REFERENCING GUIDE School of Humanities, Languag.docx

REFERENCING GUIDE
School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science
Griffith University
Referencing Guide 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
...............................................................................................
....................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION
...............................................................................................
.......................... 2
RULES FOR REFERENCING
..............................................................................................

3
2. TABLES
...............................................................................................
.......................................... 7
TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC
MATERIALS ....................... 7
TABLE TWO: JOURNALS, NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES
...................................... 15
TABLE THREE: AUDIO VISUAL
..................................................................................... 19
TABLE FOUR: UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
.............................................................. 22
TABLE FIVE: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
......................................................... 25
TABLE SIX: WORLD WIDE WEB AND ELECTRONIC ONLY
SOURCES ............. 30
3. ABBREVIATIONS
...............................................................................................
...................... 34
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY
...............................................................................................
........................ 35
Please report any errors, typographical or otherwise, to

[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
Referencing Guide 2
1. INTRODUCTION
The Harvard system, also known as the author/date system, is
not based on a
singular source document. This guide, like most Australian
university Harvard
referencing guides, is based on Commonwealth of Australia
2002, Style Manual:
for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co,
John Wiley & Sons,
Australia, Milton, with additional material and updates
reflecting best practice in
the tertiary sector.
The Harvard system has two components:
a) In-text citations (also known as short references and in-text
references)

In-text citations list the author, year of publication and page
number in
brackets at the relevant place, usually the end of a sentence,
phrase or clause
or immediately after a quotation. They act as a form of
shorthand so that
readers can turn to the bibliography or references and check for
full details if
they wish to pursue an idea.
b) List of References: Bibliography or Works Cited
These are not the same thing although they share some common
features:
by authoring
body.
duate level, combine all sources in one list
without
separating them by genre (e.g. books, journals, web sources).
A Works Cited List provides full bibliographic details for all
sources referred to in
your assignment so that readers can easily locate them. Each

different source
referenced with an in-text citation in your essay must have a
corresponding entry in
your Reference List. A Reference List only includes those
sources for which you have
provided an in-text citation.
A Bibliography lists everything you may have consulted in your
research,
including sources which you haven’t referenced in the text. A
Bibliography is
not needed unless specifically requested by your lecturer.
Note:
You use a Bibliography if you wish to include other relevant
works from
which you have developed your paper but which have remained
uncited. Only
include items that you have consulted at some point in your
research. As an
undergraduate in the School of Humanities, Languages and
Social Science, if
you use a Bibliography you DO NOT need to also include a

Works Cited List.
This is included in your Bibliography.
Check with your lecturer to understand what is required for
each assignment.
DO NOT provide a Bibliography if an assignment asks for a
Works Cited List.
Referencing Guide 3
Rules for Referencing
All referencing follows very simple rules based on common
sense questions. In
their simplest form, these are:
it?
the journal?

journal?
Sometimes, other information is included that fits ‘around’
these items, as you’ll
see. (e.g. translators, editors, compilers). In all cases though, in
order to adequately
meet your obligations in relation to referencing, you need to
study and take notes in
a way that ensures that you collect these details when you
access the source. Make
this a habit. Write these details in one colour and write any
direct quotations from
your sources in a different colour in order to consistently
distinguish your own
words from the words of others. In this way you avoid
accidental plagiarism due to
poor note-taking. These details will be used for your in-text
citations and reference
list. See examples on pages 4-5.
A list of items in the following sequence should be noted at the
time you
access the source. This would include any (but not necessarily
all) of the following:

date is
approximate, ‘forthcoming’ if about to be published, or ‘in
press’ if in the
process of publication.
library
catalogue) italicised with minimum capitalisation (first word of
title only +
proper nouns). Anything normally italicised within the title can
be indicated
with inverted commas or plain text. Foreign titles should be
retained but
followed by a translation in plain text in brackets.
in plain text.
number, series
number or note such as Report to the Aboriginal and Torres
Strait Islander
Commission.
description of
edition e.g. student edn, Australian edn, rev edn, enlarged edn.

compiler (comp.
comps), reviser (rev. revs), translator (tran. trans), or illustrator
(ill. ills). If
these people are more important than those by whom the
collected material
is created, then the work is listed under the editor or other
responsible
person.
volume work.
List only the volume used by number (vol. 2 & 3), or if the
whole work then
state how many volumes (12 vols).
– only include the first place listed with
further
Referencing Guide 4
identification if the same as another place (e.g. Cambridge, UK,
or
Cambridge, Mass.) or if it’s an obscure place (Maleny,
Queensland). If no

place of publication is obvious put n. p. (no place). This item
can be omitted
if it is obvious from the publisher’s name (e.g. Melbourne
University Press).
-text references except for journals
where page
numbers of the whole article are needed for bibliography.
For web pages you need to answer very similar questions:
formed or revised.
r/s of the
site.
URL.
For audio visual (including radio) programs you need to note:

dio program, video)
reference e.g.
producers, directors, speakers etc.
Examples
Books:
Bly, Robert 1990, All about men, Routledge, New York.
Last name of author. The book title
written in Italics.

L a s t n a m e o f a u t h o r ,
f i r s t n a m e o f a u t h o r
The date the book was
published.
The city the book was
published in .
The Publisher.
The first name
of the author.
Referencing Guide 5
Journal Articles:
Franklin, Teresa 1968, ‘New ways to share an intimate
evening’, Journal of Leisure and
Sexuality, vol. 39, no.10, pp. 63-82.

Web pages:
Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art n.d., Homepage,
Queensland Government,
Brisbane, viewed 7 August 2014, <http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/>
Note:
These examples have been centred on the page to allow for
explanation but in a
reference list, entries would be aligned left.
When presenting your Bibliography or Reference List
remember:
Presentation matters.
Follow exactly the punctuation, use of upper and lower case,
italics
or plain text, use or absence of inverted commas, indentations,
use

of dashes and abbreviations that appear in the following tables.
A
list of common abbreviations and their full meaning can be
found
at the end of this guide.
Last name of
author.
The first name
of the author.
The date the issue was
published.
L a s t n a m e o f a u t h o r ,
f i r s t n a m e o f a u t h o r
The title of the journal
article in single quotation
marks.
The name of the

journal written in
Italics.
Volume number.
The pages of the
journal that the
article appears on.
Issue number.
Name of author or
organisation that
produced the
webpage.
Date the webpage was
formed or updated or if
unavailable n.d. for no date.
Title of the webpage or if
none, title of the website.
Sponsor/publisher
of the website.
Date you viewed

the webpage.
The full webpage/website
address.
City of the sponsor/publisher
of the website.
Referencing Guide 6
Note:
In the following guide some entries are fictitious and others are
real. No quotations
attributed to the sources are real.
7
2. TABLES
MATERIALS

Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format
Note This Feature
1. Book.
No author.
It was meaningless rubbish and
‘every politician worth his salt
knew’ (Franklin Dam issues
2000, p. 16).
OR
The most recent edition of
Franklin Dam issues (2000, p.
16) claims ‘every politician
worth his salt’ knew nothing
was being done.
This guide was prepared for
Griffith university students
using the standard text for

Harvard referencing in
Australian publishing (Style
manual for authors, editors and
printers 2002).
Franklin Dam issues 2000, Greenpeace Publications,
Hobart.
Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn,
2002, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons,
Milton, Qld.
When there is no author, the
title of the book takes that
position.
It is optional to use a hanging
indent for entries in the
Bibliography/Reference List to
highlight alphabetical order,

however, it must be used
consistently for all entries.
As a proper noun Franklin Dam
is capitalised.
Font should be the same as the
text but 2 points smaller for the
Bibliography/Reference List.
Italics and minimal
capitalisation in book titles.
8
Note This Feature
2. Book.
Single author.
The current issue for

masculinity ‘is its unpopular
image’ (Bly 1990, p. 72).
OR
Robert Bly (1990, p. 72) argues
that the ‘unpopular image’ of
masculinity is an ongoing issue
for young men.
Bly, Robert 1990, All about men, Routledge, New York. Italics
and minimal
capitalisation in book titles.
A comma separates all
bibliographic elements after the
year.
Note: no comma between
author’s name and the year.
A full stop ends the Reference

List entry.
3. Book.
Two or three
authors.
Most undergraduates know
‘much more than they imagine’
about straightforward
referencing (Beasty, Tingle &
Poppin 2007, p. 5).
According to Beasty, Tingle and
Poppin (2007, p. 5) most
undergraduates know ‘much
more than they imagine’ about
referencing.
Beasty, Frank, Tingle, Mary & Poppin, Paul 2007,
Understanding referencing at undergraduate level,
Random House, London.

The ampersand (&) in the in-
text citation is replaced by the
word ‘and’ when it appears in
the written text, but the
ampersand is again used in the
Reference List.
Names appear in order they
appear on the title page.
9
Note This Feature
4. Book.
Four or more
authors.

Ornithologists are concerned
about ‘the increasingly severe
results of global warming on
migratory patterns in some
nomadic birds’ (Swan et al.
2006, p. 95).
OR
Swan et al. (2006, p. 95) claim
‘the increasingly severe results
of global warming’ are already
detrimental to some birds.
Swan, Ben, Franks, Jill, Marvin, Eddie, Lanks, Pat &
Somers, David 2006, Global warming and birds in the
wild, Faber & Faber, New York.
Foreign phrases that are not
common English usage, e.g. et

al. should be italicised. Select a
reputable dictionary to
determine whether common
usage applies. Italics in the
dictionary dictate the format of
your work. Use the same
dictionary throughout the paper.
All names, separated by a
comma with the exception of an
ampersand between the last two,
appear in the Reference List.
5. Book.
Very long name
of authoring
body rather than
a person.

For insulin resistant patients, a
healthy diet is high in protein
(CSIRO 2007, p.16).
Vegetarians should research the
many alternative sources of
plant-based protein available
(Vegetarians united 2007, p.6).
CSIRO See Commonwealth Science and Industry
Research Office.
Vegetarians united See European, Asian and
Australasian vegetarians united.
European, Asian and Australasian vegetarians united
2007, Going plant-based, Whole Earth Publications,
Sydney.
Use abbreviations consistently
and in the reference list to cross-

reference the same abbreviation
to the full term.
Long titles may be abbreviated
and cross-referenced using an
italicised entry in the
appropriate location in the
reference list.
10
Note This Feature
6. Book.
Multiple works
by same author
in one
assignment or
paper.

Frederick Green has been
researching this issue for a
decade (Green 1995, 2000,
2008).
Green frequently uses the same
examples (1995, p.16; 2000,
p.98; 2008, p.5).
Green, Frederick 1995, Youth and society in the eighties,
Virago Press, London.
――2000, Youth and society in the nineties, Virago
Press, London.
――2008, Youth and society in the noughties, Virago
Press, London.
In-text citation years separated
by a comma.
If page numbers were used in

the in- text citation, a semi
colon separates the entries
because a comma separates year
and the ‘p’ of page and a full
stop is used after the ‘p’ already.
Repeated name in Reference
List replaced by a double em
dash without a space before the
date.
Presented chronologically from
oldest to most recent.
7. Book.
More than one
work in same
year by same
author.

Frederick Green is arguably the
most prolific author in this field
(Green 2000a; 2000b; 2000c).
Green, Frederick 2000a, Adolescence to adulthood,
Jacaranda, Brisbane.
――2000b, Age and competency-based learning,
Jacaranda, Brisbane.
――2000c, Youth and society in the nineties, Virago
Press, London.
Sequence is dictated
alphabetically letter by letter:
Adolescence, Age, Youth. If
articles (a, the, an) are present,
they are disregarded.
Repeated name in Reference
List replaced by a double em

dash without a space before the
date.
Items in text separated by semi-
colon.
11
Note This Feature
8. Book.
Different authors
with the same
family name.
The autobiography (Potter MJ
2002) was hotly disputed by
several members of the family,
including her daughter (Potter C
2005).

Potter, Claire 2005, Not while I’m alive to tell the tale,
Moody Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Potter, Marion J. 2002, One dark night in winter, Moody
Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
In-text citation features first
initial/s to disambiguate authors.
List references alphabetically
according to first letter of
author’s first name.
9. Book.
Pseudonym.
It is hard to believe that this was
the same person who wrote Up
the Country (Brent of Bin Bin
1928, p. 54).
Brent of Bin Bin (Stella Marie Miles Franklin) 1928, Up

the country: A tale of early Australian squattocracy,
Blackwood, Edinburgh.
Could also be written as:
Brent of Bin Bin (Pseud. of
Stella Marie Miles Franklin)
1928,
OR
Brent of Bin Bin (Pseud.) 1928,
10. Book.
Quotation from
someone cited
by author.
All they could do was ‘put a
nose, not so much to the
grindstone, as to the source of
the not so delicate aroma to
discover its origins’ (Gadling, in
Bradshaw 1965, p. 72).

OR
(Gadling, cited in Bradshaw
1965, p. 72).
Gadling (in Bradshaw 1965, p.
72) claimed that this was a
unique way to proceed.
Bradshaw, Lee 1965, Days of wine and whiners, Falstaff,
London.
BOTH names are required for
in-text citation.
Comma after the speaker of
quotation.

Note the source in which YOU
found the quotation NOT where
your source found it.
You may choose to include the
‘cited’ for in-text citations.
However, cited means ‘said’
and should only be used for
sources referenced by another
author.
12
Note This Feature
11. Book.
Quotation from a
preface or
introduction to a

collection.
While unfinished, Jean Santeuil
is considered the precursor to
Proust’s most significant work
(Maurois, in Proust 1970, p.6).
Proust, Marcel 1970, Jean Santeuil, tran. Gerard
Hopkins, Simon & Schuster, New York. Preface by
André Maurois.
Translator name presented after
publication title. Use first name
first for translator.
Do not claim Proust ‘cited’
Maurois’ in the preface as he is
the author of that section.
12. Edited book.
Editor or editors.
A short guide to Australian

poetry (ed. Winkler 2003) is one
of the better books of its type.
Winkler and Bradley’s new
edition of collected poetry
(2006) is significant for its
inclusion of poetry by
indigenous and migrant groups.
The most alarming poem, from
a political detainee, is by a
young Chinese man (Hua, in
Winkler & Bradley 2006, p. 34).
Winkler, Robert (ed.) 2003, A short guide to Australian
poetry, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
Winkler, Robert & Bradley, Adam (eds) 2006, More
Australian poetry from the best, trans Oubije Noonunka,
Pietro Flavio & Gunter Kunte, Melbourne University

Press, Melbourne.
The full stop after ed.
No full stop after (eds).
This rule also applies to tran.
and trans, to comp. and comps,
to ill. and ills and to rev. and
revs (See Abbreviations section
at the end of the tables).
You may include ed. or eds in
the in-text citation but in the
School of Humanities,
Languages and Social Science
the convention is to leave this
out.

13
Note This Feature
13. Chapter by an
author in an
edited book.
Without doubt, the response to
Winkler and Bradley has been
rapid. Bentley’s collection (ed.
2007) was the first and in that
collection, the most outstanding
example of a sensitive response
to diversity has come from a
young Englishwoman (Paulson,
in ed. Bentley 2006, pp. 79-98).
Paulson, Maureen 2007, ‘The need to recognise post
traumatic stress in refugees’, in David Bentley (ed.)
Finding new voices, Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

If no editor:
Paulson, Maureen 2007, ‘The need to recognise post
traumatic stress in refugees’, in Finding new voices,
Allen & Unwin, Sydney.
Plain text and single quote
marks, minimal capitalisation
for chapter title within a larger
work.
Year still placed immediately
after the author of the chapter.
Title of collection italicised.
Editor’s name is written with
first name first and family name
last.
If no author, use title.

14. Different
editions of a
book.
Crumbwart (1946) is one such
later response.
Be aware that in the Style
manual for authors, editors
and printers, 6th edition, the
revised date is prioritized by
the in-text citation however
the original date is used in the
School of Humanities,
Languages and Social Science.
Crumbwart, Phillip 1962 (1946), Responding to a nuclear
world, 10th edn, vol. 3, rev. Maxwell Sneddon, Hogarth
Press, London.
The edition number comes
immediately after the title, the

volume number after that
because it identifies the work.
Significant input from a reviser
must be mentioned as follows:
in the full reference, place the
original date of publication in
brackets after the date of the
current work, if the latter is
significantly different.
14
Note This Feature
15. Encyclopaedia
or dictionary.
Inflation has a large entry that
covers all the basics and then
some (Encyclopedia Britannica

1982).
The term is not included in the
Oxford English dictionary
(1997).
If there is an author of a
segment mentioned, then the
principles already outlined in
chapter of an edited book apply.
If the name of source, date and
entry/term are stated in the text
of your document, they do not
require mention in the list of
references.
16. Electronic book
or book viewed
electronically.
OR

PDF files
(e.g. ABS,
database
journals).
This is evident in much research
now available in electronic form
(Armitage 2007).
A study in 2003 showed that in
Asia ‘16 million men are part of
one vast family’ all descended
from Ghengis Khan (Man 2004
Introduction).
Armitage, Mary 2007, The far from final ‘Tale of two
cities’, Miranda Publishing, Kilroy, Queensland.
Retrieved 10 August 2007, from NetLibrary database.
Man, John 2004, Ghengis Khan, Bantam Books, London.
Kindle version, retrieved 22 April 2016, from Google

Books.
Single inverted commas
highlight title within a title
already italicised.
Clarification of where Kilroy is
for those who do not know.
Full stop at end of entry prior to
retrieval details.
If there are no page numbers,
include the version of E-book
e.g. Kindle version, Adobe
digital edn. If quoting from
source with no page numbers
include the chapter title in place
of page number for your in-text
citation.

15
MATERIALS
TABLE TWO: JOURNALS, PROCEEDINGS, NEWSPAPERS &
MAGAZINES
Note This Feature
1. Article in a print
journal with a volume
number and an issue
number.
The most exciting diversions,
according to some practitioners
‘are difficult to resist through
breathing alone’ (Franklin
1968, p. 5).
Franklin, Teresa 1968, ‘New ways to

share an intimate evening’, Journal of
Leisure and Sexuality, vol. 39, no. 10, pp.
63-82.
Article title: single inverted commas.
Comma separates titles.
Journal title: italicised and MAXIMAL
(upper case) capitalisation.
Do not use capitals for vol. and/or no.
Page number range for articles is required.
Article with no author: list by title.
2. Article in a print
journal with a volume
number, issue number
and month identifier.
This is Mary Jane’s only sane
act in the whole novel (Trudell

2003, p. 92).
Trudell, Mark 2003, ‘Understanding
eugenics in “Darwinians must”’, Journal
of Mental Health and Literature, vol. 3,
December, pp. 92-101.
Could also be written - see note:
Trudell, Mark 2003, ‘Understanding
eugenics in Darwinians must’, Journal of
Mental Health and Literature, vol. 3, no.
1, pp. 92-101.
As above. Plus:
Within article title, another title (book, ship
name, etc) must be either italicised OR
placed in double inverted commas.
Whichever is chosen, consistency is then
required throughout the reference list.

If both month identifier and issue number are
present, select one or the other to place after
the vol. identifier. Again, consistency is
required once a decision is made.
16
Note This Feature
3. Electronic journal,
full text accessed
from a database or
through library
catalogue.
Education is little more than a
sausage machine unless we
think seriously about what we
are doing (Jugges 1976, p. 31).

The trend is for more and
longer periods of inactivity in
the classroom (‘Changes for
eighties teaching’ 1976, p. 79).
Use PDF versions which have
page numbers.
Jugges, Matthew 1976, ‘Making young
people creative’, Journal of Australian
Education, In-focus series, Marilyn
Snikes & Bert Fornfoot (eds), vol. 3, no.
2, pp. 35-70. Retrieved 16 November
2006, from Expanded Academic
Database.
‘Changes for eighties teaching’ 1976,
Journal of Australian Education, In-focus
series, Marilyn Snikes & Bert Fornfoot
(eds), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 371-90. Retrieved

18 November 2014, from Expanded
Academic Database.
As above. Plus:
This issue is part of a series. Series name and
editors of the series are placed in plain text
after journal name with minimal
capitalisation.
Electronic retrieval data added. If no author,
list by title of article. For all journals, print
and electronic, no place of publication is
listed unless journals of the same name are
published in different places.
4. Newspaper or
magazine article with
author - hard copy.

The Council Mayor promised
‘something would be done
about beach erosion’ (Hill
2008, p. 10).
Hill, Jane 2008, ‘Northward moving real
estate’, Gold Coast Bulletin, 12 January,
p. 10.
Numeral in date proceeds month.
5. Newspaper or
magazine article with
no author.
Gold Coast City resident writes:
‘The Mayor promised
“something would be done
about beach erosion” but, at this
stage, it looks as if we’ll have
to go to Noosa to retrieve what
belongs to us’ (‘No action yet’,

Gold Coast Bulletin, 23 January
2008, p. 3).
Provide all details by in-text citation.
Abbreviate and italicise frequently used,
long names after first full use e.g. Sydney
Morning Herald (SMH), Courier Mail (CM).
No need for bibliographic entry as all
reference details provided in-text.
Double inverted commas inside single
inverted commas for a quote within a quote.
17
Note This Feature
6. Full text newspaper,
newswire from the
internet – no author.

The Barrier Reef is popular
again this year (Cairns Weekly
2007, p. 7).
‘People flock to reef'’, Cairns Weekly, 16
July 2007, p. 7. Retrieved 12 September
2007, from Factiva database.
Full stop at end of reference before retrieval
information.
7. Published
proceedings of
conferences, seminars
and meetings.
The latest figures available
suggest… (Mandlehurst 2004,
p. 12).
Mandlehurst, Mandy 2004,

‘Representations, tourism and the
ecology of the Great Barrier Reef’,
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Save
the Reef Campaign, James Cook
University, Townsville, Queensland, pp.
5-15.
8. Reviews.
Published in a
magazine, journal or
newspaper.
In her review of Peter Carey’s
True History of the Kelly Gang,
Goodilly suggested that he was
not really an Australian (2001,
p. 2).
Goodilly, Karen 2006, ‘Expatriates and

the need to claim them’, review of True
history of the Kelly gang, Sydney
Morning Herald, 12 January, p. 4s.
Elements separated by commas.
Italics for the name of the book within the
title of the review.
Lower case ‘s’ after the page represents
pagination in a special section e.g. Literary
Pages.
18
Note This Feature
9. Interviews.
Published in a

magazine, journal or
newspaper.
However, in Goodilly’s
interview with Carey (2002)
she did not express her previous
inclination to disown Carey as
Australian. Though Carey’s
question ‘Do you consider
expatriates to be non-
Australian?’ drove home
Carey’s awareness of her
position (Carey, in Goodilly
2002).
Goodilly, Mary 2002, ‘Catching up with
Peter before he flies away’, interview
with Peter Carey, Meanjin, vol. 35, no. 1,
pp. 16-32.
Carey is not listed as the author in the

reference. His quote was found in Goodilly’s
interview so she is the author.
Inverted commas for title of review.
Italics for journal title.
19
TABLE THREE: AUDIO VISUAL
Note This Feature
1. Media release
(verbal or
written).
Fred Nirvana (2008),
spokesperson for Activists
for Making the World a
Better Place said that they

would try to sponsor a
channel which carried only
good news stories.
Chris Bowen (2016), did his
best to keep the new
government on its toes with
a media release that
addressed the Opposition’s
forthcoming shadow budget.
Nirvana, Fred 2008, Everybody wants a better life, media
release,
Activists for Making the World a Better Place, Nimbin, New
South Wales, 31 January.
Bowen, Chris (Shadow Treasurer) 2016, Liberal budget lies:
Slomo busy throwing stones from his glass house, media
release,
Parliament House, Canberra, 26 May.
Italics for name of address

if there is one.
Plain text for organisation.
Clarification of speaker’s
position after speaker’s
name.
Numeral in date precedes
month.
2. Television &
radio programs.
Widely considered to be the
best producers of crime
shows, the Danish have
wowed audiences with
another Nordic noir (Unit
one 2006).
Raymond Gaita claims that

‘philosophy has always had
a very strong presence in
Australia’ (Philosophy for
lunch 2008).
Unit one 2006, television program, SBS Television, Sydney.
Produced by Danmarks Radio, Denmark.
Philosophy for lunch 2008, unpaginated transcript, ABC Radio
National, Sydney, 19 January. Retrieved 23 January 2008, from
<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/philosopherszone/stories
/2008/2121635.htm>
If radio program accessed
was a podcast or real time
broadcast, then note that
where transcript occurs in
this reference. This radio
program could also be
referenced as an interview.

For television programs
cite the place and network
where it was screened.
Other details such as
producer and place of
production can be included
at the end.
20
Note This Feature
3. Online audio
visual sources –
vlogs, podcasts
etc.
Fiona Hall had much to say
about being chosen to
exhibit her artwork at the

prestigious Venice Biennale
(ABC 2016).
ABC 2016, ‘Wrong way time: Fiona Hall’s Venice Biennale
comes home’ Radio National Breakfast, podcast, 22 April.
Retrieved 22 April 2016, from
<http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/breakfast/wrong
-
way-time:-fiona-hall’s-venice-biennale/7349616>
Maroun, Louna 2015, ‘Paper towns Australian premiere:
Sydney’
Life Vlogs, vlog, 7 July. Viewed 22 April 2016,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jRyzf-
tLKoc&ebc=ANyPxKorLRTeatm_Ns0q-
P4SxUdB9up3fIqBM09VvDdG2nQMIQDZ8HvSfzwwOHuxTgF-
dYa2lXwuXIKL2fvzUkGuQI_byH9TqQ>
This radio program could
also be referenced as an
interview or as above if a

transcript is available.
For downloadable content
use: Retrieved date, from
URL.
For non-downloaded
content use: Viewed date,
URL.
4. Sound recording. We could hear the quiver in
her voice during the whole
second act (Ionesco 1973).
Ionesco, Eugene 1973, Rhinoceros, Caedmon, New York. Sound
recording, 87 minutes, 2 cassettes.
Extra details follow
reference.
5. Video game. This history rich video game
gets most of the facts right
but not all (Assassin’s Creed

Brotherhood 2011).
Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood 2011, standard edn, Xbox, video
game, Ubisoft, Montreal.
6. Mobile
application.
Students can access course
details via an online app
(Blackboard 2013).
Blackboard Inc. 2013, Blackboard mobile learn, version 3.1.4,
mobile app, viewed 22 April 2016.
21
Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of references Format
Note This Feature
7. Films and videos. Was this dancing movie
(Strictly ballroom 1992)

really Australia’s equivalent
to Grease (1978)?
Strictly ballroom 1992, Feature film, Twentieth Century Fox,
Los Angeles.
Also available in book form as the screenplay:
Luhrmann, Baz & Bovell, Andrew 1992, Strictly ballroom,
Currency Press, Sydney. Screenplay.
And was produced as a video recording as well:
Strictly ballroom c. 2000, videorecording, Miramax Home
Entertainment, Burbank, CA. Producer Tristram Miall,
Director Baz Luhrmann.
Only give the full reference of
the version you are using.
If publication date is
approximate – note c. before
year provided.

Extra details follow reference.
Extra names in details are not
appearing alphabetically so do
not need to be family name
first.
8. Online videos –
YouTube, Vine
etc.
Hank Green (2016) argues
that Leonardo DiCaprio can
help students think about the
nature of reality in
philosophy classrooms.
Green, Hank 2016, Leonardo DiCaprio & the nature of
reality: Crash Course philosophy #4, videorecording.
Viewed 20 April 2016,
˂https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV-

8YsyghbU&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNgK6MZucdYldNkMybYI
HKR&index=4˃
If information about the person
who produced the video is
unavailable include the
name/username of the person
who uploaded the video
instead. For the in-text citation
use the title of the film instead.
9. Stand-alone
maps.
Those not found
in books, journals
or websites.
In 2000, only the tip of North
Queensland was in the
equatorial climate zone

(Environmental map of
Australia 2000).
Australian Surveying and Land Information Group 2001,
Tallangatta, Victoria and New South Wales topographic map,
1:250 000. 55-3, 2
nd
edn., Australian Surveying and Land
Information Group, Canberra.
Environmental map of Australia 2000, map, 1: 5,000,000,
Earth Systems, Melbourne.
(Information drawn from: DLS, Charles Sturt University – see
bibliography).
Publisher may be same as
author.
Sheet title, if there is one, in
italics.

Scale must be included.
Edition is very important in
maps.
22
TABLE FOUR: UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Note This Feature
1. Unpublished thesis.
The ideological implications of
the current multinational and
globalised post-capitalist
investments in fully stocked
underground bunkers are
driven by neo-conservative
recognitions that nuclear
energy is on its way

(Frankfurter 2001, p. 45).
Frankfurter, Michelle 2001 ‘Fear and its ideological
underpinnings’, PhD thesis, Griffith University,
Brisbane.
Type of thesis must be mentioned.
University at which it was
undertaken replaces publisher.
Place is still required unless
inferred.
No italics anywhere.
2. Unpublished report
presented at a
conference or
meeting.
The Treasurer reported that the
annual income for that year
grew significantly compared to

the previous two years
(‘Treasurer’s annual report’
1982, p. 2).
‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to the
fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang Youth &
Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July.
If held privately or by author:
Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July. In possession
of Mr Frank Newfingle, Nerang (Gold Coast).
No italics anywhere.
Entry ends with a full stop before
place of lodgement is noted.
3. Archival material. The Treasurer reported that the
annual income for that year

grew significantly compared to
the previous two years
(‘Treasurer’s annual report’
1982, p. 2).
Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July. File CM 458.
In possession of Gold Coast City Library, Local
History Division, Gold Coast.
If there is a file number available,
position it after the details of the
reference but before the details of
the place location.
23

Note This Feature
4. GU study guide. The incidence of young people who
binge drink is of great concern to
sociologists (1105LHS 2007, p.
24).
1105LHS Youth & Society Study Guide 2007,
Griffith University, Brisbane.
The course code in plain text is
required in the in-text citation.
The full name and code is
required in the bibliography.
Check front pages of the Guide
for year it was revised as the year
of publication. If unavailable, use
the year in which you are doing
the course.
5. GU dossier of

readings.
When full details of
a reading are
available from the
dossier contents.
The Russians very quickly decided
‘the Americans could not be
permitted to control outer space’
and initiated their own space
program (Minsky 2001, p. 6).
Australian literature was at its peak
in the seventies (Rathdown 1999, p.
65).
Minsky, Godfrey 2001, Initiating a Russian space
program, Routledge, New York.
Rathdown, Susie 1999, ‘Understanding new

radicalism in Australian literature’, Journal of
Australian Books and History, vol. 45, no. 3, pp.
65-90.
Treat the article in the same way
as you would if you found it in
its original format in a book or a
journal or any other source
according to the direction in this
Guide.
24
Note This Feature
6. GU dossier of
readings.
When full details of
a reading are NOT

available from the
dossier contents.
The trouble was that the depression
dramatically slowed ‘home grown
manufacturing and export’
(Delaney, R2 in 1109LHS Dossier
2008, p. 16).
Delaney, Matthew 1941, ‘Finding a way forward’,
Reading Two, 1109LHS Depression Studies,
Dossier of Readings, Griffith University,
Brisbane, semester 1, 2008.
As far as possible put all the
details of the reading that would
locate it in its original source.
Where they are not available,
write ‘not available’ in place they
would normally appear.

In addition, add dossier details.
7. Interviews.
Where the author has
undertaken
interviews as part of
the research.
Barry Tipsy, 39, told me
alcoholism was part of the
Australian culture (2015, pers.
comm., 24 April).
When interviewed on the 24 April
2015, Barry Tipsy said
‘Alcoholism? It’s just part of being
an Aussie’ (See Appendix A).
Treat interviews as personal
communications. No reference

required in the reference list.
You may wish to provide a
transcript for interviews
performed as part of the research.
This should be included in an
appendix after the reference list.
25
TABLE FIVE: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
(Examples drawn directly from: Commonwealth of Australia
2002, pp.220-222; Division of Library Services, 2003, pp. 19 &
54)
Problems often occur in the citing of government publications.
Common challenges to which to be alert include:
committee formed to work temporarily with a sponsoring
agency

are effectively both author and publisher)
mmittee set up for that single task.
Parliamentary Papers, Journals of the Senate, House of
Representatives Votes and
Proceedings)
Note This Feature
1. Title page without an
author.
The government has had a clear
policy of mainstreaming that has
effectively established half way
houses (Disability Services
Queensland 2000).
Disability Services Queensland 2000, Securing a
forward looking dimension in mainstreaming
disability, Disability Services Queensland,
Brisbane.
Sponsoring agency listed as

author. Maximal capitalisation.
Sponsoring agency is usually also
the ‘publisher’.
Title italicised, minimal
capitalisation.
2. Title page with author
and sponsoring body.
New anti-terrorism measures are
in place to protect Australian
citizens (Australian Federal
Police 2007).
The Australian Federal Police
(2007) defend their claim…
Australian Federal Police 2007, Analysis of
effectiveness of anti-terrorist measures
introduced and deployed in 2006, report prepared
by John Smith, Australian Federal Police,

Canberra.
STILL place the sponsoring
agency in the author position.
Acknowledge individual writer after
the title.
In-text citation has sponsoring body.
26
Note This Feature
3. Title page names
temporary consultant.
Dabrowski’s latest report (1999)
made is obvious that…
Dabrowski, William 1999, Caring for country,
report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander

Commission, Canberra.
Temporary consultant appears in
author position.
4. Title page names
temporary committee.
‘Care for country should be
encouraged alongside modern
methods’ (Traditional Methods
Committee 1999, p.3).
Traditional Methods Committee 1999, ‘Burning
for regeneration’, report to the Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra.
Committee appears in author
position.
A temporary committee is convened
with a specific task and dismantled
once it is complete.

5. Written by a Branch or
Division permanently
within an agency which
is the publishing body.
Producing an alternative and
sustainable form of fuel is a
challenge currently being taken
up by government bodies
(Department of Conservation
2004).
Department of Conservation 2004, Hydrogen
powered cars: Progress to date, Sustainable
Energy Branch, Department of Conservation,
Darwin.
STILL place the sponsoring
agency in the author position.
Acknowledge the Branch or

Division after the title.
In-text citation has sponsoring body.
27
Note This Feature
6. Publishing body and
sponsoring agency are
different.
The current Australian flag
should never be considered the
only way of presenting the
national flag, nor should the
State flags be minimised in
importance (DAS 1995).
The Department of

Administrative Services (1995)
had…
Department of Administrative Services (Awards
and National Symbols Branch) 1995, Australian
flags, Australian Government Publishing Service,
Canberra.
Acknowledge position of Branch or
Division. Details CHANGE when
the publishing agent is not the same
as the sponsoring body in position
of author.
Abbreviate long title in author
position for the in-text citation;
insert abbreviation in the
bibliography with a cross reference
to full name in its alphabetical

position.
No need to mention the Branch or
Division in the in-text citation.
7. Parliamentary Papers. The 1999-2000 annual report of
the Department of Finance and
Administration (Australia,
Parliament 2000a)
demonstrates…
The report has become
something of a hot potato for
use of the phrase ‘Collateral
spending’ (The Bent Report
2000b, p. 6).
Australia, Parliament 2000a, Department of
Finance and Administration annual report 1999-
2000, Parl. Paper 32, Canberra.
Australia, Parliament 2000b, Parliamentary

spending: Report of the Public Accounts
Committee, (L Bent, chairperson), Parl. Paper
142, Canberra.
The Bent Report See Australia, Parliament
2000b.
Title in italics and minimal
capitalisation (proper nouns
maximal, however).
Use of 2000a, 2000b format to
distinguish items published in the
same year.
Even where a report is well known
by the name of the person
presenting it, and can therefore be
cited by that name in-text, the report
must be placed in the bibliography

with the sponsoring agency as the
author.
28
Note This Feature
8. Hansard. Commonwealth of Australia
(2014, p. 13755) records the first
and second readings of the
Corporations Amendment
(Further Future of Financial
Advice Measures) Bill 2014.
Commonwealth of Australia, House of
Representatives 2014, Parliamentary debates, vol.
24, pp. 13742-13891.
Australia, Senate 2000, Debates, vol. S25, p. 65.

Hansard is the name given to
Australian parliamentary
proceedings.
Page numbers accessed appear in the
Referencing List.
Volume numbers replace use of
2000a and 2000b.
9. Journals of the Senate
and, Votes and
Proceedings of the
House of
Representatives.
Australia, Senate 2000-2001, Journals, no. 123, p.
178.

Australia, House of Representatives 2000-2001,
Votes and Proceedings, vol. 1, p. 631.
Volume and issue numbers replace
use of 2000a and 2000b.
29
Note This Feature
10. Australian
Bureau of
Statistics.
Unemployment is at its lowest for
five years (ABS 2000) but the
Youth Allowance lowers that
figure.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Australia’s

population 1890-1910, Catalogue no.
3467.2, ABS, Canberra.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2.005, Queensland
yearbook, Catalogue no. 1301.5, ABS,
Brisbane.
Be sure to insert title, catalogue
number and page if paginated.
Title in italics and minimal
capitalisation.
11. Graphs, images,
figures and tables
reproduced in
full.
Image and/or table is presented in
text as it appears in the original
with the following phrase directly
beneath it as an in-text citation:

Source: ABS 2001, Australia’s
environment: issues and trends,
4613.0.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Australia’s
environment: Issues and trends, Catalogue
no. 4613.0, ABS, Canberra.
Cross reference abbreviations from
in-text citation.
Australian Bureau of Statistics is
permitted as an abbreviation within
the full reference on its second
appearance only.
No brackets around substitute for in-
text citation.
12. Compilation of
figures or

percentages
which are the
author’s
interpretation.
Your own tabulated interpretation
of raw statistics is presented in
the text with the following phrase
directly beneath it as an in-text
citation:
Figures compiled using statistics
from: ABS 2005, 1301.5.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Queensland
yearbook, catalogue no. 1301.5, ABS,
Brisbane.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016, Population
statistics by age and sex, Queensland,
catalogue no. 2604.1.55. Retrieved 26

January 2016, from
<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs>
As above.
If using sources called ABS or
AusStats, only available
electronically, include URL and
date retrieved/viewed following
reference.
30
TABLE SIX: WORLD WIDE WEB AND ELECTRONIC ONLY
SOURCES
Note This Feature
1. Website.
Homepage of

organisation
or person.
If you need to know details of
the QAG program, begin at
their homepage
(http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/).
OR
If you need to know details of
the QAG program, begin at
their homepage (QAG/GoMA
Homepage).
QAG/GoMA See Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern
Art.
Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art n.d., Homepage,
Queensland Government, Brisbane, viewed 7 August 2014,
<http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/>

Author (person responsible
for the site) may be a person
OR organisation.
Date established OR last
revised. If no date, use n.d.
No italics. URL is between
<…>.
Web address may be given
in the in-text citation.
OR
School usage, which
remains acceptable, has
been to use an abbreviated
term cross-referenced in the
bibliography if needed.
2. A document
within a

website.
McQueen is a central figure
in early twentieth century
Queensland art (Making it
modern 2007).
Making it modern: The watercolours of Kenneth Macqueen
2007,
description of exhibition sponsored by Leighton Contractors.
Viewed 26 January 2008,
<http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/exhibitions/coming_soon/kenneth_
mac
queen>
Can usually be treated in the
same way as a print copy of
document or book citing
author, editor, compiler,
date revised.

http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/
http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/exhibitions/coming_soon/kenneth_m
acqueen%3e
http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/exhibitions/coming_soon/kenneth_m
acqueen%3e
31
Note This Feature
3. GU
discussion
forums,
mail lists,
Blackboard
groups, and
bulletin
boards.
‘Television encourages family

values as often as it opposes
them’ (Jones, 2 June 2006).
Journalism used to be a
profession that had no code of
ethics – this is no longer the
case, according to at least one
member of the association
(Frankling, 2 January 2005).
Jones, Bill 2006, ‘Not as simple as that’, 1907ART Gender,
history and
Culture, discussion forum reading four, viewed 19 August 2006,
<https://learning.griffith.edu.au/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?ta
b=course
s&url=/bin/common/course.pl?course_id=_56491_1&frame=t
op?>
Frankling, Lynn 2005, ‘News for old hacks’, list server, 2
January,
National Journalists Association, viewed 4 April 2006,

<http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/>
Components in order should be: author’s name, any other
identifying details, year of posting, title of posting, description
of
posting, day and month if given, name of list owner, date of
viewing,
URL.
Title of posting in
inverted commas like the
title of an article in
journal or chapter in a
book.
Comma after name for
in-text citation.
URL is between <…>.
4. Email OR
other

personal
correspond
ence.
An eyewitness reports that the
defendant screamed during the
trial (Inole 2002, pers. comm.
25 May).
Mr Inole confirmed by fax on
25 May, 2002, that…
Personal correspondence
includes: face to face
conversation, telephone
call, fax, letter or email.
No details required in
Bibliography but may be
provided.

http://www.nja.net.au/listserv/
32
Note This Feature
5. Private
online posts
such as
those made
on private
Facebook
pages and
in private
online
messages.
Joe Blogs told me he was
there when the Titanic went
down (Blogs 2000, pers.

comm. 14 June).
Permission of the person
who wrote the
post/message should be
sought where possible.
Private messages/posts
should be treated as
personal communications
and do not need to be
included in the Reference
List but may be
provided.
6. Public
online posts
– Facebook
and
Twitter.
‘In big publishing news, it was

announced today that James
Patterson and I will be
teaming up to dominate the
novella world’ (Earls 23
March 2016).
Nick Earls announced on his
Facebook page on 23 March,
2016 that he…
Earls, Nick 2016, Nick Earls: Writer, Facebook, 23 March,
viewed 20
April 2016,
˂https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1015387
996832
6131&id=116130636130&fref=nf ˃
Ireland, Judith 2016, "He did it 'cause he likes you." The
domestic
violence ad campaign that will confront Australia, Twitter, 19
April,
viewed 22 April 2016,

<https://twitter.com/AusHumanRights>
For Twitter posts,
include the whole post as
the title.
7. CD-ROMS. Children really benefit from
electronic skills in accessing
material (Onscreen learning
today 2005).
Onscreen learning today 2005, CD-CDROM, Knowledge
Adventure
Inc., Torrance, California.
Italics for title of CD-
ROM.
Same details as for film,
TV, video and radio.
33

Note This Feature
8. Blogs. Gaiman has become a
celebrity writer but still gets
nervous when he performs in
public (Gaiman 2014).
Gaiman, Neil 2014, ‘Radio shows are like busses…’, Journal,
15
November, viewed 20 April 2016,
˂http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2014_11_01_archive.html˃
9. Online
comment.
The meticulous planning of
Singapore doesn’t necessarily
make it an exciting city to live
in according to some residents
(MongChongee 22 April
2016).
MongChongee 2016, comment on Colin Marshall, ‘Story of
cities #27:

Singapore – the most meticulously planned city in the world’,
The
Guardian, comment posted 22 April. Viewed 22 April 2016,
<http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/apr/21/story-cities-
singapore-
carefully-planned-lee-kuan-yew>
34
3. ABBREVIATIONS
app. Appendix.
c. Circa – meaning ‘around’ indicates that a specific date is
uncertain.
comp. and
comps
Compiler/s – a person who has put together into a single

document
multiple documents written for other purposes.
ed. and eds
Editor/s – the person responsible for organizing articles written
by
multiple authors for a specific book.
edn Edition.
et al. Et alia – meaning ‘and others’.
ill. and ills Illustrator/s.
no. Issue number.
n.d. No date – used when a source lacks a date of publication.
n.p. No place – used when a source lacks a place of publication.
parl. paper Parliamentary Paper.
pers. comm. Personal communication.
p. and pp. Page number/s – the use of a double ‘p’ indicates a
range of pages.
rev. Revised.
tran. and trans Translator/s.
vol. and vols Volume number/s.

.
35
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors,
editors and printers, 6
th
edn, rev. Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.
Division of Library Services 2003, Referencing guide, 7
th
edn, Charles Sturt University,
Bathurst, NSW.
Hagger, Jennifer 1979, Australian colonial medicine, Rigby Ltd,
Adelaide.
Harris, Robert A 2001, The plagiarism handbook: Strategies for
preventing,

detecting and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak Publishing, Los
Angeles.
Lawson, Ronald 1973, Brisbane in the 1890s: a study of an
Australian urban
society, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Brisbane.
Library and Information Service 2007, Harvard referencing,
Curtin University of
Technology, Perth.
Janna, L, Kim, C, Sorsoli, Lynn, Collins, Katherine, Zylbergold,
Bonnie A
Schooler, Deborah & Tolman, Deborah L 2007, From sex to
sexuality: Exposing
the heterosexual script on primetime network television, The
Journal of Sex
Research, vol. 44, no. 2 pp. 145-158.
Sabia Joseph J 2007, Reading, writing, and sex: The effect of
losing virginity on
academic achievement, Economic Inquiry, vol. 45, no. 4, pp.
99-101.

Entries are in alphabetical
order by author surname.
http://find.galegroup.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/itx/public
ationSearch.do?queryType=PH&inPS=true&type=getI
ssues&prodId=EAIM&currentPosition=0&userGr
oupName=griffith&searchTerm=The%2BJournal%2Bof%2
BSex%2BResearch&index=JX&tabID=T002&con
tentSet=IAC-Documents
Length: 1,000 words (+/- 10%; excluding notes and
bibliography)
Questions: 1. 'War and atrocity are inseparable.' Discuss using
historical example(s) or a case study.

2. 'War is gendered, and women are its victims.' Discuss using
historical example(s) or a case study.
3. Should historical wars be remembered?
Details: It will be expected that each essay will present a
discussion and argument in response to ONE of the above
questions and incorporate references to at least 4 scholarly
sources. A scholarly source is a peer reviewed article, chapter
or book published by a reputable scholarly publisher (eg. an
academic journal, or publishing house such as Cambridge
University Press, Palgrave, Routledge, etc.). You may also
include any number of other sources in addition to your
scholarly sources (eg. media reports, etc.).
The essay has a specific format. It will consist of:
(1) an introduction stating your aims and objectives in the
essay, and briefly framing your argument.
(2) A logical and coherent series of body paragraphs in which
you develop your argument.
(3) A conclusion that does not merely summarise the essay, but
reflects on the the implications of your argument, and/or the
historical significance of the topic.
You may use subheadings in your essay, but no dot points
please! Graphs, tables, and illustrations may also be used (as
long as they are appropriately labelled). All sources must be
appropriately cited with a bibliography listing all sources cited
in the essay. You may use either footnotes or in-text citations.
Criteria:
1. Comprehension of the subject matter.
2. Quality of argument and discussion.
3. Use of evidence or scholarly research.
4. Clear structure.
5. Quality of writing and presentation (including a clear and
consistent method of citation and bibliography).

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