With The Earth’s Population Predicted To Reach Approximately 9 Billion People By 2050,
Improvements In Technology Are Needed To Ensure A Stable Food Supply, While Reducing The Environmental
Impact Of Traditional Agricultural Practices. Research Is Being Conducted On Small Scale Autonomous
Vehicles And Their Abilities To Perform Agricultural Tasks, Such As Tillage And Planting. Many Benefits
Could Arise From The Use Of Small Autonomous Vehicles Including Reduced Soil Compaction, Lower Energy
And Material Inputs, Reduced Air Pollution, And Decreased Manual Labor.
The feasibility of such vehicles is currently being investigated with the use of a small, tracked AgDrone. To
better understand the capabilities of this machine, a series of static and dynamic pull tests were conducted using
a load cell and a myRio data acquisition system. With this data, a relationship between pull force and power
consumption was developed. This relationship provided much needed information on the AgDrone’s ability to
replace current large scale tractors, while increasing the efficiency of common production agriculture tasks.
After the data was analyzed, it was determined that modifications to the AgDrone as well as farming implements
and methods are needed before the AgDrone is able to replace large scale agriculture equipment.
Small unmanned airships_for AFOLU in Latin AmericaAdrian Peña
In the next years, agricultural, forestry and
forestation/reforestation programs in Latin America will employ in larger scale aerial vehicles to collect, analyze and making modeling for biomass and soil characterization. In this case, unmanned remote sensing platforms could substantially change the costs and reliability of monitoring and mitigation projects, enabling greater participation even from small-scale agriculture in local communities across the region. The primary tool to map and estimate land cover or land use at the regional and local level could be a low-cost, small unmanned airship, which represents a better
cost-effective platform not needing specialized airfields, including energy efficient electric power plant and dependable new soilanalytical techniques that use visible-near-infrared reflectance (VNIR) and Hyper-spectral camera systems. According to the previous assessment, it is the purpose of this paper to propose the embrace of unmanned airship technology as an affordable remote perception and mapping platform in accordance with Latin American boundary conditions given by the economic and
ecological circumstances.
hotovoltaic-Biomass Gasifier Hybrid Energy System for a Poultry HouseIJMER
Availability and sustainability of energy and food production are the biggest challenge facing
the world. Find out how to integrate poultry and animal farms with renewable energy technologies will
lead to a greater energy security and food production.The main objective of this paper is to obtain the
optimal suited configuration of a hybrid renewable energy system from various combinations to meet the
poultry house load requirement reliably, economically, continuously and sustainably. This paper presents
an optimal design of hybrid solar PV-biomass gasifier system to fulfill the requirements of 250 kWh/day
primary loads with 19 kW peak load for poultry house located at El-fayoum governorate, Egypt. Using
HOMER simulations, the optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas generating system is
obtained on the basis of the minimized cost of the obtained energy (COE) generation, HOMER results
show that the solution is sustainable and techno economically viable. The simulation results show that PV
(12 kW) - biomass gasifier (20 kW) - battery (270 kWh) hybrid system is most economically feasible with a
least cost of energy about $0.224/Kwh. Also, this system is characterized by the minimum percentage of
carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases emissions
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Two-wheel tractor, conservation agriculture and private sector involvementFrédéric Baudron
This document discusses a project aimed at improving smallholder farmer access to mechanization in Eastern and Southern Africa through the use of two-wheeled tractors (2WTs). The project goals are to reduce labor drudgery and minimize trade-offs between biomass and productivity. It operates in 4 countries with a budget of $6 million from various partners. The document discusses challenges like labor shortages and analyzes myths around mechanization. It argues that conservation agriculture using 2WTs can increase efficiency and proposes various business models to commercialize small mechanization services.
This document discusses how computerization of agricultural machines can improve the work environment in developing countries. It begins by outlining how agriculture was traditionally done using manual labor and draft animals. It then discusses how computerization and use of satellite technology can automate farm machinery like tractors and irrigation systems. This reduces labor needs and improves efficiency by allowing precision farming. The document analyzes challenges to agricultural mechanization in developing countries and argues that increasing mechanization through computerized machines can boost productivity, create jobs, and raise living standards in these regions.
This document discusses the role of extension in promoting agricultural engineering in Nigeria. It outlines several labour-saving devices that have been developed by Nigerian research institutions to improve efficiency, but require adoption through extension efforts. The document provides a table listing various farm operations and the labour-saving equipment developed for each, along with their prime movers and capacities. It argues that extension can help train farmers on proper use of technologies and provide feedback to engineers. The goal is to increase productivity through mechanization while ensuring technologies are appropriate and sustainable.
Farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunityNaresh Majhi
This document provides an overview of farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunity in India. It discusses the benefits of farm mechanization, including increased labor and land productivity. It also outlines some disadvantages like high initial costs and environmental pollution. The current status of farm mechanization in India and the world is examined. Opportunities for farm mechanization in India along the agricultural value chain are presented. The document concludes by discussing government initiatives to promote farm mechanization in India.
Small unmanned airships_for AFOLU in Latin AmericaAdrian Peña
In the next years, agricultural, forestry and
forestation/reforestation programs in Latin America will employ in larger scale aerial vehicles to collect, analyze and making modeling for biomass and soil characterization. In this case, unmanned remote sensing platforms could substantially change the costs and reliability of monitoring and mitigation projects, enabling greater participation even from small-scale agriculture in local communities across the region. The primary tool to map and estimate land cover or land use at the regional and local level could be a low-cost, small unmanned airship, which represents a better
cost-effective platform not needing specialized airfields, including energy efficient electric power plant and dependable new soilanalytical techniques that use visible-near-infrared reflectance (VNIR) and Hyper-spectral camera systems. According to the previous assessment, it is the purpose of this paper to propose the embrace of unmanned airship technology as an affordable remote perception and mapping platform in accordance with Latin American boundary conditions given by the economic and
ecological circumstances.
hotovoltaic-Biomass Gasifier Hybrid Energy System for a Poultry HouseIJMER
Availability and sustainability of energy and food production are the biggest challenge facing
the world. Find out how to integrate poultry and animal farms with renewable energy technologies will
lead to a greater energy security and food production.The main objective of this paper is to obtain the
optimal suited configuration of a hybrid renewable energy system from various combinations to meet the
poultry house load requirement reliably, economically, continuously and sustainably. This paper presents
an optimal design of hybrid solar PV-biomass gasifier system to fulfill the requirements of 250 kWh/day
primary loads with 19 kW peak load for poultry house located at El-fayoum governorate, Egypt. Using
HOMER simulations, the optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas generating system is
obtained on the basis of the minimized cost of the obtained energy (COE) generation, HOMER results
show that the solution is sustainable and techno economically viable. The simulation results show that PV
(12 kW) - biomass gasifier (20 kW) - battery (270 kWh) hybrid system is most economically feasible with a
least cost of energy about $0.224/Kwh. Also, this system is characterized by the minimum percentage of
carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases emissions
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
Two-wheel tractor, conservation agriculture and private sector involvementFrédéric Baudron
This document discusses a project aimed at improving smallholder farmer access to mechanization in Eastern and Southern Africa through the use of two-wheeled tractors (2WTs). The project goals are to reduce labor drudgery and minimize trade-offs between biomass and productivity. It operates in 4 countries with a budget of $6 million from various partners. The document discusses challenges like labor shortages and analyzes myths around mechanization. It argues that conservation agriculture using 2WTs can increase efficiency and proposes various business models to commercialize small mechanization services.
This document discusses how computerization of agricultural machines can improve the work environment in developing countries. It begins by outlining how agriculture was traditionally done using manual labor and draft animals. It then discusses how computerization and use of satellite technology can automate farm machinery like tractors and irrigation systems. This reduces labor needs and improves efficiency by allowing precision farming. The document analyzes challenges to agricultural mechanization in developing countries and argues that increasing mechanization through computerized machines can boost productivity, create jobs, and raise living standards in these regions.
This document discusses the role of extension in promoting agricultural engineering in Nigeria. It outlines several labour-saving devices that have been developed by Nigerian research institutions to improve efficiency, but require adoption through extension efforts. The document provides a table listing various farm operations and the labour-saving equipment developed for each, along with their prime movers and capacities. It argues that extension can help train farmers on proper use of technologies and provide feedback to engineers. The goal is to increase productivity through mechanization while ensuring technologies are appropriate and sustainable.
Farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunityNaresh Majhi
This document provides an overview of farm mechanization as an emerging agribusiness opportunity in India. It discusses the benefits of farm mechanization, including increased labor and land productivity. It also outlines some disadvantages like high initial costs and environmental pollution. The current status of farm mechanization in India and the world is examined. Opportunities for farm mechanization in India along the agricultural value chain are presented. The document concludes by discussing government initiatives to promote farm mechanization in India.
Choice and usage of optimum tractor power and agricultural machinery size is important to decrease cost and complete agricultural operations in available time. Improper size machinery increases the production costs in the farms. Determination of optimum tractor power and machinery size is a tedious and complex procedure that requires many calculations and computational work. In this study, a Microsoft office 2016 software was developed to enable the model and imitate different conditions to determine optimum size of farm machinery and power considering all parameters for selection of farm machinery base on “the least cost method” for Sikkim. The program developed in this study was applied to the representative farm size and crops such as buck wheat, rice, and maize.
Introduction to Farm Power Machineries in BangladeshAminul Haque
1. The document discusses the sources of farm power in Bangladesh including human power, animal power, mechanical power, electrical power, and renewable energy. It also discusses the merits and demerits of different power sources.
2. Farm mechanization aims to apply engineering principles to agricultural operations to increase crop yields. The scope of farm mechanization has expanded with improved irrigation, high yielding varieties, and increased fertilizer and pesticide use.
3. Benefits of farm mechanization include timely operations, precision, improved work environment, increased productivity, economic returns, and rural progress. However, problems include fragmented lands, farmers' limited buying capacity, lack of quality machines, and technical knowledge.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
"The role of the state and the private sector in promoting sustainable mechanization drawing experience from Nepal", presented by Devendra Gauchan Shreemat Shrestha, at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
Comparative Analysis of Solar Standalone and Solar-Biogas Hybrid Systems for ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares standalone solar and solar-biogas hybrid power generation systems for an animal shelter in India. It finds that a solar-biogas hybrid system is more reliable than a standalone solar system, especially during monsoon seasons when solar power output is reduced. The animal shelter has potential for biogas production from cattle dung and for solar power generation from rooftop panels. A hybrid system combining these two renewable sources can provide clean, reliable power for rural communities where grid connectivity is limited.
This document describes the design and development of a manually operated reaper. The reaper was designed to help small-scale farmers harvest grains more efficiently at a low cost. Several modifications were made to address issues identified during testing of an earlier prototype. These included adding an extra cutting blade to address clogging, adjusting the position of the crop divider, and adding a flat belt conveyor mechanism to reduce harvesting losses. The document provides detailed specifications of the reaper components and descriptions of testing conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified design.
Design and Optimization of a Biogas-Solar-Wind Hybrid System for Decentralize...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed design for a hybrid renewable energy system in rural India combining biogas, solar, and wind energy. The system would be located at an animal shelter with 500 cattle heads in Uran, Maharashtra. It would generate electricity to supply 300 nearby homes. The HOMER software was used to optimize the system design to minimize net present cost. A vermicomposting unit running on biogas digester slurry would also be included to improve the financial viability of the project. A financial analysis of the capital costs, operating costs, and revenue from electricity sales, vermicompost, and carbon credits would determine the discounted payback period and internal rate of return. The hybrid system could help provide rural
China: Adapting Grain Production to Climate ChangeICARDA
This document summarizes grain production characteristics and challenges related to climate change in China. It notes that China has diverse topography including mountains, plateaus, basins and plains. Historically, the majority of agricultural land was used for grain but that percentage has decreased in recent decades. North China faces increasing water scarcity and competition over water resources between different sectors. Drought has negatively impacted agricultural areas and production over the past decades. The document presents statistical analysis showing that grain yields are positively correlated with higher irrigation and stable harvesting ratios. Improving irrigation infrastructure and increasing stable harvesting areas can significantly increase yields, especially for regions with currently lower yields.
advantage of farm mechanization in Nepal Aditya Mahato
This document discusses farm mechanization in Nepal. It provides background on the agricultural sector and status of farm mechanization in the country. Currently, mechanization is primarily through animal power and hand tools. Opportunities exist to promote efficient hand tools, animal-drawn implements, and small-scale processing machinery. Challenges include small land holdings, poor infrastructure, and a lack of policies and strategies. The document advocates for partnerships between the public and private sectors to support sustainable agricultural mechanization through credit access, research, training, and demonstrations.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
Farm mechanization & Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable IntensificationFrédéric Baudron
- Farm power in the form of animal and mechanical traction is declining in sub-Saharan Africa due to factors like population growth, urbanization, and disease. This threatens the sustainability and intensification of smallholder agriculture.
- Conservation agriculture reduces power requirements and makes smaller, cheaper power sources like two-wheeled tractors more viable options. A business model approach can strengthen private sector markets for two-wheeled tractor services.
- The project aims to promote the adoption of two-wheeled tractors for conservation agriculture and other tasks like transport, threshing and shelling through technology demonstrations, strengthening local supply chains, and supporting rural entrepreneurship. It is projected to benefit hundreds of thousands of smallholder households.
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
AGRI MECH is one of the most reputed magazines of the Agriculture Machinery world.
This magazine will be serving among the top manufacturers, dealers,
AGRI MECH is one of the best advertising solutions in targeting all aspects and markets of agriculture when looking for any type of services or farm equipment for sale.
For more details, please contact:
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A linear programming model to optimize cropping pattern in small-scale irriga...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Selection of a viable irrigation cropping system, while considering all agronomy and extension constraints, has always been a scientific and professional challenge for agricultural scientists and practitioners. However, this prevailing challenge can be scientifically addressed using optimization techniques among them linear programming model. The model could take in the initially introduced percentage of crops as an entry point for optimization subjected to all introduced constraints while maximizing the farming income. Favorably, Microsoft Excel program includes a linear programming solver tool, which could be utilized for this purpose. The solver tool could easily be accessed from Excel program Data menu after activating the Add-Ins part of the Excel Options.
Accordingly, a simple and low input linear model was developed applying the Excel Solver tool to optimize the irrigation cropping pattern for the Mekabo small-scale irrigation scheme currently under construction in the Tigray region in Ethiopia. The input parameters were collected from field surveys and an assessment of the on-farm agronomic conditions. The objective function was subjected to agronomy and extension constraints as well as minimum required crop levels to comply with food security strategy. The model could find a viable solution while all constraints and optimality conditions were satisfied. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to analyze all other likely development scenarios. This paper will introduce the developed model and will discuss the processes led to the attainment of an optimized cropping pattern.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
This document discusses challenges facing New Jersey utilities. Population projections show continued growth in New Jersey through 2030, increasing demand for electricity, natural gas, and water. However, demand growth rates for these utilities have declined since 1960, with greater efficiency of use per person. Traditional utility infrastructure planning focused on satisfying demand through large, centralized solutions. But this approach may no longer make sense given changing demand trends and new technologies. Utilities will need to embrace technological changes like smart grids, distributed generation, and electric vehicles to reinvest in existing systems rather than focus solely on growth.
A decision support system (DSS) was developed in Visual Basic 6.0 programming language to match tractor power and implement size. The proper selection and matching of tractor and implements is becoming very important and difficult in Sudan because of the availability of variety of tractor models and powers ranging from 20 to > 100 kW and variety of implement sizes. The program options permit the user to select the type of operation and the types of implements available in his/her farm. The system enables the user to insert the inputs data through file system, and obtain the output easily. The developed system was tested with a case study using data from The Arab Investment Corporation-Um Doom Farm. It was found that the power used in the farm can match the implement available. In addition, it was tested by making comparison between the power required for zero tillage and for conventional tillage. The sensitivity analyses showed that changing in some parameters such as speed, width and soil factor affected the power required for the farm. According to the results, the decision support system worked well in matching tractor power and implements sizes for proper performance. Developing other computer programs to assist farm machinery manager in decision–making to solve the problems will face them in this system can be used to help the managers in the decision-making for calculating the power required and matching power available and implement required for economical machinery use.
IRJET-Survey Paper on Agro-Bot Autonomous RobotIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an agricultural robot that can perform multiple tasks. The robot can conduct crop prediction, weather detection, grass cutting, and 360-degree spraying. It is controlled via an Android application and uses sensors to gather soil moisture, temperature, and other environmental data. The robot aims to increase farming efficiency and productivity through automation.
1) The document discusses speed control of a universal motor using two controllers - an output rate controller and an output reset controller. Ant colony optimization is used to tune the parameters of the controllers.
2) Mathematical models of the universal motor are developed. Simulation results show that the proposed ant colony optimization technique tunes the controllers' parameters optimally, improving their performance for speed control of the motor under varying load conditions.
3) The tuning results in zero overshoot and undershoot, slight rise and settling times, and a fast response for the motor speed when subjected to different load disturbances.
Design and Development of Animal Drawn Ground Metered Axle Mechanism Boom Spr...IJERA Editor
This document describes the design and development of an animal-drawn ground metering axle mechanism boom sprayer. The sprayer was designed for use by rural farmers in Northern Nigeria to provide an affordable option for pesticide application that utilizes animal traction. Key aspects of the design include a boom equipped with multiple controlled droplet applicator nozzles connected to a chemical tank by a gear pump. The sprayer framework is attached to a rear axle that is pulled by an animal harness. Laboratory and field tests showed the sprayer could provide even spray distribution across a wide swath width suitable for farm fields, with a pulling force compatible with animal power sources commonly available to farmers in the target region.
Design and Prototype Development of Hybrid Ploughing, Seeding and Fertilizing...ijceronline
This research work mainly focuses on design and prototype development of hybrid ploughing, seeding and fertilizing machine for typical Ethiopian farmers. In Ethiopia, the major tasks of farming include; ploughing, seeding and fertilizing. Since thousands of years until now the farming is dependent on oxen drawn plough plow. But, this system is labor intensive, time consuming and its depth of ploughing is shallow. These draw backs of existing agricultural system result in insufficient productivity. Now a day’s modern agricultural machines are being imported into the country. But they are used by few organizations, small agriculture investors and few rich farmers. In collaboration with the Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, relevant data was collected on the gap of existing trial mechanisms and the need of farmers. To analyze the collected data and arrive at final output, methodology procedures followed by the researchers were; organizing the special design needs of end user, analyzing six alternative design concepts, selection of one optimal concept, detail dimensional design of selected concept, force analysis using the mechanics, dynamics and kinematics, preparing 2D and 3D drawings using Auto CAD and CATIA then finally prototype development. For the case of its economical applicability for poor Ethiopian farmers, the researchers assured that, it is low cost by conducting cost analysis. Unique features of this new design include; simultaneous ploughing, seeding, and fertilizing of multi lines, its mechanism for seeding variable size grains and for specifying their spacing, its control system relationship with the wheel rotation, its easiness to operate and maintain, its minimal damage to the seed during the process, its high level of operational reliability and its suitableness for modification based on capacity of the user. Therefore, using this machine will result in considerable improvements in productivity of the majority of Ethiopian farmers at lower cost.
Smart Irrigation System using Machine Learning and IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart irrigation system that uses IoT sensors, machine learning, and cloud computing. Soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors collect field data and send it to a cloud-based server. A machine learning model analyzes the data to make irrigation recommendations. The system aims to optimize water usage and minimize human intervention. It allows for customized ML techniques to advance precision agriculture. This could lower costs for farmers and help ensure crop yields amid changing water availability.
Choice and usage of optimum tractor power and agricultural machinery size is important to decrease cost and complete agricultural operations in available time. Improper size machinery increases the production costs in the farms. Determination of optimum tractor power and machinery size is a tedious and complex procedure that requires many calculations and computational work. In this study, a Microsoft office 2016 software was developed to enable the model and imitate different conditions to determine optimum size of farm machinery and power considering all parameters for selection of farm machinery base on “the least cost method” for Sikkim. The program developed in this study was applied to the representative farm size and crops such as buck wheat, rice, and maize.
Introduction to Farm Power Machineries in BangladeshAminul Haque
1. The document discusses the sources of farm power in Bangladesh including human power, animal power, mechanical power, electrical power, and renewable energy. It also discusses the merits and demerits of different power sources.
2. Farm mechanization aims to apply engineering principles to agricultural operations to increase crop yields. The scope of farm mechanization has expanded with improved irrigation, high yielding varieties, and increased fertilizer and pesticide use.
3. Benefits of farm mechanization include timely operations, precision, improved work environment, increased productivity, economic returns, and rural progress. However, problems include fragmented lands, farmers' limited buying capacity, lack of quality machines, and technical knowledge.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
"The role of the state and the private sector in promoting sustainable mechanization drawing experience from Nepal", presented by Devendra Gauchan Shreemat Shrestha, at at NSD/IFPRI workshop on "Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation in Asia and Africa", June 18-19, 2014, Beijing, China
Comparative Analysis of Solar Standalone and Solar-Biogas Hybrid Systems for ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares standalone solar and solar-biogas hybrid power generation systems for an animal shelter in India. It finds that a solar-biogas hybrid system is more reliable than a standalone solar system, especially during monsoon seasons when solar power output is reduced. The animal shelter has potential for biogas production from cattle dung and for solar power generation from rooftop panels. A hybrid system combining these two renewable sources can provide clean, reliable power for rural communities where grid connectivity is limited.
This document describes the design and development of a manually operated reaper. The reaper was designed to help small-scale farmers harvest grains more efficiently at a low cost. Several modifications were made to address issues identified during testing of an earlier prototype. These included adding an extra cutting blade to address clogging, adjusting the position of the crop divider, and adding a flat belt conveyor mechanism to reduce harvesting losses. The document provides detailed specifications of the reaper components and descriptions of testing conducted to evaluate the performance of the modified design.
Design and Optimization of a Biogas-Solar-Wind Hybrid System for Decentralize...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed design for a hybrid renewable energy system in rural India combining biogas, solar, and wind energy. The system would be located at an animal shelter with 500 cattle heads in Uran, Maharashtra. It would generate electricity to supply 300 nearby homes. The HOMER software was used to optimize the system design to minimize net present cost. A vermicomposting unit running on biogas digester slurry would also be included to improve the financial viability of the project. A financial analysis of the capital costs, operating costs, and revenue from electricity sales, vermicompost, and carbon credits would determine the discounted payback period and internal rate of return. The hybrid system could help provide rural
China: Adapting Grain Production to Climate ChangeICARDA
This document summarizes grain production characteristics and challenges related to climate change in China. It notes that China has diverse topography including mountains, plateaus, basins and plains. Historically, the majority of agricultural land was used for grain but that percentage has decreased in recent decades. North China faces increasing water scarcity and competition over water resources between different sectors. Drought has negatively impacted agricultural areas and production over the past decades. The document presents statistical analysis showing that grain yields are positively correlated with higher irrigation and stable harvesting ratios. Improving irrigation infrastructure and increasing stable harvesting areas can significantly increase yields, especially for regions with currently lower yields.
advantage of farm mechanization in Nepal Aditya Mahato
This document discusses farm mechanization in Nepal. It provides background on the agricultural sector and status of farm mechanization in the country. Currently, mechanization is primarily through animal power and hand tools. Opportunities exist to promote efficient hand tools, animal-drawn implements, and small-scale processing machinery. Challenges include small land holdings, poor infrastructure, and a lack of policies and strategies. The document advocates for partnerships between the public and private sectors to support sustainable agricultural mechanization through credit access, research, training, and demonstrations.
PV-solar / Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA Type Mobile Telephony Base ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design of optimized PV-Solar and Wind Hybrid Energy System for GSM/CDMA type mobile base station over conventional diesel generator for a particular site in south India (Chennai). For this hybrid system ,the meteorological data of Solar Insolation, hourly wind speed, are taken for Chennai (Longitude 80ο.16’and Latitude 13ο.5’ ) and the pattern of load consumption of mobile base station are studied and suitably modeled for optimization of the hybrid energy system using HOMER software. The simulation and optimization result gives the best optimized sizing of wind turbine and solar array with diesel generator for particular GSM/CDMA type mobile telephony base station. This system is more cost effective and environmental friendly over the conventional diesel generator. The presented system reduce approximate 70%-80% fuel cost over conventional diesel generator and also reduced the emission of CO2 and other harmful gasses in environments. It is expected that the proposed developed and installed system will provide very good opportunities for telecom sector in near future.
Farm mechanization & Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable IntensificationFrédéric Baudron
- Farm power in the form of animal and mechanical traction is declining in sub-Saharan Africa due to factors like population growth, urbanization, and disease. This threatens the sustainability and intensification of smallholder agriculture.
- Conservation agriculture reduces power requirements and makes smaller, cheaper power sources like two-wheeled tractors more viable options. A business model approach can strengthen private sector markets for two-wheeled tractor services.
- The project aims to promote the adoption of two-wheeled tractors for conservation agriculture and other tasks like transport, threshing and shelling through technology demonstrations, strengthening local supply chains, and supporting rural entrepreneurship. It is projected to benefit hundreds of thousands of smallholder households.
Presented in ACIAR-IFPRI two days Regional Dialogue on Machine Reforms’ for Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture in South Asia on July 21-22, 2017 in New Delhi, India
AGRI MECH is one of the most reputed magazines of the Agriculture Machinery world.
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A linear programming model to optimize cropping pattern in small-scale irriga...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Selection of a viable irrigation cropping system, while considering all agronomy and extension constraints, has always been a scientific and professional challenge for agricultural scientists and practitioners. However, this prevailing challenge can be scientifically addressed using optimization techniques among them linear programming model. The model could take in the initially introduced percentage of crops as an entry point for optimization subjected to all introduced constraints while maximizing the farming income. Favorably, Microsoft Excel program includes a linear programming solver tool, which could be utilized for this purpose. The solver tool could easily be accessed from Excel program Data menu after activating the Add-Ins part of the Excel Options.
Accordingly, a simple and low input linear model was developed applying the Excel Solver tool to optimize the irrigation cropping pattern for the Mekabo small-scale irrigation scheme currently under construction in the Tigray region in Ethiopia. The input parameters were collected from field surveys and an assessment of the on-farm agronomic conditions. The objective function was subjected to agronomy and extension constraints as well as minimum required crop levels to comply with food security strategy. The model could find a viable solution while all constraints and optimality conditions were satisfied. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to analyze all other likely development scenarios. This paper will introduce the developed model and will discuss the processes led to the attainment of an optimized cropping pattern.
Multi agent oriented solution for forecasting-based control strategy with loa...Mohamed Ghaieth Abidi
To improve the power supply availability in an island microgrid, this paper proposes a new approach that integrates distributed energy sources economically, reliably and efficiently. In an island mode, a microgrid must ensure its self-sufficiency of energy production since it cannot make an energetic exchange with a main grid. However, in this mode, the random behavior of the resources affected by meteorological factors presents a major constraint. The challenge related to the power availability in microgrids is to find a solution that faces the operation of intermittent power sources. The microgrid should guarantee a useful power management in order to achieve a high availability of energy. In this paper, we present a mathematical model to describe the influence of the meteorological factors on the sources production. We propose a multi-agent control strategy based on the production forecasting and load shedding for a high availability of the microgrid power supply. The proposed multi-agent system uses the master-slave model in which the communication and negotiation between the defined agents are performed by a concept of tokens. The developed control system is implemented on Spartan 6 FPGA-Board. The paper's contribution is applied to a Tunisian petroleum platform where several blackouts are recorded between 2012 and 2014. Simulation and experimental results show clearly a high availability as a performance of the proposed control strategy.
This document discusses challenges facing New Jersey utilities. Population projections show continued growth in New Jersey through 2030, increasing demand for electricity, natural gas, and water. However, demand growth rates for these utilities have declined since 1960, with greater efficiency of use per person. Traditional utility infrastructure planning focused on satisfying demand through large, centralized solutions. But this approach may no longer make sense given changing demand trends and new technologies. Utilities will need to embrace technological changes like smart grids, distributed generation, and electric vehicles to reinvest in existing systems rather than focus solely on growth.
A decision support system (DSS) was developed in Visual Basic 6.0 programming language to match tractor power and implement size. The proper selection and matching of tractor and implements is becoming very important and difficult in Sudan because of the availability of variety of tractor models and powers ranging from 20 to > 100 kW and variety of implement sizes. The program options permit the user to select the type of operation and the types of implements available in his/her farm. The system enables the user to insert the inputs data through file system, and obtain the output easily. The developed system was tested with a case study using data from The Arab Investment Corporation-Um Doom Farm. It was found that the power used in the farm can match the implement available. In addition, it was tested by making comparison between the power required for zero tillage and for conventional tillage. The sensitivity analyses showed that changing in some parameters such as speed, width and soil factor affected the power required for the farm. According to the results, the decision support system worked well in matching tractor power and implements sizes for proper performance. Developing other computer programs to assist farm machinery manager in decision–making to solve the problems will face them in this system can be used to help the managers in the decision-making for calculating the power required and matching power available and implement required for economical machinery use.
IRJET-Survey Paper on Agro-Bot Autonomous RobotIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an agricultural robot that can perform multiple tasks. The robot can conduct crop prediction, weather detection, grass cutting, and 360-degree spraying. It is controlled via an Android application and uses sensors to gather soil moisture, temperature, and other environmental data. The robot aims to increase farming efficiency and productivity through automation.
1) The document discusses speed control of a universal motor using two controllers - an output rate controller and an output reset controller. Ant colony optimization is used to tune the parameters of the controllers.
2) Mathematical models of the universal motor are developed. Simulation results show that the proposed ant colony optimization technique tunes the controllers' parameters optimally, improving their performance for speed control of the motor under varying load conditions.
3) The tuning results in zero overshoot and undershoot, slight rise and settling times, and a fast response for the motor speed when subjected to different load disturbances.
Design and Development of Animal Drawn Ground Metered Axle Mechanism Boom Spr...IJERA Editor
This document describes the design and development of an animal-drawn ground metering axle mechanism boom sprayer. The sprayer was designed for use by rural farmers in Northern Nigeria to provide an affordable option for pesticide application that utilizes animal traction. Key aspects of the design include a boom equipped with multiple controlled droplet applicator nozzles connected to a chemical tank by a gear pump. The sprayer framework is attached to a rear axle that is pulled by an animal harness. Laboratory and field tests showed the sprayer could provide even spray distribution across a wide swath width suitable for farm fields, with a pulling force compatible with animal power sources commonly available to farmers in the target region.
Design and Prototype Development of Hybrid Ploughing, Seeding and Fertilizing...ijceronline
This research work mainly focuses on design and prototype development of hybrid ploughing, seeding and fertilizing machine for typical Ethiopian farmers. In Ethiopia, the major tasks of farming include; ploughing, seeding and fertilizing. Since thousands of years until now the farming is dependent on oxen drawn plough plow. But, this system is labor intensive, time consuming and its depth of ploughing is shallow. These draw backs of existing agricultural system result in insufficient productivity. Now a day’s modern agricultural machines are being imported into the country. But they are used by few organizations, small agriculture investors and few rich farmers. In collaboration with the Ethiopian Agricultural Transformation Agency, relevant data was collected on the gap of existing trial mechanisms and the need of farmers. To analyze the collected data and arrive at final output, methodology procedures followed by the researchers were; organizing the special design needs of end user, analyzing six alternative design concepts, selection of one optimal concept, detail dimensional design of selected concept, force analysis using the mechanics, dynamics and kinematics, preparing 2D and 3D drawings using Auto CAD and CATIA then finally prototype development. For the case of its economical applicability for poor Ethiopian farmers, the researchers assured that, it is low cost by conducting cost analysis. Unique features of this new design include; simultaneous ploughing, seeding, and fertilizing of multi lines, its mechanism for seeding variable size grains and for specifying their spacing, its control system relationship with the wheel rotation, its easiness to operate and maintain, its minimal damage to the seed during the process, its high level of operational reliability and its suitableness for modification based on capacity of the user. Therefore, using this machine will result in considerable improvements in productivity of the majority of Ethiopian farmers at lower cost.
Smart Irrigation System using Machine Learning and IoTIRJET Journal
This document describes a smart irrigation system that uses IoT sensors, machine learning, and cloud computing. Soil moisture, temperature, and humidity sensors collect field data and send it to a cloud-based server. A machine learning model analyzes the data to make irrigation recommendations. The system aims to optimize water usage and minimize human intervention. It allows for customized ML techniques to advance precision agriculture. This could lower costs for farmers and help ensure crop yields amid changing water availability.
Solar Operated Pesticides Sprayer for Agriculture PurposeIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design and development of a solar-powered wheel sprayer for spraying pesticides and fertilizers on crops. It aims to reduce the physical workload for farmers compared to backpack sprayers.
2. The wheel sprayer was tested on a field with lateritic soil at G.H. Raisoni University. When pushed forward, the wheel turns a pump that sprays the solution through a boom and nozzles. Performance was evaluated based on theoretical and actual field capacity and efficiency.
3. The solar-powered wheel sprayer was found to be portable, have a large tank capacity, be cost-effective, easy to use, and reduce spraying time compared to traditional methods. It provides
This document describes the design of a Universal Multipurpose Cultivator. It aims to perform various agricultural operations like seed sowing, plowing, fertilizing, and cutting using a single machine. The cultivator is designed to minimize manual labor required for farmers and make the farming process more efficient. Key components of the cultivator include a hopper, sprockets, chain drive, seed bucket, pump, plow, wheels, shaft, battery, solar panel, and tank. The document provides details on the design calculations and analysis done to select appropriate components and ensure the structural integrity of the cultivator. The cultivator is intended to be affordable and easy to use for small-scale farmers.
IRJET-Automatic Water Sprinkling SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes an automatic solar-powered water sprinkling system. The system uses a solar panel to charge a battery which powers a DC motor. The motor is connected via a chain and sprocket assembly to propel the machine forward. Another chain and sprocket assembly connects to a crank plate that converts the rotary motion to reciprocating motion in a pneumatic cylinder. The cylinder pushes water from a tank out through a sprinkler to water plants. The system aims to conserve water for agriculture using sustainable solar energy in a cost-effective automatic traveling sprinkler.
This document discusses the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for precision agriculture applications and challenges. It notes that UAVs can help monitor crops for diseases and increase productivity with less labor. UAVs provide high resolution images at low altitude for tasks like spraying fertilizers and pesticides. However, challenges include limited payload and flight times for UAVs, high costs, and issues with data analytics and weather conditions. The document examines different types of UAVs and their uses in precision agriculture.
This document summarizes the evolution of electric cars from their early development in the 1830s to recent commercial successes. Some key points include:
- The first electric vehicles were created in the 1830s but did not gain popularity due to limited range and performance compared to gasoline vehicles. Electric cars largely disappeared by the early 1900s.
- Interest and limited production resumed in the 1960s-1980s but battery technology still limited range and performance.
- Modern development began in the 1980s-1990s with models like the GM EV1 and PSA vehicles, though batteries remained too heavy for widespread adoption.
- Recent milestones include the Nissan Leaf becoming the best-selling highway-capable electric vehicle and Tesla Model
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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This document describes the design and development of a multi-purpose agricultural vehicle. The vehicle can perform multiple farming operations including ploughing, seed sowing, soil leveling, and water spraying using a single machine. It is powered by a battery that is charged by an onboard solar panel. The vehicle's operations are controlled using toggle switches. It was created to reduce the labor requirements of farming and improve efficiency by automating and combining several processes into one machine. The vehicle aims to save time and complete large amounts of work while reducing farmer effort.
Alternate power generation by hybridization model of SPV/Wind/BiomassIRJET Journal
The document presents a study investigating the feasibility of an alternate power generation system for Ladakh, India utilizing a hybrid model of solar photovoltaic (SPV), wind, and biomass energy sources. The study employs the HOMER software to analyze the techno-economic aspects of the proposed hybrid system considering Ladakh's environmental and geographical factors. Through simulations, the study aims to determine the optimal system configuration that maximizes energy output while accounting for the intermittency of renewable sources and variability in energy demand. The outcomes provide insights into designing a hybrid renewable energy system tailored for Ladakh's challenging conditions that can enhance energy resilience and contribute to sustainable development in the remote region.
Robert Wilkins, Danfoss: Lean and Clean: Equipping Modern ManufacturersAlliance To Save Energy
On Friday, March 19, Alliance staff and industry experts discussed energy efficiency's role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the industrial sector. http://ase.org/content/article/detail/6517
Robert Wilkins, Danfoss: Lean and Clean: Equipping Modern Manufacturersguest3e1229f
On Friday, March 19, Alliance staff and industry experts discussed energy efficiency's role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the industrial sector.
The performance of a photovoltaic (PV) array based water pumping system situated at Kota Rajasthan (25.18 N
and 75.83 E), India has been studied. A 2hp DC motor with 2200W (10 panels of each 225W) have been used
for discharge 30 m water head. The maximum discharge logged 163litre/minute between 11AM to 2PM at PV
power output between 75 to 85W/m2and the system is operating approximately 8 hours in the of November of
the winter season. The full day discharge has found 70995litre and it is more than the average discharge given
by the manufacturer at 50m depth. It is revealed that PV array based water pumping system is suitable and
feasible option for off-grid and drip irrigation system like the interior area of Kota, where clear sky days are
more than 250 in a year.
IRJET- Design and Developement of Compact Solar Agricultural Harvester using ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a compact solar agricultural harvester using a quick return mechanism. The harvester was created to address the shortage of agricultural laborers in India and the high costs of commercial harvesters that are out of reach for small-scale farmers. The harvester uses a solar panel, cutting blade, gear assembly, battery, and DC motor. It functions as a walk-behind harvester where the motor powers a gearbox and quick return mechanism to convert rotational motion into reciprocating motion of the cutting blade for harvesting crops. The harvester aims to minimize harvesting time and human effort while encouraging the use of renewable energy and reducing pollution.
This document discusses the design and aims of a project to develop a cost-effective solar-powered water pump (SDP) for use by small-scale farmers in developing countries. The SDP is intended to provide irrigation with low operating costs as an alternative to expensive diesel pumps. The project aims to (i) fabricate a demonstration model, (ii) study the effects of solar concentration on water production, and (iii) recommend using mirrors to enhance system performance. The scope is limited to developing a model for small-scale irrigation to demonstrate feasibility and application of solar energy for pumping needs.
The document provides details about a manually and power operated reaper machine. It discusses the working and construction of the machine. The key points are:
1. The machine consists of a frame, ground wheels, bearings, pulleys, sprockets, belts, chains, and a cutter bar to cut crops.
2. It can be operated manually or with a power source. The power source turns the rear wheels which uses sprockets and chains to power the cutter bar.
3. The cut crops are conveyed to the side by a star wheel and lugged belt conveyor for easy collection and bundling.
4. The document discusses the target market for small rice farmers and provides
Similar to Relating Pull Forces and Power Consumption on Small Scale Autonomous Vehicles (20)
This document summarizes numerical simulations conducted using the VecTor2 software to model the bond stress-slip effect of reinforced concrete on the pushover behavior of walls. The simulations considered the influence of bond stress-slip on the shear force, crack patterns, and displacement of reinforced concrete walls under loading. The results of the VecTor2 simulations were compared to experimental test data. The simulations were able to predict the lateral force, crack patterns, and displacements observed in the experimental tests. The simulations also provided stress and strain distributions in the walls. The bond stress-slip models in VecTor2 helped predict the wall behavior observed in experiments.
The concept of sustainable construction is increasingly affecting the development of the construction market.The specificity of construction as an economic activity and ofthe construction product (goods and services) determine the existence of a complex vertical chain of links, involving different actors, who tend to work in the short term and are limited to the rational use of knowledge and experience in practice. Moreover, it is characterized by a low level of inter-company relationshipsresulting in a fragmentation of responsibilityand complicates and hinders the realization of projects and sites,which meet the requirements of sustainable construction. Sustainable construction requires a holistic approach and substantial changes in the organization of construction activity, both at the market and firm level, under the active role of the state. The aim of the study is: 1) analysis of problems in the vertical chain of connections in the construction market, 2)an analysis of the possibilities for creating stable long-term relationships and a joint approach of clients, contractors and subcontractors, which can provide economic, social and environmental efficiency of the construction.
Since the recent development of UAVs(Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and digital sensors technology has enabled the acquisition of high-resolution image data, it is considered that the image data of riverside can be analysed. Therefore, this study analyses the applicability of remote sensing techniques through image analysis in river systems and habitats. The target stream in this study was the Cheongmi stream and the applicability of the river environmental evaluation technique was analysed through image analysis. The satellite images used for the analysis of river topography and environments were compared with the aerial images taken by a micro UAV), and the river environmental evaluation was carried out with the field research at the same time. The data acquisition range and application limit by river environmental evaluation technique proposed previously were evaluated, and as a result, it was found that it was possible to draw various evaluation parameters using a drone that could take an image at a low altitude in comparison to satellite images.
Industrial engineering is founded on the idea that there is always a better way. This mantra rings true in everything an industrial engineer does, from lean manufacturing to six sigma, to quality control and ergonomics. This paper demonstrates the uniqueness of this discipline, the impact its techniques has in sectors outside of manufacturing, and the positive effects it has on businesses.
The study was carried out using the UAV for analyzing the characteristics of debris in order to present the methodology to estimate the quantitative amount of debris caught in small river facilities. A total of six small rivers that maintained the form of a natural river were selected for collecting UAV images, and the grouping of each target in the image was carried out using the object-based classification method, and based on the object-based classification result of the UAV images, the land cover classification for the status of factors causing the generation of debris for six target sections was carried out by applying the screen digitizing method. In addition, in order to verify the accuracy of the classification result, the error matrix was performed, securing the reliability of the result. The accuracy analysis result showed that for all six target sections, the overall accuracy was 93.95% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.93, showing an excellent result.
Multilevel Inverters are getting popular and have become more attractive to researchers in the recent times for high power applications due to their better power quality and higher efficiency as compared to two level inverters. This research work presents a detailed comparative analysis of various multicarrier sinusoidal PWM schemes such as In Phase Disposition, Phase Opposition Disposition and Alternate Phase Opposite Disposition implemented on five level conventional and modified cascaded h-bridge inverters in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Conventional five level topology uses eight switches and suffers from increased switching complexity while modified five level topology uses only five switches and is recommended to reduce switching complexity and switching losses. It also ensures less number of components, reduced size and overall cost of the system. The effect of modulation index (Ma) on the output harmonic contents in various PWM techniques is also analyzed.
Objective: Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important element in this disease.The aim of this study is to prepare TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite (NC), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO)nanoparticles (NPs) to determine the anticancer activity on human CC cell line (HeLa) and healthy mouse fibroblast cell line (L-929). Materials&Methods: ZnO, TiO2 NPs and NC were prepared by a solution combustion synthesis method. The samples were characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Stability analysis was performed with zeta potential. The synthesized NC and NPs were permormed to the HeLa and L-929 cell lines and anticancer activity of these NC and NPs were determined by using MTT method. The HeLa and L-929 cells were treated with different concentrations of these NC and NPs (0,5-100 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The spectrophotometric readings at 570 nm were recorded and analysed with Graphpad Prism7. Results: NC and NPs were successfully synthesized. The effects of these NC and NPs on the HeLa and L-929 cells were compared with the control group and IC50 values were determined for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Then we compared the effects of these molecules on the L-929 cell line with the HeLa cell line and founded more active is on HeLa cells. Conclusion:There are many drugs used in CC treatment. However, undesirable toxicity and drug resistance of these drugs negatively affect treatment.We have synthesized NC and NPs in order to formulate basis of a new drug in this study and have identified anti-cancer activity.As a result, we found that NC and NPs anti-cancer activity was higher in HeLa cells than in L-929.
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
This study was focused on the effects of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) additive on process parameters and compost quality of Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse. Filter cake and bagasse were mixed and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) from a heating power plant of sugar mill. Three compost mixes (M) were obtained: MA with 0%, MB with 10% and MC with 20 wt % of fuel ash. These three different mixes were composted in an experimental composter as three parallel experiments for 3 weeks each. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitoring during composting. Significantly, ash additives decreased the total organic carbon; measured by mineralization the breaking down of the organic matter was more rapid in the MC than in the MA, as well as increased the pH during composting. Interesting, the pH decreased was most important in MA and attend 5 for the first week of composting, and then it gradually increased to pH around 8 at the end of the process. The results indicated that ash inhibits the pH drop due to production of organic acids during composting. The acidity of the material was reported as affects the process during the initial phase of rising temperature and quality of the final product. The temperature reached up to 50-55oC during thermophilic phase, the greater temperature was obtained for MC. At the end of composting, the electrical conductivity increased in the MC, especially in MC, but don’t exceed limit (4 mS/cm) for prevent phytotoxicity of the compost. The SCBA additive was likely to speed up the composting process of bagasse with filter cake from 44 days to 33 days.
The work presents report on production and analysis of bioresin from epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO). The bioresin (acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil) or AEMKO was produced from epoxidized mango kernel oil via acrylation chemical reaction route. The FTIR spectrum analysis of epoxidized mango kernel oil (EMKO) and acrylated epoxidized mango kernel oil (AEMKO) produced gave the degree of acrylation (DOA) as 46%. The Viscosity of AEMKO (resin) was determined at room temperature (25 °C) to be 387cP while the density at 25oC was 1.2 g/cm3. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the bioresin was determined to be 95oC. Production cost analysis of the bioresin was done and found to be N8, 804.35 per litre. The high cost was due to high costs of the chemicals, labour and overhead charges involved at my local level. At commercial level, those components of the costs would definitely reduce to the level compatible with synthetic (polyester) resin (N2, 500 per litre) currently sold by some markers in Nigeria. However, the overall results of the work demonstrated that bioresin can be successfully synthesized from mango kernel oil with properties compatible with ASTM standards. The commercial production of the bioresin will go a long way in mitigating some of the challenges associated with total use of fossil fuel currently use for production of bulk of synthetic resins for composite manufacturing activities.
The window functions used for digital filter design are used to eliminate oscillations in
the FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter design. In this work, the use of Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm is proposed in the design of cosh window function, in which has widely used in the
literature and has useful spectral parameters. The cosh window is a window function derived from the
Kaiser window. It is more advantageous than the Kaiser window because there is no power series
expansion in the time domain representation. The designed window function shows better ripple ratio
characteristics than other window functions commonly used in the literature. The results obtained
were presented in tables and figures and successful results were obtained
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between 2D gray scale pixels and 3D gray scale pixels of image reconstructions in computed tomography (CT). The 3D space image reconstruction from data projection was a challenging and difficult research problem. The image was normally reconstructed from the 2D data from CT data projection. In this descriptive study, a synthetics 3D Shepp-Logan phantom was used to simulate the actual data projection from a CT scanner. Real-time data projection of a human abdomen was also included in this study. Additionally, the Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the application was designed using Matlab Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE). The application was able to reconstruct 2D and 3D images in their respective spaces successfully.The image reconstruction for CT in 3D space was analyzedalong with 2D space in order to show their relationships and shared properties for the purpose of constructing these images.
In this work the antimicrobial activity and the economic viability analysis of the essential oil extracted from the hybrid formed by the seeds species of the Murupi (Capsicum chinense), Criollos de Morellos (Capsicum annuum) and Finger of the young (Capsicum baccatum ). The essential oil of the pepper was obtained by the steam drag process and for this extraction, the Soxhlet method was used. For the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the oil the disc diffusion method was used for the strains of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results point out the resistance of the tested strains to the essential oil of the respective pepper and, in terms of financial and economic aspects, this was not feasible on a small scale. It is suggested that other microorganisms be tested and, later, that studies be carried out with the purpose of characterizing the studied oil chemically for proper application in the agroindustry.
Eliminating Gibbs phenomenon, which occurs during design of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter and which is undesirable, is very important in order to provide expected performance from digital filter. Window functions have been developed to eliminate these oscillations and to improve the performance of the filter in this regard. In this work, an application was developed for designing window function using LABVIEW which is a graphical programming environment produced by National Instruments. LABVIEW offers a powerful programming environment away from complexity. In this work, the performances of cosh and exponential window functions, which are designed by using the possibilities of LABVIEW in programming, are examined and the situations that will occur under various conditions are compared.
Better efficiency of the air transport system of a country at the national level, especially in terms of its
capacity to generate value for passenger flow and cargo transport, effectively depends on the identification of
the demand generation potential of each hub for this type of service. This requires the mapping of the passenger
flow and volume of cargo transport of each region served by the system and the number of connections. The
main goal of this study was to identify important factors that account for the great variability (demand) of
regional hubsof the airport modal system in operation in the State of São Paulo, the most populated and
industrialized in the Southeast region in Brazil. For this purpose, datasets for each airport related to passengers
or cargo flow were obtained from time series data in the period ranging from January 01, 2008 to December
31, 2014. Different data analysis approaches could imply in better mapping of the flow of the air modal system
from the evaluation of some factors related to operations/volume. Therefore, different statistical models - such
as multiple linear regression with normal errors and new stochastic volatility (SV) models - are introduced in
this study, to provide a better view of the operation system in the four main regional hubs, within a large group
of 32 airports reported in the dataset.
Linear attenuation coefficient (휇) is a measure of the ability of a medium to diffuse and absorb radiation. In the interaction of radiation with matter, the linear absorption coefficient plays an important role because during the passage of radiation through a medium, its absorption depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the thickness and nature of the medium. Experiments to determine linear absorption coefficient for Lead, Copper and Aluminum were carried out in air. The result showed that linear absorption Coefficient for Lead is 0.545cm – 1, Copper is 0.139cm-1 and Aluminum is 0.271cm-1 using gamma-rays. The results agree with standard values.
This study presents results of Activity Concentrations, Absorbed dose rate and the Annual Effective dose rates of naturally occurring radionuclides (40K, 232Th and 226Ra) absorbed in 8 soil samples collected from different areas within the Ajiwei mining sites in Niger State, North Central Nigeria. A laboratory γ-ray spectrometry NaI (Tl) at the Centre for Energy Research and Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, was used to carry out the analysis of the soil samples. The values of Activity Concentration for 40K ranged from 421.6174 ± 7.9316 to 768.7403 ± 7.9315; for 226Ra it ranged from 20.6257 ± 2.0858 to 44.0324 ± 5.0985 and for 232Th the ranged is from 23.7172 ± 1.3683 to 62.7137 ± 4.1049 Bq.Kg-1. While the Absorbed Dose for 40K ranged from 17.5814 ± 0.3307 to 32.0565 ± 0.3307 ŋGy.h-1, for 226Ra the range is from 9.5291 ± 0.9636 to 20.3430 ± 2.3555 ŋGy.h-1 and for 232Th range from 14.3252 ± 0.4414 to 37.8791 ± 2.4794 ŋGy.h-1. The total average Absorbed Dose rate of the 8 soil samples collected is 63.7877 ŋGy.h-1 and the estimated Annual Effective Dose for the sampled areas range from 0.0636- 0.1028mSvy-1 (i.e 64 – 103 μSv.y-1), with an average Annual Effective Dose of 0.0782 mSv.y-1 (i.e. 78.2 μSv.y-1). These results show’s that the radiation exposure level reaching members of the public in the study areas is lower than the recommended limit value of 1 mSv.y-1 (UNSCEAR, 2000). Also the mean Radium Equivalents obtained ranged from 107.3259 BqKg-1 (AJ1) to 179.4064 BqKg-1 (AJ4). These results show that the recommended Radium Equivalent Concentration is ≤ 370 BqKg-1 which is the requirement for soil materials to be used for dwellings, this implies that the soil from this site is suitable use for residential buildings. The mean External Hazard Index ( Hext ) ranged from 0.1229 Bqkg-1 (AJ3) to 0.4226 Bqkg-1 (AJ7).. While the maximum allowed value of (Hext = 1) corresponds to the upper limit of Raeq (370 BqKg-1) in order to limit the external gamma radiation dose from the soil materials to 1.5 mGy y-1. That is, this Index should be equal to or less than unity (Hext ≤ = 1). Furthermore, the mean Internal Hazard Index (Hext) ranged from 0.3456 Bqkg-1 (AJ1) to 0.6453 Bqkg-1 (AJ2) .Finally, the mean value of the Excess Alpha Radiation (Iα) ranged from 0.1031 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ1) to 0.2202 Bq.Kg-1 (AJ3. All these values for Iα are below the maximum permissible value of Iα= 1 which corresponds to 200 Bq.Kg-1. It can therefore be said that no radiological hazard is envisaged to dwellers of the study areas and the miners working on those sites area.
Pick and place task is one among the most important tasks in industrial field handled by “Selective
Compliance Assembly Robot Arm” (SCARA). Repeatability with high-speed movement in horizontal plane is
remarkable feature of this type of manipulator. The challenge of design SCARA is the difficulty of achieving
stability of high-speed movement with long length of links. Shorter links arm can move more stable. This
condition made the links should be considered restrict then followed by restriction of operation area
(workspace). In this research, authors demonstrated on expanding SCARA robot’s workspace in horizontal area
via linear sliding actuator that embedded to base link of the robot arm. With one additional prismatic joint the
previous robot manipulator with 3 degree of freedom (3-DOF), 2 revolute joints and 1 prismatic joint is become
4-DOF PRRP manipulator. This designation increased workspace of robot from 0.5698m2 performed by the
previous arm (without linear actuator) to 1.1281m2 by the propose arm (with linear actuator). The increasing
rate was about 97.97% of workspace with the same links length. The result of experimentation also indicated
that the operation time spent to reach object position was also reduced.
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Relating Pull Forces and Power Consumption on Small Scale Autonomous Vehicles
1. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
www.ijmret.org Volume 1 Issue 3 ǁ September 2016.
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Relating Pull Forces and Power Consumption on Small Scale
Autonomous Vehicles
Nicholas Biel, Tyler Gleason, Dr. Daniel Flippo, Dr. Ajay Sharda
Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University
– Assistant Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University
– Assistant Professor, Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University
ABSTRACT : With The Earth’s Population Predicted To Reach Approximately 9 Billion People By 2050,
Improvements In Technology Are Needed To Ensure A Stable Food Supply, While Reducing The Environmental
Impact Of Traditional Agricultural Practices. Research Is Being Conducted On Small Scale Autonomous
Vehicles And Their Abilities To Perform Agricultural Tasks, Such As Tillage And Planting. Many Benefits
Could Arise From The Use Of Small Autonomous Vehicles Including Reduced Soil Compaction, Lower Energy
And Material Inputs, Reduced Air Pollution, And Decreased Manual Labor.
The feasibility of such vehicles is currently being investigated with the use of a small, tracked AgDrone. To
better understand the capabilities of this machine, a series of static and dynamic pull tests were conducted using
a load cell and a myRio data acquisition system. With this data, a relationship between pull force and power
consumption was developed. This relationship provided much needed information on the AgDrone’s ability to
replace current large scale tractors, while increasing the efficiency of common production agriculture tasks.
After the data was analyzed, it was determined that modifications to the AgDrone as well as farming implements
and methods are needed before the AgDrone is able to replace large scale agriculture equipment.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the earth’s population expected to reach 9
billion by 2050, increases in agriculture production
will be a necessity. However, with this increase in
production, the environmental impacts of farming
must be minimized. One possible solution to these
two issues is the utilization of small autonomous
vehicles for farming operations, such as tillage and
planting. Use of these smaller machines may
provide many benefits over current agricultural
practices.
Small autonomous vehicles can potentially reduce
soil compaction, energy cost, material cost,
pollution, and labor requirements. Research was
conducted utilizing a small, tracked AgDrone to
determine the current feasibility of using small
autonomous vehicles to replace large machinery
used to perform farming operations.
Testing was conducted to determine the pulling
abilities of the AgDrone. The AgDrone was
subjected to both static and dynamic pull tests to
determine the maximum pull forces produced by the
drone and the relationship to motor power
consumption and ground speed. Force and power
data was collected utilizing a myRio data acquisition
system.
ASABE Standard D497.7 was then utilized to
estimate draft force requirements for common
farming practices. The estimated draft forces were
then compared to the collected data to determine the
feasibility of utilizing single row implements for
farming applications with the AgDrone. Based on
this comparison, suggested modification to the
AgDrone design and current agricultural practices
were suggested for future research.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The use of autonomous vehicles in production
agriculture has been explored for some decades.
Initial research has been conducted using various
sizes of machines for a wide range of applications.
Automation of large scale equipment for common
agriculture tasks yielded successful results as far
back as 1997. That year, a New Holland 2550 self-
propelled windrower successfully mowed 40 ha
(100 acres) of alfalfa. This was completed in “one
continuous autonomous run”. The next year, a 50
ha (120 acres) was also harvested [7].
Since that success, many smaller systems have been
explored and evaluated for many different forms of
agriculture. Chaoui and Sorensen discuss the
constraints automated systems must have to be
successfully applied to organic farming. These
constraints include quality products, quality
processes, minimizing traditional fossil fuel energy,
justifiable in cost, labor reducing, and sized to fit
specific tasks. Systems range from small, weeding
robots, to autonomous animal feeders and housing
units that relocate animals as needed to optimize
animal and pasture health [4]. This helps illustrate
the possibility for small, unique systems in niche
2. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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markets, as well as the opportunity to implement
autonomous machines in larger, traditional
production farms.
With the possibility for autonomous machines to
transform traditionalproduction agriculture apparent,
research has been conducted on various aspects of
autonomous or robotic systems. Understanding how
traditional implements interact with the environment
is a critical step in introducing unmanned tasks into
the traditionally labor intensive agriculture world.
Armin, Fotouhi, and Szyszkowski discuss using an
FEA method to accurately predict forces developed
on a blade during soil interactions [1]. The
successful results they express give added strength
to the possibility of redesigning smaller implements
for use with small scale autonomous vehicles.
Traditionally, draft forces are calculated using the
generic draft equation detailed in the ASABE
standard ASAE D497.7, updated March 2011.
However, as Askari and Khalifahamzehghasem
discuss, measured forces in various scenarios may
differ significantly from those calculated using the
standard equation [3]. Therefore, this further
demonstrates the need to use more advanced
methods and updated testing to develop small scale
implements and systems.
As with any agriculture machine, understanding
power needs and power consumption is critical to
developing an efficient, viable product. Mei, Lu,
Hu, and Lee detail a power consumption monitoring
method for a Pioneer 3DX robot. Their results show
that the largest consumer of power for this system is
the embedded computer, followed by motion, then
microcontroller, and finally sensing instruments [6].
While the specific power consumption may vary for
each system depending on the application of the
machine and the internal components, the need for
similar studies is an integral part in researching and
transitioning to smaller, electrical machines.
With the majority of research being focused on
determining the feasibility of small scale
autonomous machines and their capabilities, some
research is being conducted to better understand the
economics of replacing traditional machines with
smaller autonomous technologies. Goense, [5] as
well as Toledo, Steward, Gai, and Tang [8], discuss
the constraints and comparisons that must be made
in order to implement new technologies into
production agriculture. Producers must be able to
justify the cost of new machines through fuel
savings, time savings, or labor reductions.
Understandably, any small scale autonomous
vehicle must prove to be economically feasible in
order to replace current large scale machines.
Based on research from more than 20 years ago to
the analysis of current designs, the possibility of
small scale autonomous machines replacing larger
traditional machines is still being investigated as a
solution to increasing agriculture output while
minimizing resource input. Understanding the
market potential, implement and power
requirements, and the economic feasibility of such
machines is critical to creating and implementing
new technologies into production agriculture.
III. TEST PROCEDURE AND
ESTIMATED DRAFT FORCES
Equipment A small, tracked AgDrone, as shown in
Figure 1, was used throughout this test procedure.
The AgDrone was equipped with a 24 volt dual
motor system, powered by two 12 volt deep cycle
Optimabatteries. These batteries were kept charged
to full capacity for each round of testing. Current
and voltage sensors within the AgDrone’s motor
systems were utilized to determine the power output
of the two drive motors.
Figure 1. AgDrone use throughout experiment.
A s-type load cell, as shown in Figure 2, was
equipped to the AgDrone to determine the observed
draft forces. The load cell was rated for 500 pounds
and delivered an output signal of 3.0016 mV/V.
Figure 3illustrates how the load cell was attached to
the AgDrone and shows the drawbar assembly,
which housed the load cell. The eyebolt acted as the
drawbar for the AgDrone and was connected to the
load cell. The load cell was calibrated as described
in the following section.
3. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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w w w . i j m r e t . o r g Page 24
Figure 2. S-type load cell used to determine draft
forces applied to the AgDrone.
Figure 3. Drawbar assembly housing the load cell
mounted to the AgDrone.
A National InstrumentsmyRio data acquisition
system was utilized to acquire the desired data and
control the functions of the AgDrone. National
Instruments LabVIEW was used as the software
interface for the myRio. Programs were developed
in LabVIEW and deployed to the myRio to control
the AgDrone and collect the desired data from the
motor sensors and load cell. The myRio used
throughout this experiment is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. myRio data acquisition system used to
collect data and control AgDrone functions.
The collected data was transmitted wirelessly to a
computer by utilizing a Parallax Propeller Activity
Board and a DigiXBee Pro S3B radio frequency
module. CoolTerm was used to view the received
data and save the data in a text file to later be
manipulated in Excel. The Propeller Activity Board
is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5. Propeller Activity Board and radio
frequency module used to wirelessly transmit
data collected by the mRio.
A Yamaha Grizzly 700 four-wheeler was utilized as
a load sled for the dynamic pull tests. The four-
wheeler brakes were used to vary the draft force
applied to the AgDrone. The winch equipped to the
four-wheeler was used to connect the two machines
together.
4. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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Load Cell Calibration
The load cell used for this experiment was
calibrated using an assortment of tractor weights and
a 500 pound hoist. The tractor weights used were
available in 40 pound and 100 pound sizes. The load
cell was equipped with two eyebolts, one of which
was attached to the hoist hook. Weights of 40
pounds, 80 pounds, 180 pounds, and 200 pounds
were attached to the other eyebolt by a small,
lightweight chain. The hoist cable was then retracted
until the weights were no longer touching the
ground. The cable was then allowed to stabilize
before load cell output voltages were acquired. The
load cell data was then exported from LabVIEW
into an Excel spreadsheet. Load cell output voltages
collected after the hoist cable had stabilized were
then averaged. The averaged output voltages were
then related to the weight of the attached tractor
weights to develop a relationship between the
voltage output and applied force. The resulting
relationship was then utilized to convert output
voltages observed during testing into observed force
in pounds.
Test Procedure
Both static and dynamic pull test were perform by
the AgDrone. The goal for both pull types was to
determine the maximum pull force the AgDrone
could produce. These pull forces were then related
to the observed power consumption of each motor
and the ground speed of the AgDrone.
Static Pull Test Procedure
For this test, a chain was wrapped around a
stationary pillar and attached to the AgDrone via the
load cell eyebolt. The test was performed on a rough
concrete surface to increase tractive efficiency.
Slack in the chain was removed to avoid impulse
forces on the load cell. The AgDrone was then
operated at full speed for a 3 to 5 minute duration.
Pull force and motor power consumption data was
collected and interpreted.
Dynamic Pull Test Procedure
For the dynamic pull tests, a Yamaha Grizzly 700
four-wheeler equipped with a winch was utilized as
a load sled. The four-wheeler’s brake system was
utilized to create various loading conditions. The
AgDrone was attached to the four-wheeler via the
load cell eyebolt and the winch hook. A straight, 15
foot test track distance was used throughout the
experiment. The tests were performed on a rough
concrete surface to increase tractive efficiency. As
the AgDrone traveled down the test track, the brakes
on the four-wheeler were applied at a constant rate
to ensure that a constant force was applied. A
stopwatch was used to measure the pull duration so
that the average velocity of the AgDrone could be
calculated. Pull force and motor power consumption
were also recorded. Multiple trials, at different loads
and speeds, were performed.
DATA
Data was collected and manipulated as discussed in
the previous sections. Each trial is displayed below
as a scatter plot. The trials include three tests
conducted with constant braking force applied and
two tests conducted with varying braking force
applied throughout the pull. All graphs are
displayed as Power versus Force. Force units are
pounds (lb), while the power units are uncalibrated,
unitless values. All recorded values, for the entirety
of each trial, are displayed on the following graphs.
Graph 1. Trial 1, constant braking force.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Power
Force (lb)
Power vs. Force
5. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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Graph 2. Trial 2, constant braking force.
Graph 3. Trial 3, constant braking force
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Power
Force
Power vs. Force
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Power
Force
Power vs. Force
6. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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Graph 4. Trial 4, varying brake force.
Graph 5. Trial 5, varying brake force.
Table 1. Maximum force and corresponding speed for each trial.
Trial Max Force (lb) Speed (ft/s)
1 112.47 0.43
2 121.02 0.41
3 128.59 0.40
4 257.31 0.29
5 275.04 0.26
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Power
Force (lb)
Power vs. Force
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Power
Force (lb)
Power vs. Force
7. International Journal of Modern Research in Engineering and Technology (IJMRET)
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IV. DISUCSSION
The graphs and table from the previous section
illustrate the gathered data. Trials 1,2, and 3, with
constant braking force, show a gradual increase of
power as draft force is increased. A power curve is
developed for each trial as all data points are
plotted. Within the first three trials, the maximum
force developed is approximately 100-120 lb., with
60-80 lb. forces occurring most frequently. During
these trials, solid traction was maintained between
the AgDrone’s tracks and the rough concrete
surface. These trials demonstrate the necessity to
understand the required force for various farming
operations so that a corresponding power can be
matched with a small autonomous machine. Draft
forces for typical farming operations are displayed
in Table 2.
Trials 4 and 5, with varying brake force throughout
the test, illustrate a loss of traction rather than a loss
of power. During these trials, the AgDrone did not
lug down and then come to a stop, but simply lost
traction on the rough concrete surface. Once
braking force was reduced slightly, traction was
regained and the AgDrone was able to continue the
pull. This slip occurred multiple times throughout
each test. However, increased braking led to a
higher maximum force between 200-250 lb. and an
average force between 150-200 lb. The AgDrone
was able to complete greater force pulls with
varying brake forces, which are similar to actual
field conditions. Understanding soil and implement
interaction is critical in order to develop efficient
implements for smaller machines. These trials
demonstrated that traction may prove to be more of
a challenge than the lack of power. Increasing
weight on the AgDrone may be necessary to
increase traction and allow for greater forces to be
pulled.
Table 1 lists the maximum force along with the
corresponding average speed for each trial. In the
varying brake force trials, the max force is greatly
increased, which decreased the average speed of the
AgDrone for both trials. Average speed remained
relatively constant during all three constant brake
force trials. Decreased speed, but increased pulling
ability would allow the AgDrone to perform a
greater variety of farming operations. The speed of
smaller autonomous vehicles will play a critical role
in replacing larger agriculture machinery. Time for
each task must be reduced or compensated for with
other benefits to make implementation of small
autonomous vehicles feasible.
V. ESTIMATED DRAFT FORCES
FOR CURRENT FARMING
OPERATIONS
Table 2displays the estimated draft forces that
would be observed by the AgDrone performing
current farming operations while traveling at its
maximum speed, determined to be .364 miles per
hour. These draft forces were estimated by utilizing
the draft requirements equation available in ASABE
Standard D497.7[2]. This equation is as follows:
D = Fi( A+ B×S + C×S2
) W T (1)
All tillage operations were considered to be primary
operations. Both no-till and conventional planting
operations were also considered. Medium textured
soil was used for each estimation. Tillage depth was
assumed to be 6 inches for each tillage operation
and a depth coefficient of 1 was used for planting
operations as stated by the standard. The machine
width was determined to be 2 feet or 1 tool
depending on the requirements for the standard.
This width was determined to simulate single row
operations.
Table 2: Estimated draft forces for AgDrone operating at full capacity utilizing current tillage and
planting technology.
Implement F A B C
Speed
(mph)
Implement Width
(ft/rows/tools)
Depth (in)
Draft
(lbf)
Moldboard Plow 0.7 113 0 2.3 0.364 2 6 952
Chisel (5 cm straight point) 0.85 52 4.9 0 0.364 1 6 274
Sweep Plow (primary) 0.85 68 5.2 0 0.364 2 6 713
Disk Harrow (tandem-
primary)
0.88 53 4.6 0 0.364 2 6 577
Dish Harrow (offset-primary) 0.88 62 5.4 0 0.364 2 6 675
Disk Gang (single-primary) 0.88 21 1.8 0 0.364 2 6 229
Field Cultivator (primary) 0.85 26 2.5 0 0.364 1 6 137
Row Crop Cultivator (no till) 0.85 248 19.9 0 0.364 1 6 1302
Row Crop Planter (prepared
plant bed)
1 350 0 0 0.364 1 1 350
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Row Crop Planter (no till) 0.96 410 0 0 0.364 1 1 394
Grain Drill (press wheels) 1 90 0 0 0.364 1 1 90
Grain Drill (no till) 0.92 160 0 0 0.364 1 1 147
Hoe Drill (no till) 1 420 0 0 0.364 2 1 840
Pneumatic Drill 1 250 0 0 0.364 2 1 500
Based on the data collected and the estimated draft
forces for common farming operations, the
AgDrone, in its current configuration, would be
unable to perform most of the tasks utilizing current
tillage and planting technology. The AgDrone can
only meet the draft requirements of the grain drill, in
both conventional and no-till applications, and the
field cultivator. Therefore, changes in farming
methods and technology would be required to utilize
the AgDrone or a similar system. The AgDrone may
also need to be redesigned to increase power
production and power delivery to make it a viable
replacement for large farm machinery currently
used.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
After conducting research and analyzing the
collected data from the AgDrone tests, it is
illustrated that small scale autonomous machines
may prove to be a viable replacement for large
agriculture machines. However, additional research
needs to be conducted to better match implements
and viable power units to produce the most efficient
farming operations.
The AgDrone proved successful in pulling forces up
to 250 lb. However, this falls short of the average
draft force required for typical farming operations.
The AgDrone also revealed traction issues that arise
when increasing pulling forces. Modifications are
necessary to increase traction, which would allow
for maximum power output.
Overall, the AgDrone demonstrated that, with
modifications and continued research, it may prove
a viable replacement for large agriculture machines.
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