This document discusses reducing air conditioning (AC) power consumption in vehicles by downsizing the AC compressor. It describes testing conducted on a sports utility vehicle (SUV) originally equipped with a 170 cc/rev reciprocating piston compressor. The study involved experimentally evaluating three compressors: 1) the original 170 cc compressor, 2) a 130 cc reciprocating compressor, and 3) a 90 cc rotary scroll compressor. The compressors were tested at the component, system, and vehicle levels. Results showed the 130 cc compressor reduced power consumption by 5-18% compared to the 170 cc compressor at the component level. At the system level, the 130 cc compressor maintained equivalent cooling to the 170 cc compressor after optimizing other system components
This document summarizes the design of an air conditioning system for cooling the cabin of a truck using an air refrigeration cycle. The system uses a turbocharger and waste exhaust gases from the truck engine. Atmospheric air is compressed using the turbocharger and sent to an intercooler to reduce its temperature. It is then expanded in a turbo-expander to further lower its temperature before being supplied to the truck cabin. Thermodynamic and heat transfer analyses are presented to evaluate the performance of the system components and the cooling capacity. The results show that the air refrigeration cycle can provide enough cooling to lower the truck cabin temperature by 10-15°C without significantly impacting engine performance.
A Review Paper on Effects of Different Intake Manifold Designs on Diesel Engi...ijsrd.com
One of the objectives of car manufacturers is to improve engine performance, reduce consumption and reduce emissions. To achieve this objective, it is important to understand the phenomena involved in the combustion chambers of engines. There are various factors that influence the engine performance such as compression ratio, atomization of fuel, fuel injection pressure, and quality of fuel, combustion rate, air fuel ratio, intake temperature and pressure and also based on piston design, inlet manifold, and combustion chamber designs etc. Geometrical design of intake manifold is one such method for the better performance of an I.C. Engine. Air swirl motion in CI engine influences the atomization and distribution of fuel injected in the combustion chamber. Intake manifolds provides Air motion to the chamber. So, to get the maximum output with the least input on Diesel engine researchers are experimentally and computationally working on construction of the intake manifold configurations for increase in engine performance and reduction of Exhaust Emissions. In this paper i have studied few papers and also gone through basics of my topic from various books to understand the phenomena.
IRJET- A Review on Improving Performance and Development of Two Stage Recipro...IRJET Journal
This document reviews improving the performance of two-stage reciprocating air compressors. It discusses how parameters like clearance between head and piston, stroke length, friction losses, runtime, background working conditions, and air leakage can impact compressor performance. The effects of these parameters are compared to baseline performance conditions. Optimal timing for starting each compressor stage is also examined. The results provide insights that can help optimize compressor design parameters and efficiency.
1) The document describes a study investigating the effects of variable intake plenum length on the performance of a spark-ignition engine with electronically controlled fuel injectors.
2) Engine tests were conducted with additional plenum lengths of 16mm, 32mm, 48mm, and 64mm added to the original intake manifold.
3) The results showed that a 32mm plenum extension improved engine thermal efficiency, especially at lower engine speeds up to 3000rpm, while also reducing fuel consumption at high loads and low speeds.
Analysis of-change-in-intake-manifold-length-and-development-of-variable-inta...Mohit Soni
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the effects of changing the length of an intake manifold on engine performance. The paper investigated how varying the length of the intake runner in a single-cylinder spark-ignited engine affected brake torque, brake power, brake mean effective pressure, and specific fuel consumption. Simulation software was used to evaluate these parameters at different intake lengths. The simulations found that changing the runner length considerably affected the RPM at which peak torque was obtained. Accordingly, the researchers designed and developed a system to adjust the manifold length using a reciprocating mechanism controlled by a microcontroller and hall effect sensor.
1) The document investigates the effects of varying intake plenum volume on engine performance, cyclic variability, and emissions.
2) Testing showed that increasing plenum volume improved brake torque and related performance characteristics between 1700-2600 rpm. It also decreased cyclic variability despite making the mixture leaner.
3) Emissions of CO, CO2, and HC were also reduced by increasing plenum volume.
Energy conservation in compressed air systemsmohammed kazi
The document analyzes the efficiency of compressed air systems (CAS) through an exergy analysis. It finds that while dryers and regulators have acceptable efficiencies, the compressor efficiency is low and application efficiencies are very poor, resulting in most energy being wasted. The critical point for efficiency is the application side. Future optimization should focus on applications, where the largest potential for energy savings exists. A case study of one company found their leak rates were initially overestimated but were reduced through improved modeling and measurement techniques.
This document summarizes the design of an air conditioning system for cooling the cabin of a truck using an air refrigeration cycle. The system uses a turbocharger and waste exhaust gases from the truck engine. Atmospheric air is compressed using the turbocharger and sent to an intercooler to reduce its temperature. It is then expanded in a turbo-expander to further lower its temperature before being supplied to the truck cabin. Thermodynamic and heat transfer analyses are presented to evaluate the performance of the system components and the cooling capacity. The results show that the air refrigeration cycle can provide enough cooling to lower the truck cabin temperature by 10-15°C without significantly impacting engine performance.
A Review Paper on Effects of Different Intake Manifold Designs on Diesel Engi...ijsrd.com
One of the objectives of car manufacturers is to improve engine performance, reduce consumption and reduce emissions. To achieve this objective, it is important to understand the phenomena involved in the combustion chambers of engines. There are various factors that influence the engine performance such as compression ratio, atomization of fuel, fuel injection pressure, and quality of fuel, combustion rate, air fuel ratio, intake temperature and pressure and also based on piston design, inlet manifold, and combustion chamber designs etc. Geometrical design of intake manifold is one such method for the better performance of an I.C. Engine. Air swirl motion in CI engine influences the atomization and distribution of fuel injected in the combustion chamber. Intake manifolds provides Air motion to the chamber. So, to get the maximum output with the least input on Diesel engine researchers are experimentally and computationally working on construction of the intake manifold configurations for increase in engine performance and reduction of Exhaust Emissions. In this paper i have studied few papers and also gone through basics of my topic from various books to understand the phenomena.
IRJET- A Review on Improving Performance and Development of Two Stage Recipro...IRJET Journal
This document reviews improving the performance of two-stage reciprocating air compressors. It discusses how parameters like clearance between head and piston, stroke length, friction losses, runtime, background working conditions, and air leakage can impact compressor performance. The effects of these parameters are compared to baseline performance conditions. Optimal timing for starting each compressor stage is also examined. The results provide insights that can help optimize compressor design parameters and efficiency.
1) The document describes a study investigating the effects of variable intake plenum length on the performance of a spark-ignition engine with electronically controlled fuel injectors.
2) Engine tests were conducted with additional plenum lengths of 16mm, 32mm, 48mm, and 64mm added to the original intake manifold.
3) The results showed that a 32mm plenum extension improved engine thermal efficiency, especially at lower engine speeds up to 3000rpm, while also reducing fuel consumption at high loads and low speeds.
Analysis of-change-in-intake-manifold-length-and-development-of-variable-inta...Mohit Soni
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the effects of changing the length of an intake manifold on engine performance. The paper investigated how varying the length of the intake runner in a single-cylinder spark-ignited engine affected brake torque, brake power, brake mean effective pressure, and specific fuel consumption. Simulation software was used to evaluate these parameters at different intake lengths. The simulations found that changing the runner length considerably affected the RPM at which peak torque was obtained. Accordingly, the researchers designed and developed a system to adjust the manifold length using a reciprocating mechanism controlled by a microcontroller and hall effect sensor.
1) The document investigates the effects of varying intake plenum volume on engine performance, cyclic variability, and emissions.
2) Testing showed that increasing plenum volume improved brake torque and related performance characteristics between 1700-2600 rpm. It also decreased cyclic variability despite making the mixture leaner.
3) Emissions of CO, CO2, and HC were also reduced by increasing plenum volume.
Energy conservation in compressed air systemsmohammed kazi
The document analyzes the efficiency of compressed air systems (CAS) through an exergy analysis. It finds that while dryers and regulators have acceptable efficiencies, the compressor efficiency is low and application efficiencies are very poor, resulting in most energy being wasted. The critical point for efficiency is the application side. Future optimization should focus on applications, where the largest potential for energy savings exists. A case study of one company found their leak rates were initially overestimated but were reduced through improved modeling and measurement techniques.
CFD Analysis of C. I. Engine Cooling Water Pump of carijsrd.com
To study behaviour of flow in cooling water pumps, we done extensive search and gone through numerous research paper and blogs.We found that many researchers carried out their analysis on other cooling system components like radiator, cooling water jacket and fans. But it is very difficult to find researchers worked on cooling water pumps. However cooling system consists of centrifugal pump which is widely used in other industry. After reviewing all research paper on centrifugal pumps we found that most of the problems are related to cavitation and low efficiency. Some researchers give importance to improvement of blade angle and blade design to reduce cavitation effect while some researches concentrates on efficiency of the pump irrespective of cavitation effect mostly in the industry where cavitation effect is negligible. After analyzing some old water pumps of various vehicles we found that major problem that pump is facing is due to cavitation effect on blades at High RPM. This research is aimed to analyze the role of centrifugal water pump in automobile engine cooling system and to obtain relation between pump geometry and pump flow characteristics.
Combined Air Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Water Dispenser SystemsIRJET Journal
This document describes a combined air refrigeration, air conditioning, and water dispenser system. The system uses a common compressor and condenser to provide refrigeration, cooling, and chilled water from a single unit. This aims to provide these functions more compactly and with lower electrical consumption than separate units. The system works by using a refrigerant to absorb heat in low-temperature areas (evaporators) and reject it to a condenser. A back pressure valve and diffuser valve help control refrigerant flow between the different evaporator sections. Performance is analyzed using Cool Pack software to optimize design and operation factors like space, cost, and efficiency.
This document provides operating procedures for a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) unit, including:
1) Pre-operating procedures such as cleaning, chemical cleaning, blowing steam lines, setting safety valves, and filling the unit before cold startup.
2) Cold startup procedures such as adjusting water levels, purging the unit, gradually warming it up and introducing supplementary firing.
3) Guidelines for normal shutdown including stopping supplementary firing and slowly reducing gas flow and pressure.
4) Emergency procedures for low or high water levels and tube failures.
5) A walkdown checklist to inspect for leaks or abnormal conditions.
IJREI_A thermodynamic analysis of ejector type vapour refrigeration system us...Husain Mehdi
This document analyzes the thermodynamic performance of an ejector refrigeration cycle using various eco-friendly refrigerants (R-404A, R-410A, R-407C, etc.). It presents results from a numerical simulation that varied the boiler, condenser, and evaporator temperatures. The simulation found that R-404A achieved the highest COP and second law efficiency in many temperature ranges. R-410A achieved the highest refrigeration effect for all temperature ranges. In general, R-410A and R-404A performed best among the refrigerants analyzed, with R-410A having the best refrigeration effect and R-404A having the best COP and second law efficiency.
The document outlines the objectives and methodology for a project to analyze and develop a compact vapor jet refrigeration system. The key objectives are to optimize the ejector design using single and multiple swirls, provide a full opening around the primary nozzle, analyze performance with new working fluids, design and test a 1 TR refrigeration system, and conduct experiments. The methodology involves theoretical analysis, designing and fabricating system components, flow visualization studies on the ejector, experimentation on the ejector and system, and performance analysis. The work is split into common elements and technical elements related to the ejector and system design.
This document describes an ejector-expansion refrigeration system (EERS). It discusses the components and working of the EERS cycle including the compressor, condenser, ejector, separator, expansion valve and evaporator. It also describes the constant area ejector and working of the ejector. The document analyzes the system performance based on conservation equations and discusses the effects of evaporation and condensation temperatures on performance parameters like COP, compressor power and pressure ratio. It concludes that COP increases with evaporation temperature but decreases with condensation temperature.
This document provides an acknowledgments and table of contents for the sourcebook "Improving Compressed Air System Performance: A Sourcebook for Industry". It thanks the many organizations that contributed to the development of the sourcebook. The sourcebook is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and the Compressed Air Challenge to provide industry with guidance on improving the performance of compressed air systems. It contains sections on the components and uses of compressed air systems, opportunities for performance improvements, and where to find additional help and resources.
Guofu_Chen_Optimize Design and Operation of Renewable Energy Cycle through As...Guofu Chen
This document describes how to optimize the design and operation of a geothermal power plant using Aspen HYSYS and Aspen EDR software. The key steps are:
1. Set up a process model of the organic Rankine cycle in HYSYS using R134a as the working fluid.
2. Use the HYSYS optimizer to maximize net power output by varying pump discharge pressure and evaporator outlet temperature, subject to constraints.
3. Model the air-cooled condensers and evaporator rigorously using Aspen Air-Cooled Exchanger and HYSYS to determine the most cost-effective exchanger designs.
4. Optimize the plant operation by simulating the whole system with
cfd analysis on ejector cooling system with variable throat geometryIjripublishers Ijri
The vapor jet ejector cooling cycle driven by waste heat. It is a very auspicious approach of producing ‘free cooling’ by utilizing low-grade energy sources. The mechanism behind the ejector-based on waste heat cooling is very unique, when compared to absorption or adsorption cooling technologies. They are also aimed at producing heat driven cooling. This type of ejector cooling system is actually more closely related to vapor compression technology.
In this paper simulations of a vapor-jet ejector operating with refregerent R134a as the working fluid by using CFD (computational fluid dynamics). The impact of varying geometry parameters on ejector performance will be considered. Different mixing section radii will be considered for the analysis.
3D modeling is done by using Catia V5 and analysis is done by Ansys fluent14.5.
Cooling of a truck cabin by vapour absorption refrigeration system using engi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses energy conservation in compressed air systems. It provides an introduction to compressor capacity testing and calculations for determining actual free air delivery and specific energy consumption. Common methods for improving compressed air system performance are also outlined, such as addressing leakages, intercooling between stages, and optimizing operating pressures. Statistical data indicates that 10-20% of industrial electricity is typically used for compressed air, but only around 50% of the air supplied is actually used for production.
This document summarizes information about fans and blowers. It defines fans and blowers, describes common types of fans including axial and centrifugal fans. It discusses fan performance parameters such as pressure, flow rate, power and efficiency. The document also presents relationships called fan laws that describe how these parameters change with speed, size and other variables. Formulas are provided for calculating pressure, power and efficiency. Common applications of fans are also listed.
Compressed air and refrigeration systemD.Pawan Kumar
The document discusses various aspects of improving energy efficiency in compressed air systems. It describes how only 10% of the energy used by an air compressor typically reaches the point of use, with the rest lost as heat. It then discusses different types of compressors, system components, distribution systems, factors affecting power consumption like temperature and pressure, and methods to reduce leaks and recover waste heat. Measures like proper sizing of pipes, cooling compressors, reducing pressure drops and leaks can significantly improve the efficiency of compressed air systems.
Energy Conservation in Compressed Air System.AffanDabir
Compressed air systems can be inefficient, wasting up to 70-90% of the energy used to power compressors. Common issues include leaks, over pressurization, pressure drops, and misuse of compressed air for applications where other technologies would be more efficient. Implementing conservation measures like leak detection and repair, pressure optimization, proper sizing of distribution components, and replacing pneumatic tools with electric where possible can significantly reduce energy costs over the long term. Regular maintenance and monitoring compressor run times and pressures can also improve efficiency.
Methods to improve performance of compressed air systemRaveen Ramanan
1. The document discusses methods to improve the performance of compressed air systems, which are often inefficiently used and have problems like leaks.
2. It outlines 11 methods to improve efficiency, such as properly locating and sizing filters, adding intercoolers between compressor stages, eliminating leaks through testing, minimizing pipe lengths, and replacing pneumatic tools with electric ones where possible.
3. The presentation aims to reduce the energy consumption of compressed air systems by focusing on applications and following best practices.
An ejector refrigeration cycle powered by an internal combustion engine. it is a ppt for presentation, including introduction, working principle, performance of an ejector refrigeration.
.
THIS PRESENTATION TAKES OVERVIEW OF AIRCRAFT CABIN PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM. IN THIS I EXPLAINED BASIC SYSTEM USED FOR PRESSURIZATION , AND HOW THIS SYSTEM IS SAFE, PRECISE. AND HOW AIR IS KEPT HEALTHY.
Air compressor overview and basic selection guideAnilkumar B Nair
Provide an overview of Air compressors
Provide a generic guideline for Air compressor selection process
This presentation is prepared for target audience:Facility Managers, Utility Engineers. Technicians and Process associates
Refrigeration forms the basic essence of living comfort. Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle (EERC) is a not so commonly used method of refrigeration. The use of this method is quite understated. It increases the efficiency of the normal refrigeration cycle by almost 16% over the basic cycle by utilising the energy wasted otherwise in the expansion valve in form of expansion process losses. EERC system has high potential which if harnessed properly could prove to be a very efficient method of refrigeration. This paper aims to showcase the real features of this method in a hope that it finds its way out in the commercial industry today.
Energy efficiency improvement opportunities in compressed air systemsPratik Bhoir
The document discusses ways to improve the efficiency of compressed air systems used in textile plants. It identifies common areas where air leaks occur, such as threaded connections, hoses, valves, and old equipment. It recommends monitoring air usage, maintaining equipment, reducing leaks, using electronic condensate drain traps, optimizing compressor size and pressure dew point, properly sizing pipes, and installing variable speed drives to improve efficiency. Regular maintenance through monitoring pressure, temperature, air flow and dew point is important to reduce energy costs from compressed air systems.
When your air condition system breaks down, you may wonder who to call to come and fix the problem. This should worry you no more since the Royal Pro has got your back. Whether it is at your home or business, our company will have your system fixed as soon as possible. Unlike other companies that claim to offer air conditioning repair services, our technicians are fully licensed and insured.
CFD Analysis of C. I. Engine Cooling Water Pump of carijsrd.com
To study behaviour of flow in cooling water pumps, we done extensive search and gone through numerous research paper and blogs.We found that many researchers carried out their analysis on other cooling system components like radiator, cooling water jacket and fans. But it is very difficult to find researchers worked on cooling water pumps. However cooling system consists of centrifugal pump which is widely used in other industry. After reviewing all research paper on centrifugal pumps we found that most of the problems are related to cavitation and low efficiency. Some researchers give importance to improvement of blade angle and blade design to reduce cavitation effect while some researches concentrates on efficiency of the pump irrespective of cavitation effect mostly in the industry where cavitation effect is negligible. After analyzing some old water pumps of various vehicles we found that major problem that pump is facing is due to cavitation effect on blades at High RPM. This research is aimed to analyze the role of centrifugal water pump in automobile engine cooling system and to obtain relation between pump geometry and pump flow characteristics.
Combined Air Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Water Dispenser SystemsIRJET Journal
This document describes a combined air refrigeration, air conditioning, and water dispenser system. The system uses a common compressor and condenser to provide refrigeration, cooling, and chilled water from a single unit. This aims to provide these functions more compactly and with lower electrical consumption than separate units. The system works by using a refrigerant to absorb heat in low-temperature areas (evaporators) and reject it to a condenser. A back pressure valve and diffuser valve help control refrigerant flow between the different evaporator sections. Performance is analyzed using Cool Pack software to optimize design and operation factors like space, cost, and efficiency.
This document provides operating procedures for a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) unit, including:
1) Pre-operating procedures such as cleaning, chemical cleaning, blowing steam lines, setting safety valves, and filling the unit before cold startup.
2) Cold startup procedures such as adjusting water levels, purging the unit, gradually warming it up and introducing supplementary firing.
3) Guidelines for normal shutdown including stopping supplementary firing and slowly reducing gas flow and pressure.
4) Emergency procedures for low or high water levels and tube failures.
5) A walkdown checklist to inspect for leaks or abnormal conditions.
IJREI_A thermodynamic analysis of ejector type vapour refrigeration system us...Husain Mehdi
This document analyzes the thermodynamic performance of an ejector refrigeration cycle using various eco-friendly refrigerants (R-404A, R-410A, R-407C, etc.). It presents results from a numerical simulation that varied the boiler, condenser, and evaporator temperatures. The simulation found that R-404A achieved the highest COP and second law efficiency in many temperature ranges. R-410A achieved the highest refrigeration effect for all temperature ranges. In general, R-410A and R-404A performed best among the refrigerants analyzed, with R-410A having the best refrigeration effect and R-404A having the best COP and second law efficiency.
The document outlines the objectives and methodology for a project to analyze and develop a compact vapor jet refrigeration system. The key objectives are to optimize the ejector design using single and multiple swirls, provide a full opening around the primary nozzle, analyze performance with new working fluids, design and test a 1 TR refrigeration system, and conduct experiments. The methodology involves theoretical analysis, designing and fabricating system components, flow visualization studies on the ejector, experimentation on the ejector and system, and performance analysis. The work is split into common elements and technical elements related to the ejector and system design.
This document describes an ejector-expansion refrigeration system (EERS). It discusses the components and working of the EERS cycle including the compressor, condenser, ejector, separator, expansion valve and evaporator. It also describes the constant area ejector and working of the ejector. The document analyzes the system performance based on conservation equations and discusses the effects of evaporation and condensation temperatures on performance parameters like COP, compressor power and pressure ratio. It concludes that COP increases with evaporation temperature but decreases with condensation temperature.
This document provides an acknowledgments and table of contents for the sourcebook "Improving Compressed Air System Performance: A Sourcebook for Industry". It thanks the many organizations that contributed to the development of the sourcebook. The sourcebook is a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and the Compressed Air Challenge to provide industry with guidance on improving the performance of compressed air systems. It contains sections on the components and uses of compressed air systems, opportunities for performance improvements, and where to find additional help and resources.
Guofu_Chen_Optimize Design and Operation of Renewable Energy Cycle through As...Guofu Chen
This document describes how to optimize the design and operation of a geothermal power plant using Aspen HYSYS and Aspen EDR software. The key steps are:
1. Set up a process model of the organic Rankine cycle in HYSYS using R134a as the working fluid.
2. Use the HYSYS optimizer to maximize net power output by varying pump discharge pressure and evaporator outlet temperature, subject to constraints.
3. Model the air-cooled condensers and evaporator rigorously using Aspen Air-Cooled Exchanger and HYSYS to determine the most cost-effective exchanger designs.
4. Optimize the plant operation by simulating the whole system with
cfd analysis on ejector cooling system with variable throat geometryIjripublishers Ijri
The vapor jet ejector cooling cycle driven by waste heat. It is a very auspicious approach of producing ‘free cooling’ by utilizing low-grade energy sources. The mechanism behind the ejector-based on waste heat cooling is very unique, when compared to absorption or adsorption cooling technologies. They are also aimed at producing heat driven cooling. This type of ejector cooling system is actually more closely related to vapor compression technology.
In this paper simulations of a vapor-jet ejector operating with refregerent R134a as the working fluid by using CFD (computational fluid dynamics). The impact of varying geometry parameters on ejector performance will be considered. Different mixing section radii will be considered for the analysis.
3D modeling is done by using Catia V5 and analysis is done by Ansys fluent14.5.
Cooling of a truck cabin by vapour absorption refrigeration system using engi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses energy conservation in compressed air systems. It provides an introduction to compressor capacity testing and calculations for determining actual free air delivery and specific energy consumption. Common methods for improving compressed air system performance are also outlined, such as addressing leakages, intercooling between stages, and optimizing operating pressures. Statistical data indicates that 10-20% of industrial electricity is typically used for compressed air, but only around 50% of the air supplied is actually used for production.
This document summarizes information about fans and blowers. It defines fans and blowers, describes common types of fans including axial and centrifugal fans. It discusses fan performance parameters such as pressure, flow rate, power and efficiency. The document also presents relationships called fan laws that describe how these parameters change with speed, size and other variables. Formulas are provided for calculating pressure, power and efficiency. Common applications of fans are also listed.
Compressed air and refrigeration systemD.Pawan Kumar
The document discusses various aspects of improving energy efficiency in compressed air systems. It describes how only 10% of the energy used by an air compressor typically reaches the point of use, with the rest lost as heat. It then discusses different types of compressors, system components, distribution systems, factors affecting power consumption like temperature and pressure, and methods to reduce leaks and recover waste heat. Measures like proper sizing of pipes, cooling compressors, reducing pressure drops and leaks can significantly improve the efficiency of compressed air systems.
Energy Conservation in Compressed Air System.AffanDabir
Compressed air systems can be inefficient, wasting up to 70-90% of the energy used to power compressors. Common issues include leaks, over pressurization, pressure drops, and misuse of compressed air for applications where other technologies would be more efficient. Implementing conservation measures like leak detection and repair, pressure optimization, proper sizing of distribution components, and replacing pneumatic tools with electric where possible can significantly reduce energy costs over the long term. Regular maintenance and monitoring compressor run times and pressures can also improve efficiency.
Methods to improve performance of compressed air systemRaveen Ramanan
1. The document discusses methods to improve the performance of compressed air systems, which are often inefficiently used and have problems like leaks.
2. It outlines 11 methods to improve efficiency, such as properly locating and sizing filters, adding intercoolers between compressor stages, eliminating leaks through testing, minimizing pipe lengths, and replacing pneumatic tools with electric ones where possible.
3. The presentation aims to reduce the energy consumption of compressed air systems by focusing on applications and following best practices.
An ejector refrigeration cycle powered by an internal combustion engine. it is a ppt for presentation, including introduction, working principle, performance of an ejector refrigeration.
.
THIS PRESENTATION TAKES OVERVIEW OF AIRCRAFT CABIN PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM. IN THIS I EXPLAINED BASIC SYSTEM USED FOR PRESSURIZATION , AND HOW THIS SYSTEM IS SAFE, PRECISE. AND HOW AIR IS KEPT HEALTHY.
Air compressor overview and basic selection guideAnilkumar B Nair
Provide an overview of Air compressors
Provide a generic guideline for Air compressor selection process
This presentation is prepared for target audience:Facility Managers, Utility Engineers. Technicians and Process associates
Refrigeration forms the basic essence of living comfort. Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle (EERC) is a not so commonly used method of refrigeration. The use of this method is quite understated. It increases the efficiency of the normal refrigeration cycle by almost 16% over the basic cycle by utilising the energy wasted otherwise in the expansion valve in form of expansion process losses. EERC system has high potential which if harnessed properly could prove to be a very efficient method of refrigeration. This paper aims to showcase the real features of this method in a hope that it finds its way out in the commercial industry today.
Energy efficiency improvement opportunities in compressed air systemsPratik Bhoir
The document discusses ways to improve the efficiency of compressed air systems used in textile plants. It identifies common areas where air leaks occur, such as threaded connections, hoses, valves, and old equipment. It recommends monitoring air usage, maintaining equipment, reducing leaks, using electronic condensate drain traps, optimizing compressor size and pressure dew point, properly sizing pipes, and installing variable speed drives to improve efficiency. Regular maintenance through monitoring pressure, temperature, air flow and dew point is important to reduce energy costs from compressed air systems.
When your air condition system breaks down, you may wonder who to call to come and fix the problem. This should worry you no more since the Royal Pro has got your back. Whether it is at your home or business, our company will have your system fixed as soon as possible. Unlike other companies that claim to offer air conditioning repair services, our technicians are fully licensed and insured.
Process of converting solar thermal energy (heat) into conditioned air.
Eco-friendly as well as Energy-efficient.
Can be operated with green resources of heat as backup resources when solar radiation is unavailable
1) The document discusses solar air conditioning as an alternative to traditional air conditioning that uses fossil fuels.
2) Traditional air conditioning has high electricity consumption from fossil fuels, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.
3) Solar air conditioning aims to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and provide an environmentally friendly cooling solution by using the sun's heat for thermal compression instead of mechanical compression.
Air conditioning works by altering the temperature and humidity of air to more comfortable levels. There are two main types: window units which fit in windows, and split systems which separate the hot and cold components.
Window units contain a compressor, expansion valve, hot and cold coils, fans, and controls. Split systems separate the cold indoor coil from the hot outdoor condensing unit. When powered, the compressor increases the pressure and temperature of the working fluid which then cools as it passes through the condenser.
Solar air conditioning uses solar power through hybrid systems that combine photovoltaics and batteries, or absorption chillers that cool air through evaporation and solar-powered fans. While more environmentally friendly than conventional AC
This document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It describes four main types of refrigeration: vapor compression, vapor absorption, magnetic, and industrial. It explains the basic refrigeration cycle for vapor compression and vapor absorption. It then discusses four main types of air conditioning systems: window, split, centralized, and packaged. It provides diagrams to illustrate the components and processes for each system type. In conclusion, it states that refrigerators use two compartments to keep items either frozen or refrigerated to prolong their usable life.
By http://be-cool.in/ - There are various types of air conditioning systems. The application of a particular type of system depends upon a number of factors like how large the area is to be cooled, the total heat generated inside the enclosed area, etc. An HVAC designer would consider all the related parameters and suggest the system most suitable for your space.
Split Air Conditioner
Window Air Conditioner
Packaged Air Conditioner
Central Air Conditioning System
This presentation discusses air conditioning systems. It begins with an introduction by the course teacher and lists the group members. The presentation then covers the history of air conditioning, including its invention in 1902. It describes four main types of air conditioning systems: window, split, central, and packaged. It includes diagrams of cooling circuits and discusses new technologies like district cooling and chilled beam systems. The presentation highlights advantages like comfort and efficiency but also notes disadvantages such as cost. It concludes that air conditioning systems provide comfort from hot and cold weather and lists references used.
What is meant by “Airconditioning”?
Human Comfort
Why do we need A.C.?
Advantages and Disadvantage of A.C.
Ideal room temperature
some terminology-
Dry-bulb temperature
Wet-bulb temperature:
Dew point
Latent heat
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
Specific humidity
Sensible heat
Evaporating Cooling
Condensation
Enthalpy
Entropy
7. Classification of air conditioners
8. Windows AC- advantages
Parts of the Window Air Conditioners
Working
The refrigeration system,
Air circulation system-room air cycle and
The hot air cycle.
Ventilation system,
Control system,
electrical protection system.
9.Split or Ductless AC-
Advantages, parts indoor and outdoor,
Types-
Wall mounted
Floor mounted/Tower AC
Ceiling mounted/Cassette AC
Multi Split ACs
10. Central Air Conditioning System
Advantages and disadvantages
11. Key differences between "Window", "Split" and a "cassette" air conditioners.
12. Cooling capacity
13. Energy Efficiency
14.Energy Consumption
15.Energy Efficiency Ratio
16.Energy Saving Methods
17.Some AC brands
Complete hvac ppt by kk 354647.pptx 1234KRISHAN KUMAR
This document provides an overview of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It discusses the history and development of HVAC, including early innovations in refrigeration. The core components and functions of HVAC systems are described, such as furnaces, ducts, air conditioners, and heat pumps. Various types of HVAC installations and systems are covered, like central air, zoned heating, and radiant heat. Recent developments in HVAC technology and applications are also summarized along with the advantages and disadvantages of HVAC.
This document provides an overview of refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It begins by explaining that refrigeration and air conditioning are used to cool products or environments. It then discusses the basic refrigeration cycle involving heat absorption and rejection. The document outlines different types of refrigeration systems, including vapor compression and vapor absorption. It also describes window air conditioners and split air conditioners. The working of a split AC is explained, noting that it splits the hot and cold sides with the evaporator inside and condenser outside. In closing, the document thanks the reader for their attention.
This document discusses different types of air conditioning systems and their components. It describes window air conditioning systems, split air conditioning systems, centralized air conditioning systems, and packaged air conditioning systems. It also discusses new technologies like district cooling systems and chilled beam systems. The cooling cycle/refrigeration cycle is explained through its key components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Requirements for coolants used in air conditioning systems are outlined.
This document provides an overview of compressed air systems, including:
- The types of compressors and their characteristics such as reciprocating, rotary, centrifugal, and axial compressors.
- How compressors work using principles such as the ideal gas law and Bernoulli's equation.
- Factors that affect the energy consumption of compressed air systems such as inlet air conditions, pressure settings, piping layout and leaks.
- Methods for improving efficiency such as variable speed drives, capacity control, and detailed energy audits.
The document discusses compressed air systems in detail over 5 sections, covering the scope of work, types of compressors, selection criteria, performance comparisons, and system components.
This document provides an overview of a training session on energy equipment refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It discusses types of refrigeration including vapor compression and vapor absorption. It also covers assessing the performance of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, such as measuring tons of refrigeration and coefficient of performance. Finally, it lists several energy efficiency opportunities for refrigeration and AC systems, such as optimizing heat exchange, multi-staging systems, and capacity control of compressors.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. The document recommends that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week to gain these benefits.
Automobile air-conditioning is a necessity of present life. vapour compression refrigeration cycle used in modern automobile and refrigerant 134a are available in automobile. The compressor of automobile air-conditioning is run by engine crankshaft, which reduces the mileage of the
automobile. Waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine are two type, one is direct type or thermal energy or waste heat direct converted into electrical energy by see back effect and other is indirect type waste heat is used for rankine cycle ,sterling cycle or refrigeration cycle.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Air-Conditioner Works on Exhaust GasIRJET Journal
This document reviews a proposed air conditioning system for automobiles that uses an absorption refrigeration cycle powered by waste heat from the vehicle's exhaust gases, rather than the conventional vapor compression cycle driven by the engine. It begins with an introduction comparing vapor absorption and compression cycles. Then it discusses the proposed system using ammonia as the refrigerant and exhaust heat as the energy source. The remainder of the document reviews relevant literature on vapor absorption automobile air conditioning systems that also aim to make use of waste exhaust heat rather than engine power. It discusses several studies that analyzed systems using lithium bromide-water and ammonia-water working pairs to power absorption refrigeration cycles for automotive air conditioning.
The document provides an overview of compressors and compressed air systems. It discusses the different types of compressors, including reciprocating, rotary, screw, and centrifugal compressors. Reciprocating compressors use pistons to compress air in single or multiple stages. They are suitable for applications requiring low flow rates and high pressure. The document also discusses compressed air ratings like SCFM and ACFM, and how to properly size compressed air systems based on conditions like pressure, temperature, and humidity.
This document discusses compressors and compressed air systems. It describes the main components of compressed air systems including compressors, filters, coolers, dryers, receivers and piping. It outlines the main types of compressors - positive displacement (reciprocating and rotary) and dynamic (centrifugal). It provides details on assessing compressor capacity and efficiency, and performance of the distribution system. The goal is to improve energy efficiency of compressed air systems which typically waste 70-90% of the energy from the compressor.
The increasingly worldwide problem regarding rapid economy development and a relative shortage of
energy. Out of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately, 30 to 40% is converted
into useful mechanical work. With the rapid changing environment and atmospheric effect, the air conditioning
of the moving vehicle has become a necessity. In the same time consumers are incapable to bear the increasing
operating cost of the vehicles due to continuous raise in fuel prices, component costs and maintenance costs
associated with vehicles. Keep in mind in this paper, an exploration has been done to research the possibility of
waste heat recovery and its subsequent utilization in air conditioning system of a vehicle without increasing the
component cost, weight, number of component and bring improvement in vehicle by making luxurious. In this
system the Shell and Tube HE type will be used, designed and developed along with vapour absorption
refrigeration system and is tested for performance.
Keywords — Eefficiency, Exhaust Gas, Waste Heat & Shell Tube HE.
Integrated Air Conditioning Unit for AutomobilesIJARTES
This document summarizes several research papers on using waste heat from vehicle exhaust to power an absorption refrigeration system for automotive air conditioning. The key points are:
1) Absorption refrigeration systems can utilize low-grade waste heat from exhaust to run the air conditioning, unlike vapor compression which increases fuel use. Measured COP of a proposed system is 0.85 to 1.04.
2) A study designed a generator heat exchanger to transfer exhaust heat to the refrigerant in the generator. Experimental results showed exhaust is a viable alternative heating source.
3) Other studies analyzed using exhaust heat to power ammonia-water and lithium bromide absorption systems for vehicle air conditioning. Re
Performance Gain for Multiple Stage Centrifugal Compressor by usi.pdfbui thequan
This document discusses optimizing the performance of multiple stage centrifugal compressors used in air conditioning applications by using non-equal impeller configurations. Traditionally, such compressors are designed with near-identical impeller tip diameters, but this simplification can reduce efficiency. By removing this constraint and sizing impellers judiciously based on each stage's flow rate and efficiency maps, compressor efficiency can be improved by up to 5% on average. Analytical models and experiments validate these gains. Applying geometric similarity, the methodology can optimize other compressors and achieve similar performance improvements with short design lead times.
This document summarizes research on modeling and experimentally analyzing a generator for a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The researchers designed a prototype system using heat from exhaust gases to vaporize an ammonia-water working fluid in a plate heat exchanger generator, replacing a heating coil generator typically used. They analyzed the available heat in exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine and modeled the plate heat exchanger. The document describes the components and working of an ammonia-water vapor absorption refrigeration system, specifications of the internal combustion engine used, design calculations for the plate generator, and presents conclusions on utilizing exhaust heat and further modeling needed.
This document summarizes research on modeling and experimentally analyzing a generator for a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The researchers designed a prototype system using heat from exhaust gases to vaporize an ammonia-water working fluid in a plate heat exchanger generator, replacing a heating coil generator typically used. They analyzed the available heat in exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine and modeled the plate heat exchanger. The document describes the components and working of an ammonia-water vapor absorption refrigeration system, specifications of the internal combustion engine used, design calculations for the plate generator, and presents conclusions on utilizing exhaust heat and further modeling needed.
This document summarizes research on modifications to vapor compression refrigeration systems to improve efficiency. It discusses using a diffuser at the condenser inlet to reduce the velocity of refrigerant leaving the compressor, which can improve system performance. The document reviews several other modifications studied in literature, including advances in compressor design, increasing subcooling, minimizing evaporator hunting, and new refrigerant cycles. It concludes that reducing refrigerant velocity with a diffuser can avoid problems caused by high velocity such as liquid humping and damage to condenser tubing.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF AIR PREHEATER IN THERMAL POWER PLANTIAEME Publication
This paper presents a performance evaluation and optimization method of an air preheater based on routine
operation data measured onsite at LANCO-UPCL, Nagarjuna thermal power plant Padubidri, Karnataka, India. The work
focuses on the performance of Regenerative type air pre heater (model LAP 13494/2200). The performances were
evaluated before and after radial sector plate clearance adjustments with air preheater tests, and improvement is seen
along with air preheater optimization.
This document describes the development of an air conditioning system for automobiles based on a vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. The system uses exhaust gases from the engine as a heat source to power the vapor absorption cycle, eliminating the need for mechanical power from the engine. The experimental setup used R134a as the refrigerant and DMF as the absorbent. Calculations were presented showing the system could achieve a coefficient of performance of 2.41 using these working fluids with temperatures of 363K for the generator, 311K for the condenser, and 292K for the evaporator. Graphs of performance metrics like COP versus temperature demonstrated the relationships between variables. The conclusion was that the system could successfully use wasted engine heat to provide air conditioning
The air conditioning system of automobiles in today’s world uses “Vapour Compression
Refrigerant System” (VCRS) which absorbs and removes heat from the interior of the vehicle. The
system utilizes power from engine shaft as the input power to drive the compressor of the refrigerant
system. The loss of power of the engine to run the VCR system can be neglected by utilizing another
refrigeration system i.e. a “Vapour Absorption Refrigerant System”. In a Vapour Absorption
Refrigerant System, a physicochemical process replaces the mechanical process of the Vapour
Compression Refrigerant System by using energy in the form of heat rather than mechanical work.
The experimental work to utilize the waste heat from exhaust gases from an engine for the vapour
absorption refrigerant system with R-134a as refrigerant and DMF as absorbent. The experimental
results indicated that vehicle performance enhances, noise reduces, maintenance becomes easier, and
highly reliable. The data obtained from experimentation is presented analyzed in this paper.
Development of vapour absorption refrigeration system in vehiclesAshish Singh
This document discusses the development of a vapor absorption refrigeration system for use in vehicles. It begins with an introduction that explains vapor absorption and vapor compression refrigeration systems. The objectives are to lower the vehicle's temperature using waste heat from the engine. Literature on previous related projects is reviewed. The proposed system would use a generator heated by exhaust gases to power the vapor absorption cycle. Performance is analyzed considering temperatures and heat transfer. Components are specified and costs are estimated. A timeline is provided. The vapor absorption system could utilize otherwise wasted engine heat to provide cooling, reducing fuel costs compared to vapor compression.
IRJET-Numerical Investigation on Performance of VCR System using Shell and Tu...IRJET Journal
This document discusses numerically investigating the performance of a vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) system using different types of heat exchangers. It aims to replace an existing double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) with a shell and tube heat exchanger (STHE) to improve efficiency. CFD analysis is conducted on both heat exchangers to compare their coefficient of performance (COP). The DPHE currently used has low efficiency, so a STHE is proposed as it has higher efficiency and requires less area. Helical baffles within the STHE may provide further improvements.
This document summarizes a study on an adsorption refrigeration system for truck cabin cooling using engine exhaust heat. The proposed system uses two adsorbers, two condensers and an evaporator connected with two control valves. Experimental testing of a 1 kW prototype showed a cooling capacity of 1-1.2 kW and a COP of 0.4-0.45. The system uses a compact design with minimal components, making it portable for truck integration. Graphs show the system's refrigeration capacity, COP and heating time vary with exhaust gas temperature. The study concludes the proposed system can provide refrigeration without impacting engine efficiency and is a viable option for truck cabin cooling.
VOLUME-7 ISSUE-8, AUGUST 2019 , International Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT) , ISSN: 2321-9637 (Online) Published By: MG Aricent Pvt Ltd
Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in...Joel John
The document proposes recovering engine waste heat in an automobile to power an air conditioning system using vapor absorption refrigeration. It begins with an introduction discussing how air conditioning has become necessary in vehicles and how operating costs are increasing. It then reviews vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems, engine cooling systems, and compares the two refrigeration methods. The objectives are to identify waste in traditional vapor compression systems, compare characteristics to the proposed vapor absorption system, and analyze strategies to reduce refrigeration costs in vehicles. A literature review found works on using exhaust heat for adsorption cooling but no significant work recovering engine heat for vehicle air conditioning.
IRJET- A Review on Developing a Model that Uses Waste Heat from Condenser in ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews several studies on developing models to utilize waste heat from the condenser in a vapor compression refrigeration cycle. Key findings from the studies include:
1) Models that recover waste heat from the condenser can increase the COP of the vapor compression system by 10-11%.
2) Waste heat recovered from the condenser has been used to heat water, operate an oven, power additional refrigeration cycles, and improve the efficiency of air conditioning systems.
3) Optimal operating parameters like temperatures and fluid flow rates need to be considered to feasibly recover waste heat from the condenser.
Fusion 360 and A360 allow for cloud-based 3D modeling, collaboration, and data storage. These programs enable parametric and freeform modeling as well as instant design decisions and sharing projects with peer groups. Users can store models and work online through cloud directories.
Independent Autodesk Building Performance Analysis Certificate_arunprakashArun Prakash
The recipient successfully completed the Autodesk Building Performance Analysis Certificate, which covered topics such as climate, energy literacy, sun and shadows, solar radiation, whole building energy analysis, airflow, and daylighting using Autodesk Revit, Vasari, and GBS software. The recipient is now better prepared to apply building science concepts and use Autodesk software in the creation of high-performance buildings.
A basic Intro about our firm and our area of expertise. To know more about us log on to www.dizinwrkx.in. Get in touch by mailing to us at info@dizinwrkx.in
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Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.AnnySerafinaLove
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Dive into this presentation and learn about the ways in which you can buy an engagement ring. This guide will help you choose the perfect engagement rings for women.
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Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
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Ellen Burstyn: From Detroit Dreamer to Hollywood Legend | CIO Women MagazineCIOWomenMagazine
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What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
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This PowerPoint compilation offers a comprehensive overview of 20 leading innovation management frameworks and methodologies, selected for their broad applicability across various industries and organizational contexts. These frameworks are valuable resources for a wide range of users, including business professionals, educators, and consultants.
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6. Doblin’s Ten Types of Innovation
7. McKinsey’s Three Horizons of Growth
8. Customer Journey Map
9. Christensen’s Disruptive Innovation Theory
10. Blue Ocean Strategy
11. Strategyn’s Jobs-To-Be-Done (JTBD) Framework with Job Map
12. Design Sprint Framework
13. The Double Diamond
14. Lean Six Sigma DMAIC
15. TRIZ Problem-Solving Framework
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17. Stage-Gate Model
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This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
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These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
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DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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Reducing ac power consumption by compressor downsizing on a sport
1. Purdue University
Purdue e-Pubs
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Conference
School of Mechanical Engineering
2006
Reducing AC Power Consumption By
Compressor Downsizing on a Sports Utility
Vehicle
D. Srinivasan
Tata Motors Ltd.
Prasad Phadke
Tata Motors Ltd.
Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc
Srinivasan, D. and Phadke, Prasad, "Reducing AC Power Consumption By Compressor Downsizing on a Sports Utility Vehicle"
(2006). International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 844.
http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/844
This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact epubs@purdue.edu for
additional information.
Complete proceedings may be acquired in print and on CD-ROM directly from the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories at https://engineering.purdue.edu/
Herrick/Events/orderlit.html
2. R048, Page 1
REDUCING AC POWER CONSUMPTION BY COMPRESSOR
DOWNSIZING ON A SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLE
D Srinivasan*, Prasad Phadke
Climate Control Group, Engineering Research Centre, TATA Motors Ltd.
Pune – 411018, Maharashtra, India.
Tel: +91-20-56133226, Fax: +91-20-56131960
*Corresponding author
Email: d.srinivasan@tatamotors.com
ABSTRACT
Reducing AC power consumption in an automobile is one of the key challenges for climate control engineers. The
AC compressor consumes power from the engine which directly affects fuel economy and vehicle drivability. The
main objective of this study is to reduce front end auxiliary drive (FEAD) load on engine by compressor
downsizing, without compromising on cooling performance of the AC system. The study has been carried out on a
sports utility vehicle (SUV) which has twin evaporator AC system. The three compressors under study have been
critically evaluated at three levels a) Component level b) System level and c) Vehicle level. The study has been
conducted in two phases 1) downsizing from 170 cc/rev reciprocating piston compressor to 130 cc/rev compressor
and 2) further downsizing from 130 cc/rev reciprocating piston compressor to 90 cc/rev rotary scroll compressor.
The results of this study demonstrate that AC power consumption and refrigerant quantity are reduced by 25% and
5% respectively.
Key words: Automobile climate control, front end auxiliary drive load, power consumption, compressor
downsizing.
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the primary functions of an automobile climate control system is to provide the desired cooling and stabilise
cabin temperatures to comfortable levels in hot climatic conditions. With the increasing demand for more energy
efficient systems and thermal comfort in automobiles, the automobile AC system needs to be optimized to deliver
the required cooling performance with minimum AC power consumption. Proper selection and integration of AC
compressor with other system aggregates results in improved energy efficiency of the system.
Geon and Tae (2004) have mentioned about the importance of AC power consumption reduction in their study.
Urchueguia et al. (2003) have carried out experiments with scroll and reciprocating compressors using R22 and
propane as refrigerant, for a commercial type refrigeration unit of nominal capacity of about 20kW. Kapoor et al.
(2004) have carried out experiments with reciprocating and scroll compressors on a small car automotive air
conditioning system and found that 60 cc/rev scroll compressor delivers an equivalent cooling with 20% reduction
in power consumption as compared to a 110 cc/rev reciprocating piston compressor. Perevozchikov and Pham
(2004) have shown that variable speed scroll compressor gives superior performance over conventional compressors
in terms of efficiency and reliability.
The SUV considered for this study is originally equipped with 170 cc/rev reciprocating piston compressor. The
study of various compressors shows that for the same application, a smaller capacity compressor can be used to
reduce AC power consumption and still can maintain the same level of cooling by optimizing the AC system
aggregates. In addition, by deploying scroll compressor technology, the compressor capacity can be further
downsized, making the system even more energy efficient.
In case of conventional reciprocating piston type swash plate compressors, frictional losses are high due to the
reciprocating motion of pistons past the walls of the cylinders, resulting in lower efficiencies. In case of a scroll
compressor, its typical internal construction and compression mechanism reduces the frictional losses and increases
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 17 – 20, 2006
3. R048, Page 2
the efficiency. In a scroll compressor, there are two spiral-shaped scroll members, one stationary scroll and the other
scroll orbiting relative to the stationary scroll. These two members fit together forming crescent shaped pockets. As
the orbiting motion continues, refrigerant is drawn in from the outer ends and forced toward the center of the scroll
form gradually increasing refrigerant pressure. The high pressure refrigerant is then discharged from the center port
of the fixed scroll member.
2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology adopted for this study is to experimentally evaluate the power consumption and cooling
performance of the three AC compressors under study at three different levels a) component level calorimetric test
b) system level bench test and c) vehicle level dynamometer test. This study has been carried out in two distinct
phases.
2.1 Phase 1:
In phase 1, 170 cc/rev reciprocating piston compressor is compared with 130 cc/rev reciprocating piston compressor.
Both these compressors have similar technology and are similar in construction. For 130 cc/rev compressor, the AC
system has been reconfigured with change in capacity of thermostatic expansion valve and refrigerant charge
quantity as compared to the existing AC system.
2.2 Phase 2:
In phase 2, 130 cc/rev reciprocating piston compressor is compared with 90 cc/rev rotary scroll compressor. These
two compressors are different in both, technology and construction. There is no change in the system configuration
and refrigerant charge quantity for these two compressors.
3. TEST CONDITIONS
3.1 Compressor Calorimetric Test
All the three compressors under study are tested as stand alone on a compressor calorimeter, under identical test
conditions (LP=1.76 bar, HP=16.4 bar, SH=10°C, SC=5°C). The set points represent the typical vehicle operating
conditions. The compressor cooling capacity and power consumption are evaluated at four different engine speeds.
3.2 System level Bench Test
The experimental set up consisted of original components from the R134a system of a typical twin evaporator AC
system of SUV. The set up as shown in Figure 1 consists of three environmental chambers for the compressor,
condenser and evaporator. The compressor drive motor is housed in a fourth chamber.
Evaporator 2
(roof mount)
Evaporator 1
(underdash)
Condenser
Compressor
Motor
Evaporator Room
Condenser Room
Compressor Room
Figure 1: Schematic diagram for Bench test set up
The compressor chamber holds the compressor at a desired temperature to simulate temperature conditions in the
engine compartment of the car. The compressor is run by the electrical motor acted upon by frequency converter in
order to cover the whole range of rotational speed in the actual vehicle. Condenser and evaporator chambers contain
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 17 – 20, 2006
4. R048, Page 3
a wind tunnel with variable speed blower and temperature controller, enabling a wide range of air flow rates and
temperatures for the condenser and evaporator chambers respectively. The evaporator chamber also has a steam
supply and humidity controller to provide latent heat load. In addition the evaporators are kept in the original plastic
casing to preserve the same air circuit and flow rate as in the actual vehicle.
The test condition is designed to represent actual vehicle operating conditions. On the test bench, the compressor
speeds for all three compressors were set corresponding to engine speed as on the vehicle. There are five engine
speeds from 950 rpm to 4000 rpm simulating vehicle idling to high cruising speeds. The ambient air around the
compressor is maintained at 100°C and the condenser at 45°C. Air flow rate across the condenser is related to
vehicle speed. In stationary idling condition, the velocity is restricted to 1 m/s whereas at cruising speed of 80 kmph,
the velocity is set to 4.5 m/s. The inlet air condition for the evaporator is 35°C / 60% RH. Air flow rate set over
evaporator 1 is 400 m3/hr and over evaporator 2 is 180 m3/hr. These typically are the air flow rates at the maximum
blower speed for a twin evaporator AC system of SUV. In the bench test, cooling capacity and power consumption
of the AC compressor at the system level has been evaluated across engine speeds.
3.3 Vehicle level dynamometer Test
The SUV is tested on a chassis dynamometer with the three compressors. The tests are conducted under identical
test conditions to evaluate the AC power consumption. The tests are done at five vehicle speeds in 5th gear full
throttle condition. To ensure that the AC system is fully loaded and the compressor works continuously during the
test, the windows are kept open and the anti-icing device is bypassed.
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1 Phase 1: 170 cc/rev compressor (reciprocating) vs. 130 cc/rev compressor (reciprocating)
4.1.1 Compressor Calorimetric Test: Figure 2 shows comparative performance of the two compressors in the
compressor calorimeter. The power consumption of 130 cc/rev compressor is 5% to 18% lesser than 170 cc/rev
compressor across engine speeds. The result also demonstrates that cooling capacity of 130 cc/rev compressor is
lesser by 13% to 24% than 170 cc/rev compressor as stand alone component.
170 cc/rev (reciprocating)
130 cc/rev (reciprocating)
Cooling capacity & Power consumption (kW)
10.0
9.0
Test conditions
LP = 1.76 bar
HP = 16.4 bar
SH = 10°C
SC = 5°C
8.0
7.0
Cooling capacity
6.0
5.0
4.0
Power consumption
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Engine speed (rpm)
Figure 2: Compressor calorimetric test – 170 cc/rev vs 130 cc/rev
4.1.2 System Bench test: Figure 3 shows the bench level performance of the two compressors. The result
demonstrates that power consumption of 130 cc/rev compressor is lower by 1% to 9% below 2500 rpm and higher
by 2% to 5% above 2500 rpm compared to 170 cc/rev compressor. The combined cooling capacity of the twin
evaporator system with 130 cc/rev compressor is lower by 3% compared to 170cc/rev compressor below 1750 rpm
and higher by 2% above 1750 rpm.
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170 cc/rev (reciprocating)
130 cc/rev (reciprocating)
Cooling capacity & Power consumption (kW)
7.00
6.00
Cooling capacity
5.00
Power consumption
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Engine speed (rpm)
Figure 3: Bench test – 170 cc/rev vs 130 cc/rev
By optimising the capacity of thermostatic expansion valve and refrigerant charge quantity, the 130cc/rev
compressor when coupled with other AC system aggregates delivers the same cooling performance as 170 cc/rev
compressor with less power consumption. This demonstrates that 130 cc/rev compressor is better optimised with the
other AC system aggregates.
The refrigerant charge quantity for the twin evaporator system with 130 cc/rev compressor is reduced from existing
950 gms to 900 gms.
The 170 cc/rev compressor, which delivers higher cooling capacity at component level (stand alone), delivers lower
cooling performance when coupled with other AC system aggregates. This demonstrates that 170 cc/rev compressor
is overcapacity for the existing AC system.
4.1.3 Vehicle level dynamometer test: Figure 4 shows the AC system power consumption across vehicles speeds
with 170 cc/rev compressor and 130 cc/rev compressor. Test results demonstrate that 130 cc/rev compressor
consumes 8% to 15% lesser power compared to 170 cc/rev compressor. This reduction in power consumption is
achieved with the same level of cooling performance.
170 cc/rev compressor
130 cc/rev compressor
4
AC power consumption (kW)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
30
40
45
55
75
Vehicle speed (Kmph)
Figure 4: Chassis dynamometer test – 170 cc/rev vs 130 cc/rev
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6. R048, Page 5
At the end of phase 1, the test results demonstrate that at all three levels 130 cc/rev compressor consumes lesser
power as compared to 170cc/rev compressor. The results also show that after optimising the AC system aggregates,
130 cc/rev compressor delivers same cooling performance as that of 170 cc/rev compressor. Based on these
advantages, 170 cc/rev reciprocating compressor has been replaced by 130 cc/rev reciprocating compressor on the
vehicle.
4.2 Phase 2: 130 cc/rev compressor (reciprocating) vs. 90 cc/rev compressor (scroll)
4.2.1 Compressor Calorimetric Test: Figure 5 shows comparative performance of the two compressors in the
compressor calorimeter. The power consumption of 90 cc/rev scroll compressor is 2% to 13% lower than 130 cc/rev
reciprocating compressor across engine speeds. The result also demonstrates that cooling performance of scroll
compressor is 4% to 30% higher than reciprocating compressor as stand alone component. The performance curves
for 170 cc/rev compressor are shown with dotted lines for reference.
170 cc/rev (reciprocating)
130 cc/rev (reciprocating)
90 cc/rev (scroll)
12.0
Cooling capacity & Power consumption (kW)
11.0
Test conditions
LP = 1.76 bar
HP = 16.4 bar
SH = 10°C
SC = 5°C
10.0
9.0
Cooling capacity
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
Power consumption
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Engine speed (rpm)
Figure 5: Compressor calorimetric test – 130 cc/rev vs 90 cc/rev
4.2.2 System Bench Test: Figure 6 shows the bench level performance of 130 cc/rev reciprocating and 90 cc/rev
scroll compressor. The power consumption of scroll compressor is lower by 5% to 20% compared to reciprocating
170 cc/rev (reciprocating)
130 cc/rev (reciprocating)
90 cc/rev (scroll)
Cooling capacity & Power consumption (kW)
8.00
7.00
Cooling capacity
6.00
5.00
Power consumption
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Engine speed (rpm)
Figure 6: Bench test – 130 cc/rev vs 90 cc/rev
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compressor below 2400 engine rpm. The combined cooling performance of twin evaporator system with 90 cc/rev
scroll compressor is higher by 4% to 12% compared to 130 cc/rev reciprocating compressor across engine speeds.
Without making any modifications in the system and with same refrigerant charge quantity (900 gms) as that of
reciprocating compressor, the scroll compressor delivers more cooling performance with less power consumption.
The scroll compressor which delivers higher cooling performance at component level (stand alone), once again
demonstrates higher cooling performance when coupled with other AC system aggregates at bench level. This
shows that scroll compressor is well optimised with AC system aggregates. The performance curves for 170 cc/rev
compressor are shown with dotted lines for reference.
4.2.3 Vehicle level dynamometer test: Figure 7 shows the AC system power consumption across vehicles speeds
with 130 cc/rev reciprocating compressor and 90 cc/rev scroll compressor. Test results demonstrate that scroll
compressor consumes 16% to 25% lesser power compared to reciprocating compressor. This reduction in power
consumption is achieved with the same level of cooling performance. The values for 170 cc/rev reciprocating
compressor are also captured for reference.
170 cc/rev (reciprocating)
130 cc/rev compressor (reciprocating)
90 cc/rev (scroll)
4
AC power consumption (kW)
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
30
40
45
55
75
Vehicle speed (Kmph)
Figure 7: Chassis dynamometer test – 130 cc/rev vs 90 cc/rev
At the end of phase 2, the test results demonstrate that at all three levels 90 cc/rev scroll compressor consumes lesser
power compared to 130 cc/rev reciprocating compressor. It also shows that 90 cc/rev scroll compressor delivers
higher cooling performance than that of 130 cc/rev reciprocating compressor with no change in the AC system
aggregates. Based on these advantages, 90 cc/rev scroll compressor has been recommended to replace 130 cc/rev
reciprocating compressor.
5. CONCLUSIONS
The main focus of the present study is reduction in the AC power consumption by compressor downsizing. A
methodical approach of three way experimental evaluation in two phases has been followed to realize the objective.
• In phase 1, by downsizing the AC compressor from 170 cc/rev to 130 cc/rev capacity, 8% to 15% reduction in
power consumption is achieved.
• In phase 2, by downsizing the AC compressor from 130 cc/rev to 90 cc/rev capacity, 16% to 25% reduction in
power consumption is achieved.
• Overall, there is 24% to 30% reduction in AC power consumption by replacing 170 cc/rev reciprocating
compressor with 90 cc/rev scroll compressor. The lower power consumption of scroll compressor can be
attributed solely to its internal construction, compression mechanism, and lower frictional losses.
• Furthermore, there is 5% reduction in refrigerant charge quantity because of compressor downsizing.
All these benefits are achieved without any deterioration in the AC cooling performance. The scroll compressor
offers the added benefits of low noise, higher continuous speeds and improved drivability. Advancements in
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8. R048, Page 7
compressor technology offer opportunities to further reduce the AC power consumption and refrigerant charge
quantity.
ABBREVIATIONS
HP
LP
RH
SC
SH
AC
High pressure
Low pressure
Relative Humidity
Sub cooling
Superheating
Air conditioning
REFERENCES
Geon Lee, Tae Lee, 2004, A study on the variable displacement mechanism of swash plate type compressor for
automotive air conditioning system, Int. Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue: C079
Urchueguia Javier F., Jose Miguel Corberan, Jose Gonzalvez, Jose Miguel Diaz, 2003, Experimental
characterization of a commercial size scroll and reciprocating compressor working with R22 and propane (R290) as
refrigerant. Int. Congress of Refrig., Washington DC, Session B2–1, p. 1–8
Kapoor S.H., Paramane S., Dr Arora G., 2004, Application of energy efficient scroll compressor for small cars, Int.
Refrigeration and Air conditioning Conference at Purdue: R060
Perevozchikov M.M., Pham H.M., 2004, Scroll compressor for mobile HVAC/R application, Int. Compressor
Engineering Conference at Purdue: C095
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided to this work by Tata Motors Ltd, Pune, India. The authors
also acknowledge the guidance and support given by Mr. Hirak Mukherjee from MHI, India.
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 17 – 20, 2006