This document summarizes grain production characteristics and challenges related to climate change in China. It notes that China has diverse topography including mountains, plateaus, basins and plains. Historically, the majority of agricultural land was used for grain but that percentage has decreased in recent decades. North China faces increasing water scarcity and competition over water resources between different sectors. Drought has negatively impacted agricultural areas and production over the past decades. The document presents statistical analysis showing that grain yields are positively correlated with higher irrigation and stable harvesting ratios. Improving irrigation infrastructure and increasing stable harvesting areas can significantly increase yields, especially for regions with currently lower yields.

1. Grain Production Adaptability to
Climate Change in China
International Conference on Policies for Water and Food
Security in Dry Areas
24th to 26th of June, Cairo, Egypt
Liujing

2. Administrative
regions:
31 provinces,
autonomous
regions and
municipalities (not
including
Hk,Macao and
Taiwan) 2861
counties
The number of
total population is
1.370536875
billion(till
2010.11.1
00:00am
including
Hk,Macao and
Taiwan)

3. Land Characteristics by Topographic
Feature
Land Char act er i st i cs By Topogr aphi c
Feat ur e ( 9, 600, 000sq. km/ 100%)
33%
26%
19%
12%
10%
Mount ai ns
Pl at eaus
Basi ns
Pl ai ns
Hi l l s

4. Water Distribution

5. Agricultural Characteristics in China
InternationalConferenceon
PoliciesforWaterandFood
SecurityinDryAreas–24-26June,
Cairo,Egypt
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Grain, 76.5
Oil-bearing, 7.3
Cotton, 3.8
Sugar, 1.1
Vegetable, 4.3
Orchards, 3.5
1990 Unit: %
Grain, 68.1
Oil-bearing, 8.5
Cotton, 3.1
Sugar, 1.2
Vegetable, 12.1
Orchards, 7.3
2011
The percentage of sown area of major corps in 1990 and 2011
Data: China Statistical Yearbook 2012

8. Features of the case study
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24-26June,Cairo,Egypt
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9. Water crisis in north China’s
agricultural sector
• Increasing water scarcity
• Competition between:
• -- farmers and others
• -- upstream and downstream
• Inefficient water use
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10. Drought and agricultural production
Year
Disaster-
affected
areas
（1000
hectares）
Disaster
areas
（1000
hectares）
Crop
failure
areas
（1000
hectares）
Grain loss
（100 million
kg）
Difficult to
access
drinking
water
（10,000
people）
Livestock
difficult to
access
drinking
water
（10,000
heads））
1950-1980 18790.97 6731.26 75.16
1981-2009 24805.28 12716.38 2739.55 252.88 2745.76 2139.14
1990-2009 24992.11 13182.10 2755.36 277.85 2745.76 2139.14
1950-2009 21697.89 9624.07 2739.55 161.06 2745.76 2139.14
1950～2009 Drought Statistics in China
Source：Calculated according to 2009 China Flood and Drought Bulletin

11. The map of Grain yield and irrigation ratio
The distribution map of unit yield in
Chinese counties in 2008
The irrigation level distribution in
Chinese counties in 2008
Data source: 2008 Agricultural Statistics Resources in Chinese Counties (Cities)
Cartographic software: ArcGIS 9.3

12. The map of Grain yield and stable-harvestingratios
The distribution map of unit yield in
Chinese counties in 2008
The stable-harvesting level distribution
in Chinese counties in 2008
Data source: 2008 Agricultural Statistics Resources in Chinese Counties (Cities)
Cartographic software: ArcGIS 9.3

13. The grain yield in most of counties is between 3500 kg/hectare
and 7500 kg/hectare
The grain yield is positively related to the irrigation ratio
Similarly, the stable-harvest ratio is positively related to the grain
yield
Descriptive Statistical Analysis
——Grain yield, irrigation and stable-harvesting
ratios

14. Empirical Model and Results
 Equation
 Data Resources
The data is collected from unit yield panel data in all
counties in 2007 and 2008. After compiling, 2008 effective
sample counties with the unit yield and the irrigation ratio
were selected. 1825 effective sample counties with the
stable-harvesting ratio and unit yield were selected
——Modeling
ititti
j
ijtjit SeirriIrriXYield    lnln 0

15. 实证模型及结果
——模型设定

16. Results
10% lowest grain yield counties
25% lowest grain yield counties
Counties with the median grain yield
75% highest grain yield counties
10% highest grain yield counties

17. Current Situation of Irrigation
Infrastructure in Rural Area

18. Conclusion
Firstly, under other input factors unchanged, in all quantile regression
models, the contribution coefficients of unit yield by the irrigation
ratio and the stable-harvesting ratio are the significant positive at 5%.
Secondly, for the lowest unit yield group (10% lowest unit yield
group), improving the irrigation conditions and increasing irrigation
areas and stable-harvesting areas have the most significant influences
on increasing grain unit yield.
Thirdly, the contribution ratios to the unit yield made by the stable-
harvesting ratio are higher than the irrigation ratios.

19. Thanks for listening
Questions, comments and suggestions are welcome