This document provides information about different citation and referencing systems including Oxford, Harvard, and Vancouver styles. It discusses the components of citations like citations within text and reference lists. It provides examples of how to cite different sources like books, book chapters, journal articles, and websites in each style. The document is intended to guide students on properly citing sources in their academic work.

1. *
DR. MD. SHALEH MAHMUD ASAD
RESIDENT
MS COURSE, UROLOGY, PHASE - A,
BSMMU.

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Different components of acknowledgement
 Importance
 Principles
 Different systems/styles
 Oxford system in details
 Harvard system in details
 Vancouver system in details

3. Introduction
We are expected to acknowledge the books, journal articles and other sources of
information that we use when preparing and completing our university work.
This is done by briefly referring to (citing) the sources of information in the text
of our work, and by producing a corresponding, alphabetical list of references (or
a bibliography) at the end of our work.
Citing a source of information in our own text:
 The need for care and guidance (Pearson et al., 2007) is evident...
or
 As Pearson et al. states (2007, p.72), "The basis of evidence-based practice is, of
course, evidence.“
The corresponding reference:
 Pearson, A., Field, J., Ford, D. and Jordan, Z. (2007) Evidence-Based Clinical Practice in
Nursing and Health Care: Assimilating Research, Experience and Expertise. 2nd ed.
Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

4. Components of acknowledgement
CITATION: Acknowledging within our text ,the document from which we have
obtained information.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Is the list of publications we have consulted.
REFERENCE: Is the detailed description of the document from which we have
obtained the information.
Reference list: Is presented in alphabetical order (by author) and lists all
the references we have cited directly in our written text. The reference list is
usually found at the end of a piece of written work.
Footnotes: Are placed at the bottom of the page on which the reference
appears.
Endnotes : Are similar to footnotes but instead of being added to the bottom
of each page they are grouped together at the end of the document. We use
the term Notes to refer to a footnote or an endnote.

5. Importance
Honest and professional citation of references provides part of
the framework for sound written research:
 because we must acknowledge the sources we have used to establish our
arguments and criticisms;
 the references enable other people to identify and trace the sources we
have used for our ideas;
 it helps avoid charges of plagiarism because it makes clear when we are
using someone else's ideas and words.

6. Principles :
 The way we acknowledge, cite the source in our text
 The way we list our sources at the end of our work to enable
identification
 There are a variety of systems for bibliographies. Once we have selected
a system, it is important that we stick to it consistently.
 Most subjects and Faculties within the University have a preferred
system. So have to consult with our department.

7. Reference Systems:
There are several referencing systems-
I. Oxford System
II. Harvard System
III. Vancouver System
IV. APA (American Psychological Association) System
V. IEEE (Institution of Electronic and Electrical Engineering) System
VI. MLA (Modern Language Association) system
VII. Turabian System

8. Oxford System

9. Text Citation
 Citations in the body of the paper refer to footnotes at the bottom of the
paper. They consist of a superscript (raised) number, generally at the end of a
sentence.
 Footnotes provide the bibliographic details of a source and appear at the
bottom of the page. Footnotes are numbered consecutively throughout a
chapter or paper.
Kostof notes, 'Ggantija is a wholly manmade form, which is to say it is thought out and
reproduceable'.1
__________________________________________
1. S. Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press,
New York, 1995, p. 35.

10. Repeat Citation
When sources are referred to more than once in the footnotes, full bibliographic
details do not need to be given after the initial footnote.
Use 'ibid.' in a footnote where the immediately preceding footnote refers to the
same source.
1. S. Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University
Press, New York, 1995, p. 35.
2. ibid.
 If it is the same source, but a different page, add the page number.
1. S. Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press,
New York, 1995, p. 35.
2. ibid., p. 45.

11. 'op. cit.' and 'loc. cit.'
While 'ibid.' is used for citing an immediately preceding footnote, 'op. cit' and
'loc. cit' are used for citing all other previously cited sources.
 Use 'op. cit.' to refer to a work previously cited that has a different page
number.
 Use 'loc. cit' to refer to the same page of a previously cited work.
1. S. Kostof, A history of architecture: settings and rituals, 2nd edn, Oxford University
Press, New York, 1995, p. 35.
2. R. Tansey & F. Kleiner, Gardner's art through the ages, 10th edn, Harcourt Brace
College Publishers, Sydney, 1996, p. 29.
3. Kostof, op. cit., p. 46.
4. Tansey & Kleiner, loc. cit.

12. Quotation Citation
 In the body of the text , have to use single quotation marks for short quotes of
less than 30 words.
Kostof notes, 'Ggantija is a wholly manmade form, which is to say it is thought out and
reproduceable'.1
 For quotes longer than 30 words, do not use quotation marks. Start the quote
on a new line, indented and in a smaller font size.
Morley-Warner suggests that students should focus on how journal articles in their subject are written and
structured. She describes another benefit of this process:
You will also gain a sense of the complexity of being an apprentice writer in an academic culture, or rather cultures,
where expectations may vary from discipline to discipline, even subject to subject and where you can build a repertoire of
critical thinking and writing skills that enable you to enter the academic debates, even to challenge.24

13. Reference List
Books with one Author
Author’s last name and first name; title; edition (if not 1st); place of publication
and publisher, year of publication.
 Bryman, Alan. Social research methods. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford university press, 2008.
Books with two or more Authors
 Fabozzi, Frank J., Modigliani, Franco and Jones, Frank J. Foundations of financial
markets and institutions. 4th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2010.
Books which are Edited (Anthologies)
For edited books include eds. in brackets after the name of the editor(s).
 Allen, Jeffner and Young, Iris Marion (eds.). The thinking muse: feminism and modern
French philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989.

14. Book Chapters
Include : family name(s) and first name(s) of author(s) of book chapter; title of
book chapter; In, title of book; first and family name(s) of editor(s) and ed(s) in
brackets; edition (if not 1:st); page numbers of chapter; place of publication and
publisher; year of publication.
 Ellet, Elizabeth F.L. By rail and stage to Galena. In Prairie state: impressions of Illinois, 1673-1967,
by travelers and other observers, Paul M. Angle (ed.), 271-79. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1968.
E-books
The same information should be provided as for printed books. For books that
have been read or downloaded from a library website or bookshop we should
add information about e-book at the end of the reference.
 Bowen, Natasha K. & Guo, Shenyang. Structural equation modeling. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2012. Available from: E-Book Library, (accessed 23 September 2010).

15. Some books whose copyright have expired are sometimes freely available on
the internet. In those cases we should add the complete URL (http ://....) and
access date, the date we downloaded/read the book. If the URL is very long it
could be sufficient to use the URL of the web site where we found the book .
 Daniel. Memory of a tree festival. Hamburg: Sommer Publishing, 1902.
http://books.google.se/Smith,
 http://www.treesandplantsmemoriesinsummer (Accessed 2012-05-21).
Journal Articles
Include : family name(s) and first name(s) of author(s); title of article; journal
name; volume and issue; year of publication ; page numbers of article.
 Lundmark, Linda. Economic Restructuring into Tourism in the Swedish Mountain
Range. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 5, no. 1 (2005): 23–45.

16. Journal Article (4 or more Authors )
 Spencer,M. et al., 'Analyzing the Order of Items in Manuscripts of "the Canterbury
Tales"', Computers and the Humanities, vol. 37, no. 1, 2003, pp. 97-109.
Journal Article (Electronic Database)
Author, A., ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume, number, year, page/s. Available
from: Name of Database, (accessed date).
 Toffoletti, K. 'How is Gender-based Violence Covered in the Sporting News? An
Account of the Australian Football League Sex Scandal', Women's Studies
International Forum, vol. 30, no. 5, 2007, p. 427. Available from: ProQuest, (accessed
23 February 2010).
Journal Article (Website)
 Moore, K.R., 'Was Pythagoras Ever Really in Sparta?', Rosetta, no. 6 Spring, 2009,
http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk, (accessed 10 September 2010).

17. Encyclopedias/Dictionaries
For articles/entries in online encyclopedias include (if available): author of article, title
of article, name of encyclopedia, year of publishing,;
complete URL (http://.....) and date of access. If there is no author, use the title of the
entry or article first.
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2010.
 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/142824/Creutzfeldt-Jakob-disease
(Accessed 2010-10-30).
Dissertations
Include information about university of graduation and title of degree.
 Eckerberg, Katarina. Environmental protection in Swedish forestry: a study of the
implementation process. PhD diss., Umeå University, 1987.

18. Illustrations (photographs, figures, diagrams, tables etc.)
Illustrations created by others are often protected by copyright. In those cases
we need permission from the copyright owner before we can use the
illustrations in our text. If possible always state the creator of the illustration in
the reference list. If we use an illustration in our paper have to include a
caption with the following information image number (e.g. Figure 1), title,
creator of illustration and year.
 Lennver, Anders. Night against procrastination [Photography]. 2012.
http://www.ub.umu.se/nightagainstprocrastion/ (Accessed 2016-04-05).
 State the name of the illustrator if different than the author of the work and
page number of the illustration if available .
 Hazel, Edward. Prague by day [Photography]. In Czech photography in the twenty-first
century, S. Johnson (ed.), 32. Prague: Autumn Publishing, 2015.

19. Web Pages/Internet Sources
A. Author, ‘Title of web section/article/document’, Title of website [medium],
day month year, page/paragraph/section name, <URL>, accessed day month
year.
 S. Black, ‘Kevin Andrews prods the Sudanese in the woodpile’, Crikey [website], 9 June
2007, para. 4, <http://www.crikey.com.au>, accessed 3 May 2014.
Newspaper Article
Author, A., ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title, Date, page/s.
 Boyd, R., 'The City of Sordid Splendour', The Australian, 26 August 1964, p. 10.

20. HARVARD SYSTEM
In-text citations
 Book: single author ……………….(Holt 1997 ) or Holt (1997)
 Book: 2 or 3 authors……………..( McCarthy, William & Pascale 1997 )
 Book: more than 3 authors……( Bond et al. 1996 )
 Book: no author…………………….( A history of Greece 1994 )
 Book: editor………………………….( Jones 1998 )
 Book: 2 or more editors…………( Bullinger & Warnecke 1985 )
 Book: organisation as author…. ( Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource
Economics 2001 )
 Book: chapter or article in edited book….. ( Milkman 1998, p. 25 )
 Book: different works by same author in same year……( Bond 1991a ) (Bond
1991b)

21.  Journal article:…………..( Jennings 1997 )
 Website :………………………(University Library 2015)
 Image with known creator available via the web………(Colli 2009)
 Newspaper: ……………..(Devlin 2011)
 Dictionary or Encyclopedia : ……………………The Macquarie dictionary ( 2010 )
 Block quotations
For quoting a long piece of text (more than 30 words), the actual quote should
be in slightly smaller font and indented from the left hand margin to distinguish
it from the surrounding text. For example –
It was stated that:
If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in the future, then stringent
controls should be put in place to ensure such statistical anomalies do not occur
through lack of methodological rigor, particularly through corruption of data
inadequately stored and processes (Mullane 2006, p. 66).

22. Reference List
Books with one Author
Include : author’s last name and first name; year of publication; title; edition (if
not 1st); place of publication and publisher.
 Bryman, Alan. 2008. Social research methods. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Books with two or more Authors
 Fabozzi, Frank J., Modigliani, Franco and Jones. 2010. Foundations of financial
markets and institutions. 4th ed. Boston: Prentice Hall.
Books that have editors (Anthologies)
For edited books include (ed.) or (eds.) between the name of the editor and
year of publication - as in the example.
 Allen, Jeffner and Young, Iris Marion (eds.). 1989. The thinking muse: feminism and
modern French philosophy. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

23. E-books
The same information should be provided as for printed books. For books that
have been read or downloaded from a library website or bookshop, we should add
the information that it is an e-book at the end of the reference.
 Bowen, Natasha K. and Guo, Shenyang. 2012. Structural equation modeling. New York:
Oxford University Press. E-book.
Some books whose copyright have expired are sometimes freely available on the
internet .In those cases we should add the complete URL (http ://....) or the link
provided by the publisher and our date of access, the date we downloaded/read
the book.
It is allowed, and sometimes recommended to give the URL to the site.
http://books.google.se/, rather than a very long URL that points directly to the
book.
 Smith, Daniel. 1902. Memory of a tree festival. Hamburg: Sommer Publishing.
http://www.treesandplantsmemoriesinsummer (Accessed 2012-05-21).

24. Book Chapters
Include (if available): last name(s) and first name(s) of author(s) of book
chapter; year of publication; title of book chapter; In first and family name(s) of
editor(s) and ed(s) in brackets. Title of book. edition (if not 1:st); place of
publication and publisher; page numbers of chapter.
 Malmberg, Anders. 2003. Beyond the cluster: local milieus and global connections. In
Jamie Peck and Henry Wai-chung Yeung (eds.). Remaking the Global Economy.
London: Sage Publications, 145-162.
Journal Articles
Include author(s); year of publication; title of article; journal name; volume and
issue; page numbers of article.
 Lundmark, Linda. 2005. Economic restructuring into tourism in the Swedish mountain
range. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 5 (1): 23–45.

25. Electronic Journal Articles
 Same information included as for journal articles (see example above) and a
DOI-number. DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is used to uniquely identify an
object such as an electronic article. DOI-numbers are permanent, which makes
it possible to easily locate articles even if the URL of the article has changed.
Articles are assigned DOI-numbers by major academic publishers.
 If there is no DOI-number you should give the URL-link of the article and in
some cases access date (mainly articles that are freely available on the
internet). The publisher often states how to write the reference.
 Lundmark, Linda. 2005. Economic restructuring into tourism in the Swedish mountain
range. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism 5 (1): 23–45. doi:
10.1080/15022250510014273.
 Larsen, James E. and Blair, John P. 2009. The importance of police performance as a
determinant of satisfaction with police. American Journal of Economics and Business
Administration 1 (1): 1-10. http://www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajeba/ajeba111-10.pdf
(Accessed 2010-09-29).

26. Newspaper Articles
Include : author of article; year of publication; title of article; name of paper or
magazine; day and month of the article.
 Jowit, Juliette. 2010. Corporate lobbying is blocking food reforms, senior UN official
warns. Guardian. 22 September.
Conference Proceedings
Lectures/presentations at conferences and seminars are published in
anthologies called proceedings. Title, year and city of conference are to be
included if known. Individual contributions to conference proceedings, if
published in their totality (not abstract only) are treated as chapters in books.
 Hall, C. Michael. 2007. North-south perspectives on tourism, regional development
and peripheral areas. In Dieter K. Müller and Bruno Jansson (eds.), Tourism in
peripheries : perspectives from the north and south, 19-38.

27. llustrations (photographs, figures, diagrams, tables etc.)
Illustrations created by others are often protected by copyright. In those cases
we need permission from the copyright owner before we use the illustrations in
our text. If possible always state the creator of the illustration in the reference
list.
 Lennver, Anders. 2012. Night against procrastination [Photography].
http://www.ub.umu.se/nightagainstprocrastion/ (Accessed 2016-04-05).
State the name of the illustrator if different than the author of the work. If
available also provide page number of the illustration:
 Hazel, Edward. 2015. Prague by day [Photography]. In S. Johnson. Czech photography
in the twenty-first century. Prague: Autumn Publishing, 32.

28. REFERENCE LIST
 Black R, Boyd P (2004) What’s new in prenatal diagnosis? Trends Urol
Gynaecol Sex Health 9:9–11
 Boyd PA, Keeling JW (2007) Congenital abnormalities, prenatal diagnosis
and screening. In JW Keeling (ed) Fetal and Neonatal Pathology, 4th edn.
Springer-Verlag, New York
 Harrison MR (2006) The fetus as a patient. In JL Grosfeld, JA O’Neill, EW
Fonkalsrud, AG Coran (eds) Pediatric Surgery. Mosby, Philadelphia, pp 77–
88
 Lakhoo K (2007) Fetal counselling for congenital malformations. PSI
23:509–519
 Lakhoo K et al (2006) Best clinical practice: surgical conditions of the fetus
and newborn. Early Hum Dev 82(5):281–324
 Puri P, Höllwarth ME (eds) (2006) Pediatric Surgery. Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg
 Sylvester K, Albanese CT (2005) The fetus as a patient. In KT Oldham, PM
Colombani, RP Foglia, MA Skinner, (eds) Principles and Practice of
Pediatric Surgery.

29. Vancouver System
Vancouver is a numbered referencing style commonly used in
medicine and science .
It follows rules established by the International committee of
Medical Journal Editors in 1978 at vancouver, now maintained
by the U.S. National Library of Medicine. It is also known as
Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical
Journals.

30. Citations in the text
 Citation in text should have a unique number, assigned in the order of
citation.
 If, in our text, cite a piece of work more than once, the same citation number
should be used.
 We can write the number in brackets or as superscript.
Citing one author
 Recent research (1) indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is
increasing.
 Recent research1 indicates that the number of duplicate papers being published is
increasing.

31. Citing more than one piece of work at the same time
If we want to cite several pieces of work in the same sentence, we will need to
include the citation number for each piece of work. A hyphen should be used to
link numbers which are inclusive, and a comma used where numbers are not
consecutive.
The following is an example where works 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 15 have been cited in
the same place in the text.
Several studies (6–9,13,15) have examined the effect of congestion charging in urban
areas.
Citing the author’s name in our text
We can use the author’s name in our text, but we must insert the citation
number as well.
 As emphasised by Watkins (2) carers of diabetes sufferers ‘require perseverance and
an understanding of humanity’ (p.1).

32. Citing more than one author’s name in text
If a work has more than one author and want to cite author names in our text,have
to use ‘et al.’ after the first author.
 Simons et al. (3) state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and
understood by many practising engineers’ (p.4).
Citing works by the same author written in the same year
If we cite a new work which has the same author and was written in the same year
as an earlier citation, each work will have a different number.
 Communication of science in the media has increasingly come under focus, particularly
where reporting of facts and research is inaccurate (4,5).

33. Citing from works with no obvious author
The citation to a work written by a ‘corporate’ author could appear in text as:
 The Department of Health (6) advocates a national strategy for creating a framework to
drive improvements in dementia services.
Citing from chapters written by different authors
Some books may contain chapters written by different authors. When citing work
from such a book, the author who wrote the chapter should be cited, not the
editor of the book.
Secondary referencing
 According to Colluzzi and Pappagallo as cited by Holding et al. (7) most patients given
opiates do not become addicted to such drugs.
Citing a direct quotation
 Simons et al. (3) state that the principle of effective stress is ‘imperfectly known and
understood by many practising engineers’ (p.4).

34.  Quotations longer than two lines should be inserted as a separate, indented
paragraph.
 Smith (7) summarises the importance of mathematics to society and the knowledge
economy, stating that:
‘Mathematics provides a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction,
generalization and synthesis. It enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new
technologies that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal
expectations and standards of living.’ (p.11)
 We may want to insert one or two words in the quotation so that we complete
sentence is grammatically correct. To indicate that we have inserted words into
a quotation, these have to be enclosed in square brackets.
 Smith (7) provides a number of reasons as to why mathematics is important, stating that
it is
‘a powerful universal language and intellectual toolkit for abstraction, generalization and
synthesis ... [and] enables us to probe the natural universe and to develop new technologies
that have helped us control and master our environment, and change societal expectations
and standards of living.’ (p.11)

35. The reference list
This is list of all the sources that have been cited in the text of work. The list is
inclusive showing books, journals etc. listed in one list, not in separate lists
according to source type.
 The reference list should be in numerical order and each number matches and
refers to the one in the text.
 The list should be at the end of the work.
 Books, paper or electronic journal articles, etc., are written in a particular
format that must be followed.

36. Book
Author AA. Title(Italic). Place of publication. Series title and number (if part of a
series). Edition(If any). Publisher; Publication year.
 Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill
Livingstone; 2003.
 Sherlock S, Dooley J. Diseases of the liver and biliary system. 11th ed. Oxford: Blackwell
Science; 2002.
Book with editors
Aron JL, Patz JA.( eds.) Ecosystem change and public health: a global perspective.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press; 2001.
Book chapter
Author of the chapter, Title of chapter , Editor (ed.), Title of book , Series title and
number (if part of a series),Edition (if not the first edition), Place of publication (if
there is more than one place, use the first named), Publisher, Year of publication,
Page numbers (use ‘p.’ before single and multiple page numbers)
 Svensson L. Skills in learning. In: Marton F, Hounsell D, Entwistle N.( eds.) The experience
of learning. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press; 1984. p. 56-70.
.

37. Book with an organization as author
 Royal Adelaide Hospital; University of Adelaide, Department of Clinical Nursing.
Compendium of nursing research and practice development, 1999-2000. Adelaide
(Australia): Adelaide University; 2001.
Journal articles
Author. Title of journal article. Title of journal (this should be in italics). Year of
publication. Volume number(Issue number). Page numbers of the article.
 Chhibber PK, Majumdar SK. Foreign ownership and profitability: Property rights, control,
and the performance of firms in Indian industry. Journal of Law & Economics.
1999;42(1): 209–238.
 Journal article, more than six authors
 Mayxay M, Newton PN, Yeung S, Pongvongsa T, Phompida S, Phetsouvanh R, et al. Short
communication: an assessment of the use of malaria rapid tests by village health
volunteers in rural Laos. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9(3):325-9.

38. Journal article: online / electronic
Most online articles will have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and we should use
this in our reference. The DOI is a permanent identifier provided by publishers so
that the article can always be found. If there is no DOI then we should use the URL.
 Arrami M, Garner H. A tale of two citations. Nature. 2008;451(7177): 397–399.
Availablefrom:http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7177/full/451397a.html
[Accessed 20th January 2015].
 Wang F, Maidment G, Missenden J, Tozer R. The novel use of phase change materials in
refrigeration plant. Part 1: Experimental investigation. Applied Thermal Engineering.
2007;27(17–18): 2893–2901. Available from: doi:10.1016/j. applthermaleng.2005.06.011
[Accessed 14th July 2015].
Web page / website
Author / Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is
named). Title (this should be in italics). Available from: URL. [Date of access]
 European Space Agency. Rosetta: rendezvous with a comet. Available from:
http://rosetta.esa.int [Accessed 15th June 2015].

39. Conference proceeding: individual paper
Author. Title of conference paper. In : Editor / Organisation (if it is an editor
always put (ed.) Title . Place of publication. Publisher. Year of publication. Page
numbers.
 Wittke M. Design, construction, supervision and long-term behaviour of tunnels in
swelling rock. In: Van Cotthem A, Charlier R, Thimus J-F, Tshibangu J-P. (eds.) Eurock
2006: multiphysics coupling and long term behaviour in rock mechanics: Proceedings of
the International Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics, EUROCK
2006, 9–12 May 2006, Liège, Belgium. London: Taylor & Francis; 2006. p. 211–216.
Dictionary
 Oxford concise medical dictionary. 9th rev ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
Hebephrenia; p. 241.
Tables and figures
 Kilmartin T. Hallux valgus and related problems of the forefoot. Podiatry Now.
2015;18(6):1-11. Figure 4a, Mild hallux valgus; p. 4.

40. REFERENCES
1. Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics, 10th edn. ST Canale. St Louis: Elsevier Mosby,
2003.
2. Standard Orthopaedic Operations, 4th edn. JC Adams, CA Stossel. Edinburgh: Elsevier
Churchill Livingstone, 1992.
3. The Closed Treatment of Common Fractures. J Charnley. London: Greenwich Medical
Media, 2002.
4. Manual of Internal Fixation – techniques recommended by the ASO-ASIF group, 3rd
edn. ME Muller, M Allgower, P Schneider, H Willennegger. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.
5. Bircher MD. Indications and techniques of external fixation of the injured pelvis. Injury
1996; 27 (Suppl. 2): S-B3-19.
6. Mucha P, Welch TJ. Haemorrhage in major pelvic fractures. Surg Clin North Am 1988;
68: 757–73.
7. Ates，alp AS, Erler K, Gur E, et al. Below-knee amputations as a result of land-mine
injuries: comparison of primary closure versus delayed primary closure. J Trauma 1999;
47: 724–7.
8. Swanson AB. The Krukenberg procedure in the juvenile amputee. J Bone Joint Surg
1964; 46A: 1540–8.

41. THANK YOU
HAVE A NICE DAY……………