, and Generalization
7. Some Sample ERD models
The ppt will give the information about the ER-model.
and also here I added one ER-diagram of Placement Management System which will help anyone to understand the components of ER-diagram.
Purpose of the data base system, data abstraction, data model, data independence, data definition
language, data manipulation language, data base manager, data base administrator, data base users,
overall structure.
ER Models, entities, mapping constrains, keys, E-R diagram, reduction E-R diagrams to tables,
generatio, aggregation, design of an E-R data base scheme.
Oracle RDBMS, architecture, kernel, system global area (SGA), data base writer, log writer, process
monitor, archiver, database files, control files, redo log files, oracle utilities.
SQL: commands and data types, data definition language commands, data manipulation commands,
data query language commands, transaction language control commands, data control language
commands.
Joins, equi-joins, non-equi-joins, self joins, other joins, aggregate functions, math functions, string
functions, group by clause, data function and concepts of null values, sub-querries, views.
PL/SQL, basics of pl/sql, data types, control structures, database access with PL/SQL, data base
connections, transaction management, data base locking, cursor management.
purpose of database systems, components of dbms, applications of
dbms, three tier dbms architecture, data independence, database schema, instance, data modeling,
entity relationship model, relational model
.Net Framework known as ‘dot net’ is a software framework created by Microsoft that can work with many programming languages like C#, VB.NET, F#, and C++. Because of its language interoperability, it can also be used to develop various applications ranging from web to mobile to Windows-based applications.
https://www.ducatindia.com/dotnetraining
Are you Looking Best Institute for MIS Training Course in Noida / Greater Noida? DUCAT offers MIS training classes with live projects by the expert trainer in Noida. Our MIS training program in Noida is specially designed for Under-Graduates (UG), Graduates, working professionals, and also for Freelancers. We provide end to end learning on MIS Domain with deeper dives for creating a winning career for every profile.
https://www.ducatindia.com/mistraining
Are you choosing a career in DevOps? If yes then it is one of the best options where they offer DevOps certification and are eligible to get a job all over the world. It offers a successful career where they get better opportunities.
https://www.ducatindia.com/devopstraining/
While the term hacking gives a negative impact on the mind of users, the role of an ethical hacker is fully understood. It is a company that allows the network to keep an eye on spam activities.
https://www.ducatindia.com/ethicalhackingtraining
Are you Looking Best institute for React js Training Course in Noida? DUCAT offers React Training classes with live project by expert trainer in Noida Sector 16A. Our React JavaScript training program in Noida is specially designed for Students, Under-Graduates, Graduates, Working Professionals and Freelancers. We provide end to end learning on React Domain with deeper dives for creating a winning career for every profile.
https://www.ducatindia.com/reactjstraining
Java for Beginners! Learn a bit more about what Java methods are, how to write them, and how to use them on live projects. This tutorial won't cover everything, but it'll be enough to get you to use those methods and serves as a jump-off point to the more other tutorials. https://www.ducatindia.com/java-for-beginners
Develop an interactive report to display material basic details in basic list, material plant details in secondary list for a material type input and display header and footer for primary and secondary list.
https://www.ducatindia.com/Best-sap-erp-training/
SAP ABAP database tables are collection of fields, in which fields are made up of columns and rows. In SAP more than 8000 tables are defined. When table is created, its columns are named and data type is supplied for each columns. There can be only one data value in each column of each row in a table.
https://www.ducatindia.com/Best-sap-erp-training/
Sap s4 hana saps next generation business suiteDucat
SAP S/4HANA delivers massive simplifications in all aspect of application – customer adoption, data model, user experience, business processes. It’s SAP response to new generation innovations (Internet of Things, Big Data and mobile).
https://www.ducatindia.com/Best-sap-erp-training/
Dashboard designer is a tool for designing dashboards. It provides users with pre-designed dashboard templates which can be utilized in creating static or dynamic charts and visualizations as a part of the dashboard. Dashboard designer also connects to data sources via universes.
https://www.ducatindia.com/Best-sap-erp-training/
In-memory computing stores oceans of data as information in the Random-Access Memory (RAM) of the systems operating in an environment. This technology replaces the conventional way of storing data in disks and using relational database management methods to fetch and process it.
https://www.ducatindia.com/Best-sap-erp-training/
A schema is an important structural component of SAP HANA database and gives a logical framework to users. Schemas are important when you work on SAP HANA Studio.
https://www.ducatindia.com/Best-sap-erp-training/
The Attribute View in SAP HANA is a set of dimensions or master data which can be joined with the fact table in an Analytic View. An Attribute View can be created by taking data from one or more data tables. The attribute shows relationships between different attributes. The attributes can be Customers, Region, Product, Period etc. In an Attribute View, joins can be made between two master data tables, a text table, and a master data table, etc.
https://www.ducatindia.com/Best-sap-erp-training/
Administration Console view is one of the many perspectives offered to work in the SAP HANA Studio. SAP HANA Studio is an Eclipse-based tool which serves as both the central application development environment as well as the core administration and monitoring platform for the HANA system.
https://www.ducatindia.com/Best-sap-erp-training/
EBS stands for Elastic Block Store. Amazon EBS supports persistent block-level storage volumes for use with Amazon EC2 instances. Each Amazon EBS volume is necessarily replicated within its Availability Zone to protect us from component failure, providing huge availability and durability.
https://www.ducatindia.com/fullstack-with-nodejs
MERN means MongoDB, Express, React and Node.These four technologies make up the MERN Stack and also consider variations. It is a JavaScript platform for deploying full-stack software applications more easily and quickly and also assist the Model View Controller model.This is intended to make the work go more smoothly and efficiently.Many of these four modern types of equipment present an edge platform for coders to operate throughout and they all play a vital role in developing software.
https://www.ducatindia.com/merntraining
Data-driven is a test automation framework which stores test data in a table or spread spreadsheet format. This allows automation engineers to have a single test script which can execute tests for all the test data in the table.
https://www.ducatindia.com/javatraining/
Waiting is having the automated task execution elapse a certain amount of time before continuing with the next step. It provides some slack between actions performed, in selenium slack between locating an element or any other operation with the element. The wait is mostly used to handle the ElementNotVisibleException exception during load of web page. Waits help a user to troubleshoot issues while re-directing to different web pages by refreshing the entire web page and re-loading the new web elements. At times there can be Ajax calls as well. Thus, a time lag can be seen while reloading the web pages and reflecting the web elements.
https://www.ducatindia.com/javatraining/
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. Relational Model in DBMS
The relational database model derived from the mathematical concept of relation and set theory. It was proposed as
a technique to data modeling by Dr Edgar F. Codd of IBM Analysis in 1970 in his document entitled “A Relational
Technique of Information for Huge Shared Data Banks.” This document marked the start of the field of a relational
database.
The relational model is based on concept of a relationship that is physically defined as a table. In this model, tables
are used to hold data about the object to be set in the database. A relation is defined as a two-dimensional table in
which rows of the table correspond to single records, and the columns correspond to attributes. Each row is known
as a tuple, and each column is known as an
attribute.
3. Domain
A domain is a collection of atomic values. Atomic defines that each value in the domain is hidden to the relational
model. A domain is generally specified by name, data type, format, and constrained range of values. For example, as
shown in figure attribute EMP-NO, it is a domain whose data type is an integer with a value ranging between 1, 00,000
and 2, 00, 00. Attributes are the properties that specify a relationship. For example, EMP-NO, NAME.
4. Attributes
Attributes are the properties that prescribe a relation. For example, EMP-NO, EMP-NAME.
Relation Schema
The relation schema refers to the mechanism of a table.
Example: EMPLOYEE (EMP-NO, EMP-NAME, DATE-OF-BIRTH, SEX, TEL-NO, and SALARY) is a relation
schema for EMPLOYEE. If a schema has greater than one relation, it is known as Relational Schema.
Tuple
106510
Rajesh
Sharma
10-Feb-
1993
Male 9813245678 50,000
Each sequence in the relation is called a tuple. The relation includes 6 tuples, one of which is shown as:
5. Relation Instance
The set of records of a relation at a specific instance of time is known as relation instance. The table shows the relation
example of EMPLOYEE at a particular time. It can modify every time there is an insertion, deletion, or updating in the
database.
Degree
The number of columns in the table is known as the degree of the relation. EMPLOYEE relation has degree 6.
Cardinality
The number of rows in a table is called the cardinality of the relation. EMPLOYEE relation has cardinality 6.
NULL Values
The value which is anonymous or not available is known as a NULL Value. It is described by blank space.
