This document provides guidelines for referencing sources using the Vancouver referencing style. It outlines how to format references for a variety of source types, including books, journal articles, websites, government documents, and more. Key details are provided such as punctuation, author names, titles, dates, and page numbers. The guidelines emphasize placing reference numbers superscript after punctuation and listing references numerically at the end of a paper in the order they are cited.
Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically analyze the research paper to judge its trustworthiness, its value and relevance in a particular context. (Amanda Burls 2009)
A critical review must identify the strengths and limitations in a research paper and this should be carried out in a systematic manner.
The Critical Appraisal helps in developing the necessary skills to make sense of scientific evidence, based on validity, results and relevance.
Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically analyze the research paper to judge its trustworthiness, its value and relevance in a particular context. (Amanda Burls 2009)
A critical review must identify the strengths and limitations in a research paper and this should be carried out in a systematic manner.
The Critical Appraisal helps in developing the necessary skills to make sense of scientific evidence, based on validity, results and relevance.
Randomization is the process by which allocation of subjects to treatment groups is done by chance, without the ability to predict who is in what group. It is done in clinical trials. This presentation describes the methods of randmization used in clinical trials.
General statistics, emphasis of statistics with regards to healthcare, types of stats, methods of sampling, errors in sampling, different types of tests, measures of dispersion, correlation, types of correlation
Randomization is the process by which allocation of subjects to treatment groups is done by chance, without the ability to predict who is in what group. It is done in clinical trials. This presentation describes the methods of randmization used in clinical trials.
General statistics, emphasis of statistics with regards to healthcare, types of stats, methods of sampling, errors in sampling, different types of tests, measures of dispersion, correlation, types of correlation
Vietnam Mobile Market Report 2015: Recap of Vietnam mobile market in 2015 in numbers and figures. Insights and guide to distributing Online Mobile Games, Apps in Vietnam.
After the time of collecting, evaluating and synthetizing information from reliable resources, Appota has finished the Vietnam Mobile Market report 2015. The purpose of this report is giving an overview of the domestic and foreign markets as well as sharing the business activities to readers interested in mobile market.
Literary Analysis – Poetry SelectionsEmily Dickinson, I dwell.docxSHIVA101531
Literary Analysis – Poetry Selections
Emily Dickinson, "I dwell in possibility" (#657)
I dwell in Possibility--
A fairer House than Prose--
More numerous of Windows--
Superior--for Doors--
Of Chambers as the Cedars--
Impregnable of Eye--
And for an Everlasting Roof
The Gambrels of the Sky--
Of Visitors--the fairest--
For Occupation--This--
The spreading wide my narrow Hands
To gather Paradise—
Document URL: http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/ed-possibility.html
Nothing Gold Can Stay
By Robert Frost
Nature's first green is gold
Her hardest hue to hold.
Her early leaf's a flower;
But only so an hour.
Then leaf subsides to leaf.
So Eden sank to grief,
So dawn goes down to day.
Nothing gold can stay.
Document URL: http://www.online-literature.com/frost/748/
This is Just to Say
By William Carlos Williams
I have eaten
the plums
that were in
the icebox
and which
you were probably
saving
for breakfast
Forgive me
they were delicious
so sweet
and so cold
Document URL: http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/this-is-just-to-say/
Referencing
Why is correct referencing important?Academic reasonsPractical reasons
It is a requirement of your department/school
Puts your current work into context
Provides supporting evidence for facts, opinions, data, approaches taken
Gives your work academic credibility
Shows the breadth of your reading
Avoid plagiarism!
Allows others to easily find your sources
–give as much information as you can
Helps you re-trace your reading in the future
Poor information sources and poor referencing loses marks
What are references and citations?
Citation
Reference
Reference List
Bibliography
Appears in the text of your essay, wherever you use a quote or incorporate an idea you have picked up from another source
Appears at the end of your essay or chapter, or sometimes at the bottom of each page, and gives full details of the source of your information
A list at the end of a chapter or essay giving full details of sources cited within the essay
A list at the end of your essay which gives the full details of all sources which you have read even if they are not referred to within the text
Citation requiredNo citation requiredYou are quoting directly from another sourceMention a fact that is commonly knownPresent the results of your own survey or experimentYou are writing about another researcher’s theory or idea using your own words, as a paraphrase or a summaryYou use an image from the web
You are using facts and figures from another writer to support your ideaYou use a diagram from a bookYou include some statistics that your lecturer has given you in a lecture
X
X
19 August 2009
4
Book
Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Adams, A.D. 1906. Electric transmission of water power. New York: McGraw.
Kane, M. and Trochim, W. 2007. Concept mapping for planning and evaluation. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Chapter in ed ...
Richard FeynmanInstitutionRichard Feynman was born on the .docxmalbert5
Richard Feynman
Institution
Richard Feynman was born on the eleventh day of May 1918, in Queens, New York City. His parents were Lucille nee Philips and Melvin Arthur Feynman who was a homemaker and a sales manager respectively, and they were both Lithuanian Jews. He attended Far Rockaway High School in Queens and enrolled in Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Princeton University as an adult. Feynman was a late bloomer, in other words, he was not able to talk until his third birthday, and when he did speak, and he developed a New York accent even as an adult. However, some of his friends teased him about this and also called him a "bum." He had a strict and straight to the point father who often urged him to think outside the box and challenge conventional thinking.
Furthermore, the father was always there for him, ready to teach him new things and test his intellect. The mother, on the other hand, was a calm and collected woman. Feynman gained a sense of humor from her which he maintained most of his adult life.
As a young kid, Feynman had a liking for engineering. He had an experimental laboratory built in his home where he repaired broken radios. At one point, Feynman created an alarm burglar system. Several years later, in 1941, Feynman was involved in the Manhattan project where he aided the engineers working there by devising safety procedures for material storage (Kelly, 2009). The Manhattan Project was an experiment done by Robert R. Wilson who sought to produce enriched Uranium for use in an atomic bomb. He also received a Ph.D. in 1942 from Princeton University. While alive, he was regarded as the brightest, powerful and radical individual especially in the era of post-world war II. While doing his Ph.D., he married his first wife Arline Greenbaum, who later died in 1945.
After the death of his wife, Richard occupied himself with the Manhattan project which he was introduced to by Robert Wilson. Hans Bethe made him the group leader and this mission formed a foundation for him. He calculated neutron equations for a water boiler to assess how close a particular assembly of fissile material was becoming critical. He later transferred to Oak Ridge where he helped engineers to calculate the safety procedures in storing documents. He then moved and worked in different places and capacities including Cornell University. In 1952, he married his second wife, Mary Louise. In 1965, Richard won the physics Nobel Prize, has changed the field of Quantum Mechanics and formulated the theory of quantum electrodynamics. Apart from physics, Richard was known for his good jokes and ever jovial mood.
Contributions of Richard Feynman
Richard Feynman is known for his work as a theoretical physicist. He made his mark as an original scientist, contributing to some jobs such as the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics and the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium (Gri.
A great presentation from a well versed friend in research and EBM, Dr Yaser Faden.
This is a simple introduction to study design with an accompanying workshop to simplify the different types of research study designs.
This is an introduction and orientation from a previous RSS student to the new students detailing the process from the student perspective.by Hager Aref.
Thank you again for your contribution to research education.
Introduction to Research Research Summer School RSS 2012Wesam Abuznadah
A simple introduction, a talk that i give to Research Summer School students.
A must have for beginners in research whether you are a medical or healthcare student, resident or practitioner
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Referencing Guide Vancouver Style
1. VANCOUVER Reference Style Guide
Notes:
Your reference list should appear at the end of your assignment/report with the entries listed numerically and in the same order that they were cited in
the text.
It is very important that you use the right punctuation and that the order of details in the reference is also correct.
No use of & between author names
Book and journal titles are not italicised or placed in quotation marks.
Abbreviate page numbers to p. eg p. 12-25.
Only first words of the article title and words that normally begin with a capital letter are capitalised.
Journal titles are abbreviated. A list of abbreviations for the titles is available online at either List of Journals in MEDLINE with abbreviations (NB: Use
the binoculars in the toolbar to search for a title) or Medical Journal Abbreviations (Internationally recognised abbreviations for journal titles). Other
sources: Caltech Library Services and Bioscience
More than 6 authors, first 3 authors are listed; thereafter add an et al. after the third author.
If the journal has continuous page numbering, you may omit month/issue number
Place superscript reference number after commas and full stops and before colons and semi-colons – unless the superscript is attached to
authors name or title of book/database – then always before punctuation.
If the reference number is connected to a year or number, place a space between the number and the reference number for clarity.
[example: back as 1915 35 …]
Books In-Text Example Reference List Example
Single author The theory was first propounded 1. Comfort A. A good age. London: Mitchell Beazley; 1997.
in 1993 by Comfort1 that …
OR
Comfort1 claimed that ‘…’
2 – 6 authors ‘… new definition of disability’2 2. Madden R, Hogan T. The definition of disability in Australia: Moving towards
OR national consistency. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 1997.
Madden and Hogan have stated
that ‘…’2
More than 6 authors Numerous academic librarians 3 3. Rodgers P, Smith K, Williams D, et al. The way forward for Australian libraries.
Perth: Wombat Press; 2002.
No author ‘ …the most-accepted 4. Advertising in the Western Cape. Cape Town: ABC Publishers; 1990.
definition.’4
Multiple works by same author University research 5,6 has 5. Brown P. Corals in the Capricorn group. Rockhampton: Central Queensland
indicated that… [if not University; 1982.
previously cited]
6. Brown P. The effects of anchor on corals. Rockhampton: Central Queensland
University; 1988.
Editor The most comprehensive work 7. Kastenbaum R, editor. Encyclopedia of adult development. Phoenix: Oryx
on the Subject7 … Press; 1993.
Different Editions The latest preferred style8 8. Renton N. Compendium of good writing. 3rd ed. Milton: John Wiley & Sons;
-1–
Updated 8 Aug 2009 by OpenJournals Publishing
2. 2004.
An edition number is placed after the title of the work - this is not
necessary for a first edition.
Encyclopedia or Dictionary ‘is defined as …’9 9. Oxford dictionary for scientific writers and editors. Oxford: Clarendon; 1991.
Parabola; p. 89.
[include the definition looked up – in this case ‘Parabola’.
Article or chapter in a book As discussed by Blaxter10… 10. Blaxter M. Social class and health inequalities. In: Carter C, Peel J, editors.
Equalities and inequalities in health. London: Academic Press, 1976; p. 369-380.
Article or chapter in a book – no author Achieving a life of its own11… 11. Solving the Y2K problem. In: Bowd D, editor Technology today and
tomorrow. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997; p. 27-40.
Conference Proceeding (the whole This was discussed at the 15. Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings
conference) conference15 …. of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour Conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New
York:Springer; 2002.
Conference Paper This was discussed at the 15. Anderson JC. Current status of chorion villus biopsy. Paper presented at:
conference15 …. APSB 1986. Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the Australian Perinatal Society,
Mothers and Babies; 1986 Sep 8-10; Queensland, Australian. Berlin: Springer;
1986. p. 182-191.
Conference Poster/workshop This was discussed at the 15. Chasman J, Kaplan RF. The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive
conference15 …. functioning in dementia. Poster session presented at: Excellence in clinical
practice, 4th Annual Conference of the Amercian Academy of Clinical
Neuropsychology; 2006 Jun 15-17; Philadelpia, PA.
Image in a book The poster “Buy Australian 16. Cowle C, Walker D. The art of apple branding. Hobart:Apples from Oz; 2005.
Apples”16
Print Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example
Article As mentioned by Wharton17,… 17. Wharton N. Health and safety in outdoor activity centres. J Adventure Ed
Outdoor Lead. 1996;12(4):8-9.
Article – no author It’s a growing problem in the 18. Anorexia nervosa. Br Med J. 1969;2(1):529-530.
U.K.18 …
Newspaper article – with or without ‘… not responsible’.19 19. Towers K. Doctor not at fault: coroner. The Australian 2000 Jan 18;3.
author
Newspaper article – no author ‘…not responsible.’20 20. Doctor cleared by coroner. Sydney Morning Herald 2000 Jan 24;12.
Press release As stated by the company21 21. Watersmith C. BHP enters new era [press release].Melbourne: BHP Limited;
2000 Mar 1.
Electronic Journals In-Text Example Reference List Example
Full text from an electronic database The economic policy issues 22. Reid DB. Austtralasian association of doctors’ health advisory services. Med
raised by the Internet are J Australia [serial online]. 2005 [cited 2006 Mar 28];182(5):255. Available from:
discussed in detail by Madden22 Health and Medical Complete.
Full text from an electronic database – The internet has had a huge 23. Cell tropism of Salmonella enterica. Int J Med Microbiol [serial online]. 2004
no impact on the Australian [cited 2006 Mar 28]; 294(4):225-33. Available from: Health and Medical
economy 23 … Complete.
-2–
Updated 8 Aug 2009 by OpenJournals Publishing
3. Full text newspaper, newswire or Promoted as a ‘frontier state’24, 24. WA packed with overseas appeal. The West Australian [serial online]. 2003
magazine from an electronic database Western Australia is seen by [cited 2004 Nov 13] Nov 12; 47. Available from: Factiva.
– no author overseas tourists as …
Full text from the internet Recreational venues of a 25. Sopensky E. Ice rink becomes hot business. Austin Business Journal [serial
seasonal nature can still be on the Internet]. 2002 [cited 2002 Oct 16]; 10(4). Available from:
profitable25 … http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2002/10/14/smallb1.html.
Article from Curtin E-Reserve ‘ …tips on speaking to groups of 26. Bodeker G, Kronenberg F. A public health agenda for traditional,
health care professionals.26 complimentary, and alternative medicine. Am. J. Public Health [serial online].
2002 [cited 2006 Mar 29] 92(10):1582-91. Available from: Curtin Library and
Information Service E-Reserve.
Article from a CD-ROM (BPO) Marketing is money well spent, 27. La Rosa SM. Marketing slays the downsizing dragon. Information Today
even in hard times, according to [serial on CD-ROM] 1992 [cited 2002 Oct 16]; 9(3):58-9. Available from: UMI
La Rosa27. Business Periodicals Ondisc.
Newspaper article from online Marketing is money well spent, 60. Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The Australian [newspaper online].
database even in hard times, according to 2005 Jun 14 [cited 2005 Jun 30];[about 8 screens]. Available from: Factiva.
Dearne60. http://global.factiva.com.
Cochrane Review This is debated by Iver, 28. Iyer V, Farquhar C, Jepson R. The effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills
Farquhar and Jepson28 versus placebo or any other medical treatment for menorrhagia. [Cochrane
review] In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 1998. Oxford: Update Software.
World Wide Web In-Text Example Reference List Example
Document on WWW A good example of how 29. Department of Health. Creutzfeldt Jakob disease: Guidance for healthcare
students can learn online about workers [homepage on the Internet]. c2003 [updated 2003 Mar 23; cited 2003
referencing at their own pace Nov 9]. Available from http://www.doh.gov.uk/pdfs/cjdguidance.pdf
can found at Curtin University.29
Document on WWW – no article title … Curtin University Library 30. Curtin University of Technology [homepage on the Internet]. Perth: Curtin
launched an improved version University; c2004 [updated 2004 May 21; cited 2004 Dec 10] Available from:
of their homepage 30 http://www.curtin.edu.au/
Document on WWW – No author Both Leafy Seadragons and 31. Leafy seadragons and weedy seadragons [homepage on the Internet]. c2001
Weedy Seadragons are [updated 2001 Aug 1; cited 2004 Dec 10]. Available from:
protected species.31 http://www.windspeed.net.au/~jenny/seadragons/.
Document on WWW – No date A link between these conditions 32. McCook A. Pre-diabetic condition linked to memory loss [homepage on the
has been noted by McCook.32 Internet]. No date [cited 2003 Feb 7]. Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news_11531.html
Image on the web The image of the bleached 33. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority [image on the Internet]. c2002
coral33 [updated 2006 Jan 28; cited 2006 Feb 15]. Available from:
http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/science/bleaching/
Government Publications In-Text Example Reference List Example
Acts of Parliament The Environmental Protection 34. Environmental Protection Act of 1986, WA [statute on the Internet]. c2002
Act 198634... [cited 2004 Dec 21]. Available from: State Law Publisher.
Cases State-federal relations in this 35. The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 5.
issue were tested in court as far
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4. back as 1915 35 …
Australian Bureau of Statistics Bulletin … change from the figures 36. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and carers: summary of
published in 1999 by the ABS.36 findings. Canberra: ABS; 1999. ABS publication 4430.0.
Australian Bureau of Statistics from … change from the figures 37. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and carers: Summary of
ABS website published in 1999 by the ABS.37 findings [serial online]. c1999 [cited 2004 Oct 14]; ABS publication 4430.0.
Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au.
Census Information … information from the 2001 38. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Census of population and housing: 2001
census now becoming dated.38 Census Basic Community Profiles and Snapshots: Postal Areas: postal area
6050: B01 selected characteristics. First release processing [data table online].
c2001 [cited 2002 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.abs.gov.au.
Government Reports … a new approach to resource 39. Resource Assessment Commission. Forest and timber enquiry. Volume 1.
assessment on the macro Draft report. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 1991.
level.39
Also:
39. Childrens Institure, UCT. Child rights in focus. Annual report 2004/2005
[document on the Internet]. University of Cape Town; no date [cited 2009 Feb
21]. Available from: xxxx.
Patent US Patent 20020103498 40 40. Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible
endoscopic grasping and cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United
States patent 20020103498. 2002 Aug 1.
Online Standard from Standards Australia41 41. Standards Australia. Size clothing scheme for infants’ and children’s clothing
– underwear and outerwear [standard online]. c1997 [cited 2006 Feb 22]; AS
1182-1997. Available from: Standards Australia Online.
Secondary Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example
Book Higgins discusses Newman’s 42. Higgins D. Horizons: The poetics and theory of the intermedia. Illinois:
research in his work…42 Southern Illinois University Press: 1984
Record the book that you actually used.
Journal article Clements quoted Chandler in 43.Clements C. The facts about cocaine (drugs), Science and Children [serial
his article…43 online]. 2007 [cited 2007 Apr 13]; 44(7): 44. Available from: ProQuest.
Record the journal that you actually used.
Other Sources In-Text Example Reference List Example
Personal communication, e-mail, This was later confirmed Not included in reference list as they cannot be traced by the reader.
discussion lists (no web archive) (Savieri S 1999, personal
communication, April 24) that an
outbreak occurred in London at
this time.
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5. Citing unpublished work using Matthews C, Van Rensburg A, Schierhout G, Coetzee N. The potential of
numbered references: syndromic management to improve the care of patients at an STD clinic
in Cape Town. Medical Research Council and Department of Community
Give “(Unpublished)” at the end of a Health, University of Cape Town; 1997 (Unpublished report).
reference if the information is not
readily available or obvious. Thapisa A. Co-operation with the University of Botswana. [Personal interview,
10 March] Cape Town; 1998 (Unpublished).
Films and video recordings … as seen in the Lonergan film, 44. Scorsese M, producer; Lonergan K, director. You can count on me [motion
You Can Count on Me44. picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures; 2000.
Television and radio programmes …then AMA chief, in a television 45. The medical profession in the 1990s [television broadcast]. The
interview.45 MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. New York, Washington D.C.: Public Broadcasting
Service; 1993 Oct 11.
Podcast ….in The Wings of a Butterfly – 46. The wings of a butterfly – children, teenagers and anxiety [podcast on the
Children, Teenagers and Internet]. Sydney: ABC Radio National; c2005 [updated 2005 Sep 10; cited 2005
Anxiety 46 Sep 16]. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/podcast/default.htm#mind.
CD-ROM …in Anderson’s Electronic Atlas 47. Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson’s electronic atlas of haematology [CD-
of Haematology47 ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002.
E-mail discussion list – web archive … as discussed by Little49. 49. Little L. Two new policy briefs. ECPOLICY [discussion list on the Internet].
2002 Apr 16 [cited 2002 Nov 13]. Available from:
http://www.askeric.org/Virtual_Listserv_Archives/ECP
OLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg0003.html
Government publication Examples Australia. Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs and Defence.
Australian Gulf War veterans' health study 2003. Canberra: Commonwealth of
Australia; 2003.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and carers: summary of
findings. Canberra: ABS; 1999. ABS publication 4430.0.
Association/organisation as author Examples Name of organisation. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher; year.
Page(s).
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and
proinsulin in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension.
2002;40(5):679-86.
Foreign/Translated works Examples Ellingsen AE, Wilhelmsen I. [Disease anxiety among medical students and law
students]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002 Mar 20;122(8):785-7. Norwegian.
Scientific / Technical report Examples Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in Antarctica: with
comment on behavioural adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1977. Australian
Government Department of Science, Antarctic Division. ANARE scientific
reports. Series B(4), Medical science No. 0126.
Unpublished dissertation/thesis Example Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic
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6. Americans [unpublished dissertation]. Mount Pleasant (MI): Central
Michigan University; 2002.
In Press Example Tian D, Araki H, Stahl E, Bergelson J, Kreitman M. Signature of
balancing selection in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. In press
2002.
Abbreviations:
These are commonly used abbreviations:
c. = circa (about, approximately)
ch. = Chapter
ed. = edition
et al. = and others
fig; figs = figure(s)
ill; ills = illustrator(s)
p. = page(s)
para; paras = paragraph(s)
pt; pts = part(s)
rev = revised
suppl = Supplement
Other Sources of Information
Note: This list of examples is in no way exhaustive. Only the most often-used types of references are listed here. Refer to the following publications for more
information on citing references:
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and editing for
biomedical publication [document on the Internet]. ICMJE;2003 [updated 2004 Oct; cited 2005 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.icmje.org/.
Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, Glass RM, Glitman P, Lantz JC, et al. American Medical Association manual of style: a guide for authors and editors.
9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
Acknowledgements
University of Queensland and Library, ‘How to’ guide
National Library of Medicine
Monash University Library
Curtin University of Technology
Other resources:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html
http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/vancouver.html
http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/find/citation/vancouver.html#World%20Wide%20Web%20Documents
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=citmed.TOC&depth=2
http://library.curtin.edu.au
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