Relation of ig e , eosinophil & asthma
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PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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Dulin, Jennifer
Inflammation persists months to years after spinal cord injury and contributes to neuropathic pain. Analysis of spinal cords from rats 9 months after injury found elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, indicating ongoing inflammation. Treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug licofelone for 28 days enhanced anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways in the injured spinal cord of rats, reduced pain behavior, and increased exploratory activity, showing targeting chronic inflammation may be a strategy for reducing neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury.
Causes of allergy
The document discusses the causes of allergies. It begins by defining allergies as an immune system hyperresponse to foreign substances called allergens, which can include foods, pollen, dust, drugs, etc. It then describes the different types of hypersensitivity reactions, including immediate IgE-mediated reactions and delayed T-cell mediated reactions. The top ten causes of allergies mentioned are certain foods, vaccines/medications, latex, dust, pollen, mold, and animal dander. Common food allergies for babies are also noted.
Humoral and cellular immunity
Immunity involves both humoral and cellular components. In 1890, von Behring and Kitasato demonstrated the concept of humoral immunity by showing that inducing serum could protect against disease, leading to von Behring winning the Nobel Prize in 1901. Later work by Elvin Kabat proved that immunoglobulins are responsible for humoral immunity. In 1883, Metchnikoff discovered cellular immunity, showing that phagocytes ingest and eliminate microorganisms, winning the Nobel Prize in 1908. Improved cell culture techniques in the 1950s identified lymphocytes as responsible for both humoral and cellular immunity.
Morphology of Leucocytes
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are the main types of white blood cells that differ in their morphology, including cell diameter, nuclear shape and structure, cytoplasmic contents and granules. The normal percentage range and absolute cell count per microliter of each type is provided.
Lung cancer
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
Eosinophils scientific poster
This document discusses eosinophils, which are white blood cells that play a role in inflammation. It describes their functions, production process, and abnormalities. Eosinophils mature in the bone marrow over 8 days before traveling to tissues, where they remain for 1-2 weeks. They are involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites. Abnormalities can occur at different stages of development and cause diseases like leukemia. Testing includes blood counts, urine tests, and heart evaluations for those with high eosinophil levels.
Deep sulcus sign fallen lung sign-ct angiogram sign-flat-waist sign
Deep sulcus sign fallen lung sign-ct angiogram sign-flat-waist signMinstry of health ,Ibn alnafis hoapital, Damascus
This document discusses several radiographic signs seen on chest imaging:
1. The deep sulcus sign refers to an abnormally deep lateral costophrenic angle on supine chest x-rays and indicates the presence of a pneumothorax.
2. The fallen lung sign describes a collapsed lung that has fallen away from the hilum, either inferiorly and laterally in upright patients or posteriorly in supine patients, and indicates a fractured bronchus.
3. The CT angiogram sign is seen on contrast-enhanced CT scans as enhancing pulmonary vessels within a region of low attenuating lung consolidation and suggests conditions like pneumonia or lung tumors.
4. The flat waist sign is the lossEosiniphiles biology disorders
This document discusses eosinophils and eosinophilia. It begins with two case studies, one involving a 57-year-old man with a history of asthma and eosinophilia, and another involving a 28-year-old man diagnosed with hypereosinophilic syndrome after presenting with heart failure and marked eosinophilia. It then provides information on what eosinophils are, their role in the immune system, common causes of eosinophilia including allergies, parasites, and certain drugs. It discusses different subtypes of hypereosinophilic syndrome and their treatment options. It concludes by explaining how eosinophil activation can lead to tissue damage in some individuals with eosinophilia
Recommended
Dulin, Jennifer
Inflammation persists months to years after spinal cord injury and contributes to neuropathic pain. Analysis of spinal cords from rats 9 months after injury found elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, indicating ongoing inflammation. Treatment with the anti-inflammatory drug licofelone for 28 days enhanced anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways in the injured spinal cord of rats, reduced pain behavior, and increased exploratory activity, showing targeting chronic inflammation may be a strategy for reducing neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury.
Causes of allergy
The document discusses the causes of allergies. It begins by defining allergies as an immune system hyperresponse to foreign substances called allergens, which can include foods, pollen, dust, drugs, etc. It then describes the different types of hypersensitivity reactions, including immediate IgE-mediated reactions and delayed T-cell mediated reactions. The top ten causes of allergies mentioned are certain foods, vaccines/medications, latex, dust, pollen, mold, and animal dander. Common food allergies for babies are also noted.
Humoral and cellular immunity
Immunity involves both humoral and cellular components. In 1890, von Behring and Kitasato demonstrated the concept of humoral immunity by showing that inducing serum could protect against disease, leading to von Behring winning the Nobel Prize in 1901. Later work by Elvin Kabat proved that immunoglobulins are responsible for humoral immunity. In 1883, Metchnikoff discovered cellular immunity, showing that phagocytes ingest and eliminate microorganisms, winning the Nobel Prize in 1908. Improved cell culture techniques in the 1950s identified lymphocytes as responsible for both humoral and cellular immunity.
Morphology of Leucocytes
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are the main types of white blood cells that differ in their morphology, including cell diameter, nuclear shape and structure, cytoplasmic contents and granules. The normal percentage range and absolute cell count per microliter of each type is provided.
Lung cancer
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
Eosinophils scientific poster
This document discusses eosinophils, which are white blood cells that play a role in inflammation. It describes their functions, production process, and abnormalities. Eosinophils mature in the bone marrow over 8 days before traveling to tissues, where they remain for 1-2 weeks. They are involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites. Abnormalities can occur at different stages of development and cause diseases like leukemia. Testing includes blood counts, urine tests, and heart evaluations for those with high eosinophil levels.
Deep sulcus sign fallen lung sign-ct angiogram sign-flat-waist sign
Deep sulcus sign fallen lung sign-ct angiogram sign-flat-waist signMinstry of health ,Ibn alnafis hoapital, Damascus
This document discusses several radiographic signs seen on chest imaging:
1. The deep sulcus sign refers to an abnormally deep lateral costophrenic angle on supine chest x-rays and indicates the presence of a pneumothorax.
2. The fallen lung sign describes a collapsed lung that has fallen away from the hilum, either inferiorly and laterally in upright patients or posteriorly in supine patients, and indicates a fractured bronchus.
3. The CT angiogram sign is seen on contrast-enhanced CT scans as enhancing pulmonary vessels within a region of low attenuating lung consolidation and suggests conditions like pneumonia or lung tumors.
4. The flat waist sign is the lossEosiniphiles biology disorders
This document discusses eosinophils and eosinophilia. It begins with two case studies, one involving a 57-year-old man with a history of asthma and eosinophilia, and another involving a 28-year-old man diagnosed with hypereosinophilic syndrome after presenting with heart failure and marked eosinophilia. It then provides information on what eosinophils are, their role in the immune system, common causes of eosinophilia including allergies, parasites, and certain drugs. It discusses different subtypes of hypereosinophilic syndrome and their treatment options. It concludes by explaining how eosinophil activation can lead to tissue damage in some individuals with eosinophilia
Hematology eosinophil presentation
Eosinophils are granulocytic leukocytes that are involved in initiating and propagating many inflammatory responses, including those to parasitic infections and allergic diseases. They mature and are produced in the bone marrow, then migrate to mucosal tissues where they may play a role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. Eosinophils contain orange-staining granules with cytotoxic proteins that can induce tissue damage, such as major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin.
Pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates
This document provides information on eosinophils and pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes. It discusses the classification of pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes including Loeffler's syndrome, drug-induced pulmonary eosinophilia, idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. For each condition, it describes the clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. Radiographic and microscopic images are also included to illustrate common findings.
The human eosinophils
This document provides information on eosinophils:
- Eosinophils are white blood cells that are characterized by distinctive granules and a bilobed nucleus. They play a role in fighting parasites and allergic responses.
- Eosinophils develop from bone marrow stem cells and are regulated by cytokines like IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF. Transcription factors like C/EBP, GATA-1 and PU.1 are required for eosinophil development.
- Eosinophils traffic to tissues where they can persist for over a week. Their granules contain toxic proteins that are released during degranulation which is regulated by cytokines and chemokines.
- Eosin
Mri physics
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. Protons in the body align with the magnetic field, and radio waves excite the protons causing them to emit signals. The signals are detected by coils and used to construct an image on a computer. Different tissues can be distinguished based on proton density and relaxation times after excitation. Gradient fields are used to localize the source of the signals within the body.
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General histology.(introduction)
This document provides an overview of general histology. It defines histology as the study of tissues and how they are arranged to form organs. There are four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Epithelial tissue lines surfaces and forms glands. It is classified based on cell layers and shapes. Glandular epithelium is classified by cell number, presence of ducts, secretion method, and duct system. Special types include neuroepithelium, germinal epithelium, and myoepithelium. Histology is important for medical diagnosis as many diseases are identifiable at the cellular level using histological techniques.
Allergy and Hypersensitivity
Allergic reactions are exaggerated immune responses that can damage the host. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions mediated by different mechanisms. Immunotherapy uses controlled exposure to allergens to reduce allergic symptoms and involves altering the immune response from a TH2 to a TH1 profile over time. Sublingual immunotherapy is an effective alternative to subcutaneous immunotherapy for treating allergic diseases.
HYPERSENSITIVITY(1).pptx
This document discusses hypersensitivity type 1 immediate reactions. It defines this type of hypersensitivity as an exaggerated immune response to substances like drugs or allergens. The document then describes the two phases of this reaction - sensitization and effector. During sensitization, antigens activate T cells and B cells which produce IgE antibodies. These antibodies bind to mast cells. In the effector phase, re-exposure to the allergen leads to cross-linking of IgE and mast cell degranulation, releasing inflammatory mediators like histamine. This causes rapid allergic symptoms. Common manifestations include anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Treatments include avoiding allergens, immunotherapy,
Granmc course
Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially fatal Type I hypersensitivity reaction and medical emergency. It involves the rapid onset of symptoms like pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, and bronchospasm after exposure to an allergen in a sensitized individual. It is mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and basophils, causing the release of inflammatory mediators. Common triggers include foods, insect venom, medications, latex, and allergens that enter the bloodstream. Immediate treatment is required as anaphylaxis can be life-threatening.
Processing and presentation mid
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Processing and presentation mid
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Bitstream 2027.42_44523_1_10753_2004_article_415307
- Neutrophils and reactive oxygen metabolites play a key role in microvascular injury in dermal burn wounds at 4 hours post-burn ("late phase" injury). Depletion of neutrophils or administration of hydroxyl radical scavengers significantly reduced vascular permeability.
- In contrast to its role in "early phase" injury, complement does not contribute to "late phase" dermal microvascular damage after burns, as depletion of complement did not impact vascular permeability. Blockade of C5a also did not have a protective effect.
- Development of "late phase" dermal vascular damage involves the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, as blockade of these cytokines significantly
Antigens processing and presentation MID
There are two pathways for antigen processing and presentation: the cytosolic pathway and the endocytic pathway. The cytosolic pathway uses MHC class I to process endogenous proteins from within cells. It involves marking proteins with ubiquitin and degrading them in proteasomes to generate peptides, which are then transported into the ER by TAP for loading onto MHC class I. The endocytic pathway uses MHC class II to process exogenous proteins endocytosed by antigen presenting cells. The proteins are degraded within lysosomes, and peptides displace the CLIP region of invariant chain to bind MHC class II for presentation. Antigen presentation leads to cross-talk between immune cells that stimulates an adaptive immune response.
Hypersensitivity Or Allergy
dear reader
This Powerpoint Illustrates The Hypersensitivity Type-I Only
Actually This My First Project That I create And Upload,Hope You Find This Powerpoint Helpful Even 10% ^_^ Thanks In Advance
Rania Hadi
Functional organization of the Immune System
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system, including immunoglobulins, cytokines, and the complement system. It describes:
1) Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens with high specificity. The five major classes in humans are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.
2) Cytokines are signaling proteins like interleukins and interferons that are produced by immune cells and regulate immune responses. They activate and attract immune cells.
3) The complement system is a group of proteins that promote inflammation and mark pathogens for destruction. It consists of over 35 proteins and operates through classical
2. hypersensitivity rn dr. sinhasan, mdzah
This document summarizes the different types of hypersensitivity reactions. It describes type I immediate hypersensitivity which involves IgE antibodies, mast cell degranulation, and the release of inflammatory mediators. Type II hypersensitivity involves cell-bound antibodies leading to cell destruction. Type III hypersensitivity is caused by immune complex deposition which activates the complement system and causes inflammation. Type IV hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated and involves delayed hypersensitivity reactions like contact dermatitis and transplant rejection.
Antigens processing and presentation MID
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation by the two main pathways - cytosolic and endocytic. The cytosolic pathway uses MHC class I to process endogenous proteins from within cells, marking them with ubiquitin and degrading them in proteasomes to generate peptides. These are transported by TAP proteins into the ER for loading onto MHC class I for presentation at the cell surface. The endocytic pathway uses MHC class II and antigen presenting cells to process exogenous proteins from outside the cell via endocytosis, phagocytosis and degradation in lysosomes, aided by invariant chain proteins, to generate peptides that are loaded onto MHC class II for presentation.
processing and presentation MID
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation by the two main pathways - cytosolic and endocytic. The cytosolic pathway uses MHC class I to process endogenous proteins from within cells, marking them with ubiquitin and degrading them in proteasomes to generate peptides. These are transported by TAP proteins into the ER for loading onto MHC class I for presentation at the cell surface. The endocytic pathway uses MHC class II and antigen presenting cells to process exogenous proteins from outside the cell via endocytosis, phagocytosis and degradation in lysosomes, aided by invariant chain proteins, to generate peptides that are loaded onto MHC class II for presentation.
Allergy
Hypersensitivity, or excessive immune response, can be classified into four main types. Type I is an immediate, IgE-mediated allergy. Type II involves antibodies attacking the body's own cells. Type III occurs when large amounts of antigen-antibody complexes are formed and deposited in tissues, activating complement and causing inflammation. Type IV is a cell-mediated response involving T cells and cytokines that cause tissue damage. The four types have different mechanisms but commonly involve an overactive immune response causing harm.
Asthma
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by intermittent airway obstruction, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing.
- It is triggered by allergens or irritants that come into contact with immune cells in the lungs and cause an inflammatory response.
- This leads to a cascade where immune cells like mast cells and eosinophils are activated to release inflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes, causing bronchiole constriction, mucus production, and airway inflammation.
Dynamin and Myosin Regulate Differential Exocytosis from Mouse Adrenal Chroma...
Neuroendocrine chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla represent a primary output for the sympathetic nervous system. Chromaffin cells release catecholamine as well as vaso- and neuro-active peptide transmitters into the circulation through exocytic fusion of large dense-core secretory granules. Under basal sympathetic activity, chromaffin cells selectively release modest levels of catecholamines, helping to set the "rest and digest" status of energy storage. Under stress activation, elevated sympathetic firing leads to increased catecholamine as well as peptide transmitter release to set the "fight or flight" status of energy expenditure. While the mechanism for catecholamine release has been widely investigated, relatively little is known of how peptide transmitter release is regulated to occur selectively under elevated stimulation. Recent studies have shown selective catecholamine release under basal stimulation is accomplished through a transient, restricted exocytic fusion pore between granule and plasma membrane, releasing a soluble fraction of the small, diffusible molecules. Elevated cell firing leads to the active dilation of the fusion pore, leading to the release of both catecholamine and the less diffusible peptide transmitters. Here we propose a molecular mechanism regulating the activity-dependent dilation of the fusion pore. We review the immediate literature and provide new data to formulate a working mechanistic hypothesis whereby calcium-mediated dephosphorylation of dynamin I at Ser-774 leads to the recruitment of the molecular motor myosin II to actively dilate the fusion pore to facilitate release of peptide transmitters. Thus, activity-dependent dephosphorylation of dynamin is hypothesized to represent a key molecular step in the sympatho-adrenal stress response.
Innate immunity
The document summarizes innate immunity. It describes innate immunity as the non-specific first line of defense against infection found in all living organisms. This includes anatomical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, chemical inhibitors like stomach acid, and microbial flora. The second line of innate immune defense includes natural killer cells and phagocytes that attack pathogens. Soluble factors like complement proteins and cytokines also help innate immunity, as does the inflammatory response to infection and tissue damage.
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Hematology eosinophil presentation
Eosinophils are granulocytic leukocytes that are involved in initiating and propagating many inflammatory responses, including those to parasitic infections and allergic diseases. They mature and are produced in the bone marrow, then migrate to mucosal tissues where they may play a role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. Eosinophils contain orange-staining granules with cytotoxic proteins that can induce tissue damage, such as major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin.
Pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrates
This document provides information on eosinophils and pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes. It discusses the classification of pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes including Loeffler's syndrome, drug-induced pulmonary eosinophilia, idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, and chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. For each condition, it describes the clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. Radiographic and microscopic images are also included to illustrate common findings.
The human eosinophils
This document provides information on eosinophils:
- Eosinophils are white blood cells that are characterized by distinctive granules and a bilobed nucleus. They play a role in fighting parasites and allergic responses.
- Eosinophils develop from bone marrow stem cells and are regulated by cytokines like IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF. Transcription factors like C/EBP, GATA-1 and PU.1 are required for eosinophil development.
- Eosinophils traffic to tissues where they can persist for over a week. Their granules contain toxic proteins that are released during degranulation which is regulated by cytokines and chemokines.
- Eosin
Mri physics
MRI uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body. Protons in the body align with the magnetic field, and radio waves excite the protons causing them to emit signals. The signals are detected by coils and used to construct an image on a computer. Different tissues can be distinguished based on proton density and relaxation times after excitation. Gradient fields are used to localize the source of the signals within the body.
Signs in Chest Xray
Just a basic overview of the most commonly encountered signs in chest Xray for a Radiology resident and clinicians .
General histology.(introduction)
This document provides an overview of general histology. It defines histology as the study of tissues and how they are arranged to form organs. There are four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous. Epithelial tissue lines surfaces and forms glands. It is classified based on cell layers and shapes. Glandular epithelium is classified by cell number, presence of ducts, secretion method, and duct system. Special types include neuroepithelium, germinal epithelium, and myoepithelium. Histology is important for medical diagnosis as many diseases are identifiable at the cellular level using histological techniques.
Allergy and Hypersensitivity
Allergic reactions are exaggerated immune responses that can damage the host. There are four main types of hypersensitivity reactions mediated by different mechanisms. Immunotherapy uses controlled exposure to allergens to reduce allergic symptoms and involves altering the immune response from a TH2 to a TH1 profile over time. Sublingual immunotherapy is an effective alternative to subcutaneous immunotherapy for treating allergic diseases.
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HYPERSENSITIVITY(1).pptx
This document discusses hypersensitivity type 1 immediate reactions. It defines this type of hypersensitivity as an exaggerated immune response to substances like drugs or allergens. The document then describes the two phases of this reaction - sensitization and effector. During sensitization, antigens activate T cells and B cells which produce IgE antibodies. These antibodies bind to mast cells. In the effector phase, re-exposure to the allergen leads to cross-linking of IgE and mast cell degranulation, releasing inflammatory mediators like histamine. This causes rapid allergic symptoms. Common manifestations include anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Treatments include avoiding allergens, immunotherapy,
Granmc course
Anaphylaxis is an acute, potentially fatal Type I hypersensitivity reaction and medical emergency. It involves the rapid onset of symptoms like pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, and bronchospasm after exposure to an allergen in a sensitized individual. It is mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and basophils, causing the release of inflammatory mediators. Common triggers include foods, insect venom, medications, latex, and allergens that enter the bloodstream. Immediate treatment is required as anaphylaxis can be life-threatening.
Processing and presentation mid
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Processing and presentation mid
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Bitstream 2027.42_44523_1_10753_2004_article_415307
- Neutrophils and reactive oxygen metabolites play a key role in microvascular injury in dermal burn wounds at 4 hours post-burn ("late phase" injury). Depletion of neutrophils or administration of hydroxyl radical scavengers significantly reduced vascular permeability.
- In contrast to its role in "early phase" injury, complement does not contribute to "late phase" dermal microvascular damage after burns, as depletion of complement did not impact vascular permeability. Blockade of C5a also did not have a protective effect.
- Development of "late phase" dermal vascular damage involves the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, as blockade of these cytokines significantly
Antigens processing and presentation MID
There are two pathways for antigen processing and presentation: the cytosolic pathway and the endocytic pathway. The cytosolic pathway uses MHC class I to process endogenous proteins from within cells. It involves marking proteins with ubiquitin and degrading them in proteasomes to generate peptides, which are then transported into the ER by TAP for loading onto MHC class I. The endocytic pathway uses MHC class II to process exogenous proteins endocytosed by antigen presenting cells. The proteins are degraded within lysosomes, and peptides displace the CLIP region of invariant chain to bind MHC class II for presentation. Antigen presentation leads to cross-talk between immune cells that stimulates an adaptive immune response.
Hypersensitivity Or Allergy
dear reader
This Powerpoint Illustrates The Hypersensitivity Type-I Only
Actually This My First Project That I create And Upload,Hope You Find This Powerpoint Helpful Even 10% ^_^ Thanks In Advance
Rania Hadi
Functional organization of the Immune System
The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system, including immunoglobulins, cytokines, and the complement system. It describes:
1) Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that bind to antigens with high specificity. The five major classes in humans are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.
2) Cytokines are signaling proteins like interleukins and interferons that are produced by immune cells and regulate immune responses. They activate and attract immune cells.
3) The complement system is a group of proteins that promote inflammation and mark pathogens for destruction. It consists of over 35 proteins and operates through classical
2. hypersensitivity rn dr. sinhasan, mdzah
This document summarizes the different types of hypersensitivity reactions. It describes type I immediate hypersensitivity which involves IgE antibodies, mast cell degranulation, and the release of inflammatory mediators. Type II hypersensitivity involves cell-bound antibodies leading to cell destruction. Type III hypersensitivity is caused by immune complex deposition which activates the complement system and causes inflammation. Type IV hypersensitivity is T-cell mediated and involves delayed hypersensitivity reactions like contact dermatitis and transplant rejection.
Antigens processing and presentation MID
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation by the two main pathways - cytosolic and endocytic. The cytosolic pathway uses MHC class I to process endogenous proteins from within cells, marking them with ubiquitin and degrading them in proteasomes to generate peptides. These are transported by TAP proteins into the ER for loading onto MHC class I for presentation at the cell surface. The endocytic pathway uses MHC class II and antigen presenting cells to process exogenous proteins from outside the cell via endocytosis, phagocytosis and degradation in lysosomes, aided by invariant chain proteins, to generate peptides that are loaded onto MHC class II for presentation.
processing and presentation MID
This document summarizes antigen processing and presentation by the two main pathways - cytosolic and endocytic. The cytosolic pathway uses MHC class I to process endogenous proteins from within cells, marking them with ubiquitin and degrading them in proteasomes to generate peptides. These are transported by TAP proteins into the ER for loading onto MHC class I for presentation at the cell surface. The endocytic pathway uses MHC class II and antigen presenting cells to process exogenous proteins from outside the cell via endocytosis, phagocytosis and degradation in lysosomes, aided by invariant chain proteins, to generate peptides that are loaded onto MHC class II for presentation.
Allergy
Hypersensitivity, or excessive immune response, can be classified into four main types. Type I is an immediate, IgE-mediated allergy. Type II involves antibodies attacking the body's own cells. Type III occurs when large amounts of antigen-antibody complexes are formed and deposited in tissues, activating complement and causing inflammation. Type IV is a cell-mediated response involving T cells and cytokines that cause tissue damage. The four types have different mechanisms but commonly involve an overactive immune response causing harm.
Asthma
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by intermittent airway obstruction, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing.
- It is triggered by allergens or irritants that come into contact with immune cells in the lungs and cause an inflammatory response.
- This leads to a cascade where immune cells like mast cells and eosinophils are activated to release inflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes, causing bronchiole constriction, mucus production, and airway inflammation.
Dynamin and Myosin Regulate Differential Exocytosis from Mouse Adrenal Chroma...
Neuroendocrine chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla represent a primary output for the sympathetic nervous system. Chromaffin cells release catecholamine as well as vaso- and neuro-active peptide transmitters into the circulation through exocytic fusion of large dense-core secretory granules. Under basal sympathetic activity, chromaffin cells selectively release modest levels of catecholamines, helping to set the "rest and digest" status of energy storage. Under stress activation, elevated sympathetic firing leads to increased catecholamine as well as peptide transmitter release to set the "fight or flight" status of energy expenditure. While the mechanism for catecholamine release has been widely investigated, relatively little is known of how peptide transmitter release is regulated to occur selectively under elevated stimulation. Recent studies have shown selective catecholamine release under basal stimulation is accomplished through a transient, restricted exocytic fusion pore between granule and plasma membrane, releasing a soluble fraction of the small, diffusible molecules. Elevated cell firing leads to the active dilation of the fusion pore, leading to the release of both catecholamine and the less diffusible peptide transmitters. Here we propose a molecular mechanism regulating the activity-dependent dilation of the fusion pore. We review the immediate literature and provide new data to formulate a working mechanistic hypothesis whereby calcium-mediated dephosphorylation of dynamin I at Ser-774 leads to the recruitment of the molecular motor myosin II to actively dilate the fusion pore to facilitate release of peptide transmitters. Thus, activity-dependent dephosphorylation of dynamin is hypothesized to represent a key molecular step in the sympatho-adrenal stress response.
Innate immunity
The document summarizes innate immunity. It describes innate immunity as the non-specific first line of defense against infection found in all living organisms. This includes anatomical barriers like skin and mucous membranes, chemical inhibitors like stomach acid, and microbial flora. The second line of innate immune defense includes natural killer cells and phagocytes that attack pathogens. Soluble factors like complement proteins and cytokines also help innate immunity, as does the inflammatory response to infection and tissue damage.
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This document discusses the four types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I (immediate hypersensitivity/anaphylactic), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed hypersensitivity). It provides details on the definition, etiology, pathogenesis, and examples of each type of reaction. Type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cell/basophil degranulation. Type II involves IgG/IgM antibodies binding to cell surfaces and complement-mediated cell lysis. Type III occurs when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues. Type IV is T cell-mediated and has a delayed onset.
Immunology
The document summarizes principles of innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune response is rapid and non-specific, while the adaptive response is slower, specific to antigens, and generates immunological memory. Innate immunity involves physical barriers and molecules/cells such as phagocytes that provide non-specific protection. Acquired immunity involves T and B lymphocytes that mediate cellular and humoral immunity respectively, with generation of immunological memory. Antigen presentation and T cell recognition are also discussed.
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Bitstream 2027.42_44523_1_10753_2004_article_415307
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Cytokines and HYPERSENSITIVITY and Disorder of Human Immunity
Cytokines and HYPERSENSITIVITY and Disorder of Human Immunity
IMMUNOLOGY - HISTORY - BASIC DEFENCE MECHANISM - CELLS AND ORGANS INVOLVED IN...
IMMUNOLOGY - HISTORY - BASIC DEFENCE MECHANISM - CELLS AND ORGANS INVOLVED IN...
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Thalassemia
This document summarizes thalassemia, a hereditary blood disorder caused by reduced or absent production of hemoglobin A. It describes the main types (alpha and beta thalassemia), clinical features like anemia and jaundice, diagnostic testing, and management which includes lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to prevent complications from iron overload. The most severe forms can be fatal without treatment while milder forms may cause few symptoms.
Soffacation (suicidal)
Suffocation is a general term used to indicate death due to lack of oxygen from either lack of oxygen in the breathable environment or obstruction of external air passages. Asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen in respired air leading to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Smothering causes asphyxia through mechanical obstruction of the external airways (nose and mouth). Suicidal smothering often involves placing a plastic bag over the head in an attempt to cut off oxygen. Classic signs of asphyxia include petechial hemorrhages, cyanosis, congestion, and soft tissue swelling due to increased venous pressure and fluid leakage from blood vessels.
Road & railway injury (suicidal)
Road accidents typically cause gross musculoskeletal or organ damage, severe haemorrhaging, airway blockage from blood, or traumatic asphyxiation from chest crushing. Railway suicides often result in decapitation or extensive body disintegration from being struck by a fast-moving train. Toxicology screens should be performed to check for alcohol or drugs which may have contributed to suicidal behavior. Electrical injuries may also complicate cases where high-voltage train systems are involved.
Strangulation (Hanging)
Strangulation, hanging, suffocation, road/railway injuries, and electrocution are common methods of suicidal death. Strangulation causes asphyxia by compressing the neck and blocking blood flow and air passage to the brain. Hanging causes cerebral hypoxia by compressing the neck and jugular veins. Suffocation involves blocking external airways. Road/railway injuries typically cause severe trauma, hemorrhage or organ damage. Electrocution usually causes cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation leading to cardiac arrest. Autopsies look for neck furrows, petechiae, internal injuries or electrical marks depending on the method.
Retinitis pigmentosa (opthalmology)
Retinitis pigmentosa is a slow degenerative, hereditary disease of the retina that involves the rods and cones. It typically appears as a recessive trait due to consanguinity of the parents. Patients experience night blindness in childhood, tunnel vision or central visual loss in middle age, and complete blindness in advanced age. Physical examination shows black spots resembling bone corpuscles across the retina, extremely attenuated retinal blood vessels, and pale optic discs, indicating optic nerve atrophy. There is no specific treatment currently available, but cataract surgery and rehabilitation services can help manage complications.
Refrective error (opthalmology)
This document discusses refractive errors of the eye, including emmetropia, myopia, and hypermetropia. Emmetropia is the normal optical condition where light focuses on the retina. Myopia, or near-sightedness, occurs when light focuses in front of the retina. Symptoms include indistinct distant vision. Hypermetropia, or far-sightedness, is when light focuses behind the retina, causing blurred near vision and eye strain. Both conditions are typically corrected with spectacles, while myopia can also be treated through surgical procedures like LASIK in some cases.
Gradual loss of vision (opthalmology)
This document provides guidance on evaluating patients presenting with gradual loss of vision. It outlines taking a history to determine factors like onset, progression, associated symptoms and medical history. The physical exam involves assessing visual acuity, the red reflex, visual fields and optic nerve/macula. Common causes of gradual vision loss include glaucoma, refractive error, cataract, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve prescription lenses, medical management or referral for further evaluation.
Glaucoma (opthalmology)
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. The aqueous humour maintains pressure in the eye and normally flows through the anterior chamber, draining out of the eye. In glaucoma, the drainage pathways become blocked, increasing pressure and damaging the optic nerve. There are several types of glaucoma including open-angle glaucoma, the most common type caused by slow drainage blockage, and closed-angle glaucoma caused by physical blockage of drainage canals. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eye drops or surgery and slow progression of vision loss.
Electrocution (suicidal)
ELECTROCUTION (suicidal)
- The most common cause of death from electrocution is cardiac arrhythmias leading to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. Less commonly, respiratory arrest can occur if the current passes through the thorax, causing spasms or paralysis of intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
- External signs include an areola of blanched skin at the contact points and possible "crocodile skin" lesions from sparking over several centimeters if voltages were in the kilovolt range. Internal autopsy findings are often absent or non-specific since the most common mode of death is cardiac arrhythmia.
Diabetic retinopathy (opthalmology)
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus where changes occur in the retina. It is a leading cause of vision loss among working age adults in Malaysia. The risk of retinopathy rises with longer duration of diabetes and poor blood glucose control. Annual eye screening is recommended to detect early signs and plan treatment. Laser photocoagulation is commonly used to treat early stages while vitrectomy may be used for advanced proliferative cases with vitreous hemorrhage. Anti-VEGF drugs combined with laser can also treat diabetic macular edema.
Cataract (opthalmology)
Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye that can cause gradual vision loss. They are usually caused by aging but can be caused by other factors like diabetes, smoking, or UV exposure. Cataracts are diagnosed based on a decrease in the red reflex seen during eye exams. They can be treated surgically through phacoemulsification to remove the clouded lens and replace it with an intraocular lens, improving vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the macula that causes central vision loss. Dry AMD involves drusen buildup while wet AMD has abnormal blood vessel growth. Treatments include vitamins for dry AMD and anti-VEGF injections or photod
Mechanism of swallowing
The document summarizes the three stages of swallowing (deglutition):
1) Buccal stage where the tongue retracts forcing the bolus into the oropharynx.
2) Pharyngeal stage is involuntary where the soft palate and larynx elevate to prevent food entering the nasal cavity and lungs. The bolus moves into the upper esophagus.
3) Esophageal stage where peristalsis propels the bolus through the esophagus and into the stomach over 8-20 seconds while the lower esophageal and stomach sphincters relax.
Lung cancer
The document describes a case of a 26-year-old man presenting with facial swelling, lumps in his armpits, chest pain for 3 months, and weight loss over 6 months. Examination found nail clubbing and a chest X-ray showed abnormalities. Biopsy and scans confirmed stage IV lung cancer. Nail clubbing is associated with lung diseases and cancers and results from vascular changes and growth factors from the lungs. Different types of biopsies are used to diagnose cancers including needle, endoscopic, and surgical biopsies. The anatomy of the chest is also described including structures like the ribs, sternum, and thoracic skeleton that make up the rib cage.
ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME
Mr. Lim, a 47-year-old man, presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea. Endoscopy revealed a duodenal ulcer and CT scan showed a 3cm pancreatic head mass suspected to be a gastrinoma. Laboratory tests found highly elevated gastrin and basal gastric acid levels consistent with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Further tests demonstrated increased gastrin response to secretin stimulation, confirming a gastrin-secreting pancreatic tumor as the cause of his symptoms. Complications of ZES include peptic ulcers, diarrhea from excess acid inactivating pancreatic enzymes, and potential malignant spread of gastrinomas. Omeprazole was prescribed to reduce gastric acid levels and treat his
Acute Pancreatitis
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
Hepatitis C virus
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
TREATMENT OF ACUTE CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURY
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
Circulatory shock
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
ANATOMY OF KNEE JOINT
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
G6PD DEFICIENCY
G6PD deficiency is a genetic disorder classified into 5 classes based on enzyme activity level, ranging from severe deficiency with less than 10% activity to increased enzyme activity. Management involves avoiding oxidative stressors that can trigger hemolysis like fava beans, certain drugs, and chemicals. For acute hemolysis episodes, treatment may include blood transfusions. The main approach is preventing oxidative stressors that can cause red blood cell breakdown in those with the condition.
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Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES by bhavya kelavadiya
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
2nd generation Antihistaminic-Part II.pptx
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Allopurinol (Anti-gout drug).pptx
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Hemodialysis: Chapter 6, Hemodialysis Adequacy and Dose - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
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PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
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Relation of ig e , eosinophil & asthma
- 1. 1 Relation of Ig E , eosinophil & asthma PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
- 2. Mechanism of action Antigen were inhaled by Amna (cat dander and housemite dust) Human airway smooth muscle cells will release Eotaxin (chemokine) Eosinophil recruitment to the site
- 3. Mechanism of action Eosinophil processed the antigen & presenting the MHC class II T-helper cell recognize the MHC class II Naïve T helper cell (Th0) will release IL-4 and IL-5
- 4. Mechanism of action Become (Th2) - humoural immunity response – B cell proliferates & differentiate Will produced immunoglobulin E-producing plasma cell
- 5. Mechanism of action Subsequent exposure of the same Ag will aggregate the release of histamine Will result the symptoms of Asthma (airway constriction)