This document summarizes research on modeling and experimentally analyzing a generator for a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The researchers designed a prototype system using heat from exhaust gases to vaporize an ammonia-water working fluid in a plate heat exchanger generator, replacing a heating coil generator typically used. They analyzed the available heat in exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine and modeled the plate heat exchanger. The document describes the components and working of an ammonia-water vapor absorption refrigeration system, specifications of the internal combustion engine used, design calculations for the plate generator, and presents conclusions on utilizing exhaust heat and further modeling needed.
Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in...Joel John
The document proposes recovering engine waste heat in an automobile to power an air conditioning system using vapor absorption refrigeration. It begins with an introduction discussing how air conditioning has become necessary in vehicles and how operating costs are increasing. It then reviews vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems, engine cooling systems, and compares the two refrigeration methods. The objectives are to identify waste in traditional vapor compression systems, compare characteristics to the proposed vapor absorption system, and analyze strategies to reduce refrigeration costs in vehicles. A literature review found works on using exhaust heat for adsorption cooling but no significant work recovering engine heat for vehicle air conditioning.
Cooling of a truck cabin by vapour absorption refrigeration system using engi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Automobile air-conditioning is a necessity of present life. vapour compression refrigeration cycle used in modern automobile and refrigerant 134a are available in automobile. The compressor of automobile air-conditioning is run by engine crankshaft, which reduces the mileage of the
automobile. Waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine are two type, one is direct type or thermal energy or waste heat direct converted into electrical energy by see back effect and other is indirect type waste heat is used for rankine cycle ,sterling cycle or refrigeration cycle.
Development of vapour absorption refrigeration system in vehiclesAshish Singh
This document discusses the development of a vapor absorption refrigeration system for use in vehicles. It begins with an introduction that explains vapor absorption and vapor compression refrigeration systems. The objectives are to lower the vehicle's temperature using waste heat from the engine. Literature on previous related projects is reviewed. The proposed system would use a generator heated by exhaust gases to power the vapor absorption cycle. Performance is analyzed considering temperatures and heat transfer. Components are specified and costs are estimated. A timeline is provided. The vapor absorption system could utilize otherwise wasted engine heat to provide cooling, reducing fuel costs compared to vapor compression.
The document describes the design and fabrication of a single-effect vapor absorption refrigeration system using LiBr-H2O and exhaust heat. The system was designed to (1) be environmentally friendly by using waste heat, (2) have low running costs, and (3) meet energy demands sustainably. A car was used as the environment where the cooling load was estimated. Components like the generator, condenser, evaporator, and absorber were modeled in ASPEN and tested experimentally using exhaust from an electric generator and LPG. The system was able to lower the chamber temperature by 4-5°C and had a COP of 0.0012-0.0013 without including heat input.
This document discusses waste heat recovery systems (WHRS) that can be installed on ships to capture waste heat from main engine exhaust to generate electricity. It describes three main WHRS options: a power turbine generator (PTG) unit, a steam turbine generator (STG) unit, and a combined steam turbine and power turbine generator (ST-PT) unit. The PTG uses a turbine to capture energy from the exhaust gas bypass, while the STG and ST-PT systems use a boiler and steam turbine. Capturing waste heat can generate 3-11% of a ship's electricity and significantly reduce fuel costs and emissions. Selecting the best WHRS depends on electrical load, running profile, and available space on the
Thermo Tech Engineering provides advice to help businesses recover waste heat and save energy costs. Waste heat recovery systems work by identifying heat sources, selecting recovery equipment, and evaluating the financial benefits. Common recovery devices include economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, waste heat boilers, and heat pumps. Heat pumps are particularly useful for upgrading low-grade waste heat to higher temperatures suitable for industrial processes. Recovering waste heat improves profits by reducing energy costs.
This document summarizes a dissertation on the exergetic analysis of a two-stage lithium bromide/water vapor absorption refrigeration system. It provides background on absorption refrigeration and the motivation for improving efficiency. The dissertation aims to conduct an energy and exergy analysis of an actual double effect steam powered lithium bromide-water vapor absorption refrigeration system. It calculates values like exergy loss, COP, exergy efficiency and heat rate for each component. The effects of generator and evaporator temperature on COP and exergy efficiency are evaluated. Results show the irreversibility rate is highest in the generator, while lowest in the absorber and condenser. COP increases with evaporator temperature but exergy efficiency decreases. Average exer
Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in...Joel John
The document proposes recovering engine waste heat in an automobile to power an air conditioning system using vapor absorption refrigeration. It begins with an introduction discussing how air conditioning has become necessary in vehicles and how operating costs are increasing. It then reviews vapor compression and absorption refrigeration systems, engine cooling systems, and compares the two refrigeration methods. The objectives are to identify waste in traditional vapor compression systems, compare characteristics to the proposed vapor absorption system, and analyze strategies to reduce refrigeration costs in vehicles. A literature review found works on using exhaust heat for adsorption cooling but no significant work recovering engine heat for vehicle air conditioning.
Cooling of a truck cabin by vapour absorption refrigeration system using engi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Automobile air-conditioning is a necessity of present life. vapour compression refrigeration cycle used in modern automobile and refrigerant 134a are available in automobile. The compressor of automobile air-conditioning is run by engine crankshaft, which reduces the mileage of the
automobile. Waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine are two type, one is direct type or thermal energy or waste heat direct converted into electrical energy by see back effect and other is indirect type waste heat is used for rankine cycle ,sterling cycle or refrigeration cycle.
Development of vapour absorption refrigeration system in vehiclesAshish Singh
This document discusses the development of a vapor absorption refrigeration system for use in vehicles. It begins with an introduction that explains vapor absorption and vapor compression refrigeration systems. The objectives are to lower the vehicle's temperature using waste heat from the engine. Literature on previous related projects is reviewed. The proposed system would use a generator heated by exhaust gases to power the vapor absorption cycle. Performance is analyzed considering temperatures and heat transfer. Components are specified and costs are estimated. A timeline is provided. The vapor absorption system could utilize otherwise wasted engine heat to provide cooling, reducing fuel costs compared to vapor compression.
The document describes the design and fabrication of a single-effect vapor absorption refrigeration system using LiBr-H2O and exhaust heat. The system was designed to (1) be environmentally friendly by using waste heat, (2) have low running costs, and (3) meet energy demands sustainably. A car was used as the environment where the cooling load was estimated. Components like the generator, condenser, evaporator, and absorber were modeled in ASPEN and tested experimentally using exhaust from an electric generator and LPG. The system was able to lower the chamber temperature by 4-5°C and had a COP of 0.0012-0.0013 without including heat input.
This document discusses waste heat recovery systems (WHRS) that can be installed on ships to capture waste heat from main engine exhaust to generate electricity. It describes three main WHRS options: a power turbine generator (PTG) unit, a steam turbine generator (STG) unit, and a combined steam turbine and power turbine generator (ST-PT) unit. The PTG uses a turbine to capture energy from the exhaust gas bypass, while the STG and ST-PT systems use a boiler and steam turbine. Capturing waste heat can generate 3-11% of a ship's electricity and significantly reduce fuel costs and emissions. Selecting the best WHRS depends on electrical load, running profile, and available space on the
Thermo Tech Engineering provides advice to help businesses recover waste heat and save energy costs. Waste heat recovery systems work by identifying heat sources, selecting recovery equipment, and evaluating the financial benefits. Common recovery devices include economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, waste heat boilers, and heat pumps. Heat pumps are particularly useful for upgrading low-grade waste heat to higher temperatures suitable for industrial processes. Recovering waste heat improves profits by reducing energy costs.
This document summarizes a dissertation on the exergetic analysis of a two-stage lithium bromide/water vapor absorption refrigeration system. It provides background on absorption refrigeration and the motivation for improving efficiency. The dissertation aims to conduct an energy and exergy analysis of an actual double effect steam powered lithium bromide-water vapor absorption refrigeration system. It calculates values like exergy loss, COP, exergy efficiency and heat rate for each component. The effects of generator and evaporator temperature on COP and exergy efficiency are evaluated. Results show the irreversibility rate is highest in the generator, while lowest in the absorber and condenser. COP increases with evaporator temperature but exergy efficiency decreases. Average exer
Tata Lucknow implemented a waste heat recovery project to capture heat from the exhaust of 3 ovens - an ED oven, TC oven 1, and TC oven 2. Heat recovery units were installed on each oven and recover a total of 828,100 kcal/hr of heat. This recovered heat raises the temperature of water used in the PT coating line from 85C to 95C, reducing propane usage by 75kg/hr and saving Rs. 2.2 crore annually. The total project cost was Rs. 1.06 crore and the return on investment period is 10 months.
Project Abstract- Waste Heat Recovery from IC Enginer ExhaustAniruddha Bv
The project aimed to develop an indigenous silencer design for internal combustion (IC) engines that could efficiently extract waste heat from the exhaust and convert it to electrical energy. A CAD model and thermal/structural analysis was used to design a modified silencer capable of housing up to 8 thermoelectric modules, each generating 0.75 watts. The exhaust gases provided heat to the modules, while ambient air provided cooling, creating a temperature difference converted to voltage via thermoelectric technology. Testing generated 12 volts and 0.5 amps, demonstrating the potential of recovering wasted exhaust heat as electricity in vehicles.
Design and Fabrication of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System [Libr-H20]IJMER
Most of the energies are utilized by the industries due to depletion of fossil fuels and
increasing the fuel price to exploit the maximum presented energy from the waste heat source. The
industry which utilizes steam turbine exhaust carries a considerable amount of thermal energy. This
energy can be set in to positive use as a heat source for vapour absorption system to serves as cooling
system. This paper illustrates the thermal and fiscal advantages of using single effect lithium bromide
water absorption by means of waste heat. The objective of this work is to hypothetical design of lithium
bromide water absorption Refrigeration system using waste heat from any industry steam turbine
exhaust
The air conditioning system of automobiles in today’s world uses “Vapour Compression
Refrigerant System” (VCRS) which absorbs and removes heat from the interior of the vehicle. The
system utilizes power from engine shaft as the input power to drive the compressor of the refrigerant
system. The loss of power of the engine to run the VCR system can be neglected by utilizing another
refrigeration system i.e. a “Vapour Absorption Refrigerant System”. In a Vapour Absorption
Refrigerant System, a physicochemical process replaces the mechanical process of the Vapour
Compression Refrigerant System by using energy in the form of heat rather than mechanical work.
The experimental work to utilize the waste heat from exhaust gases from an engine for the vapour
absorption refrigerant system with R-134a as refrigerant and DMF as absorbent. The experimental
results indicated that vehicle performance enhances, noise reduces, maintenance becomes easier, and
highly reliable. The data obtained from experimentation is presented analyzed in this paper.
This document summarizes methods for recovering waste heat from boiler exhaust gases to increase boiler efficiency when using bagasse as fuel. It discusses using a shell and tube heat exchanger to preheat water or air coming into the boiler using heat from the exhaust gases. Recovering this waste heat can increase boiler efficiency from 53.31% to over 79% in a sugar mill by preheating the combustion air or boiler feed water to reduce the amount of primary fuel needed. The document evaluates different heat recovery methods and their potential to improve boiler efficiency.
The document describes a water cooling system that uses engine exhaust heat from a two-wheeler engine. The system uses an adsorber bed filled with activated carbon to adsorb R134a refrigerant. Exhaust from the engine passes through the adsorber bed, heating it and causing the refrigerant to evaporate. The evaporated refrigerant then passes through a coil that acts as an evaporator, cooling water passed through it. After condensing, the refrigerant is expanded through a valve and re-adsorbed in the bed, completing the cycle. Experimental results showed the system could cool 2 liters of water to 19°C within 30 minutes, using only waste heat from the engine exhaust. The system provides
Waste heat recovery provides opportunities to improve energy efficiency in industrial processes. Capturing lost heat from exhaust gases, furnaces, and other equipment can provide an emission-free substitute for fuels and electricity. Existing technologies like recuperators and regenerators can often recover 10-50% of lost heat. Lower temperature waste heat below 400°F can also be recovered and used for space heating, hot water, or low temperature industrial processes. Challenges include the low temperature differences available, corrosion from flue gas condensation, and finding suitable end uses for the recovered heat. Advanced materials and designs are exploring ways to further improve waste heat recovery across a wide range of industrial applications.
The document discusses vehicle exhaust heat recovery systems to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. It describes how internal combustion engines lose much of their energy as exhaust heat and how recapturing even 10% of this wasted heat could increase fuel efficiency up to 20%. It then examines two exhaust heat recovery approaches - Rankine cycle systems and thermoelectric generators - and provides an example analysis of recovering energy from a truck engine exhaust operating at 440°C that could achieve up to 20% fuel savings. Cost comparisons show thermoelectric generators have lower costs than Rankine cycle systems. The conclusion is that exhaust heat recovery systems can pay back their additional costs within a few years through reduced fuel usage and carbon emissions.
A recuperator is a heat exchanger that recovers waste heat from exhaust gases or air streams and transfers it to incoming gases or air streams. It increases efficiency by preheating the incoming streams using waste heat from the outgoing streams. Recuperators are commonly used in industrial processes and gas turbine engines to reduce fuel consumption and increase overall efficiency. They can reduce energy costs by recovering up to 80% of waste heat and lowering fuel usage by 20-30%.
The document provides details about the Panipat Thermal Power Plant located in Panipat, India. It describes the plant's 5 construction stages and total generation capacity of 1,367.8 MW. The key components and processes of a thermal power plant are explained, including how coal is used to heat water and create steam to power the turbine and generate electricity. The plant receives coal, water, and fuel by rail, canal, and tankers which are stored and prepared before use in the boiler and generators.
This document introduces ammonia-water vapor absorption refrigeration systems. It discusses how ammonia is the refrigerant and water is the absorbent in these systems. Compared to water-lithium bromide systems, ammonia-water systems can be used for both refrigeration and air conditioning but have a more complex design due to the smaller boiling point difference between ammonia and water. The document then discusses properties of ammonia-water mixtures including composition, vapor pressure, and vapor-liquid equilibrium using pressure-temperature-concentration and enthalpy-temperature-concentration charts. It explains concepts such as bubble point, dew point, and how bubble point and dew point lines are determined for ammonia-water mixtures at different
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key concepts of absorption refrigeration including the principal of operation using a binary working fluid, desirable properties of working fluids, common working fluid pairs of water/NH3 and LiBr/water, and advantages over vapor compression systems. The conclusion discusses potential improvements like multi-effect cycles and combined ejector-absorption systems to promote greater use of absorption refrigeration.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
This document provides information on waste heat recovery from industrial processes. It begins with an introduction that defines waste heat and its potential value. The training agenda is then outlined, covering waste heat types, assessment, and performance evaluation. Various types of commercial waste heat recovery equipment are described, including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, plate heat exchangers, and heat pumps. An example calculation is provided for estimating heat and cost savings from recovering waste heat from hot water. In closing, the document thanks attendees and provides information on its source and references.
A complete description of types of power plant, it's working.
Types of the turbine.It contains detail description of turbine, coal handling plant, ash handling plant, the layout of thermal power plant. Economizer, air pre heater, super heater etc. It also contains details description of thermal power plant in India.Also, describe boiler and its types.
Vapor absorption refrigeration systems based on the ammonia-water pair are one of the oldest refrigeration systems. In these systems, ammonia acts as the refrigerant and water acts as the absorbent. These systems operate at higher pressures than atmospheric pressure. Safety precautions must be taken because ammonia is toxic and flammable. The circulation ratio is defined as the ratio of the mass of the weak solution to the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
The document provides specifications for Carrier Asia Co., Ltd.'s single effect hot water and steam absorption chillers. It includes performance data such as cooling capacity, dimensions, weight, and inlet/outlet temperatures for chilled water, cooling water, and hot water or steam. Key features listed are that the chillers use lithium bromide and water as natural refrigerants, require low maintenance due to few moving parts, and offer cost-effective cooling as an alternative to electric chillers.
Waste heat recovery system on board shipsfahrenheit
Waste heat recovery system on board ships
Marine shipping is held responsible for environmental impacts including greenhouse gas emissions, acoustic and oil pollution. The IMO estimated theses emissions to be equal to around 4.3% of the global emissions and this ratio is expected to be tripled by the year 2020. Most of the carriers used in marine transport are using diesel, steam or gas turbine propulsion power plants. Although other renewable/hybrid propulsion systems are available they still didn’t prove themselves reliable or safe to be used in variable conditions. The most common type of machinery used for propulsion is diesel and gas or steam turbine propulsion for applications where speed is critical [1] ; [2].
The internal combustion engines are one of the main sources of pollution, the recent trend to utilize the use of fuel to the maximum potential where increasing costs in energy, increase in emissions and the fear of depletion of the natural sources of fossil fuels lead to utilization of a waste heat recovery systems to improve the overall energy efficiency [3].
About 48–51% of the total heat energy of the Internal Combustion Engine is thrown back to the atmosphere without any use which considered the main source of waste heat in marine diesel engines. The waste heat recovery system can reclaim and capture the waste heat and improve the overall efficiency of the plant. The process is considered as one of the best energy saving methods to make a more efficient usage of fuels to achieve environmental improvement as shown in Fig. 1[4] ; [5].
Recuperators are heat exchangers that transfer heat from one fluid stream to another without mixing the fluids. They are commonly used to recover waste heat from exhaust gases to preheat intake air in applications like gas turbines, furnaces, and ventilation systems. This increases efficiency by reducing the amount of fuel or additional heat needed. Recuperators transfer heat through a solid barrier separating the fluid streams and come in designs like plate, tube, or rotary. They provide efficiency gains over alternatives but require maintenance to address deposits on heat transfer surfaces over time.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
O documento promove um novo modelo de negócio chamado GoBull, que utiliza um sistema multinível para estimular o crescimento de varejistas tradicionais através da compra e recompra de Créditos de Estoques Multisetoriais com margem de lucro. A GoBull pretende licenciar empresas com potencial de crescimento rápido em diversos setores. Participantes poderão comprar créditos e receber de 2% a 12% de lucro em cada recompra realizada pelas empresas.
Tata Lucknow implemented a waste heat recovery project to capture heat from the exhaust of 3 ovens - an ED oven, TC oven 1, and TC oven 2. Heat recovery units were installed on each oven and recover a total of 828,100 kcal/hr of heat. This recovered heat raises the temperature of water used in the PT coating line from 85C to 95C, reducing propane usage by 75kg/hr and saving Rs. 2.2 crore annually. The total project cost was Rs. 1.06 crore and the return on investment period is 10 months.
Project Abstract- Waste Heat Recovery from IC Enginer ExhaustAniruddha Bv
The project aimed to develop an indigenous silencer design for internal combustion (IC) engines that could efficiently extract waste heat from the exhaust and convert it to electrical energy. A CAD model and thermal/structural analysis was used to design a modified silencer capable of housing up to 8 thermoelectric modules, each generating 0.75 watts. The exhaust gases provided heat to the modules, while ambient air provided cooling, creating a temperature difference converted to voltage via thermoelectric technology. Testing generated 12 volts and 0.5 amps, demonstrating the potential of recovering wasted exhaust heat as electricity in vehicles.
Design and Fabrication of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System [Libr-H20]IJMER
Most of the energies are utilized by the industries due to depletion of fossil fuels and
increasing the fuel price to exploit the maximum presented energy from the waste heat source. The
industry which utilizes steam turbine exhaust carries a considerable amount of thermal energy. This
energy can be set in to positive use as a heat source for vapour absorption system to serves as cooling
system. This paper illustrates the thermal and fiscal advantages of using single effect lithium bromide
water absorption by means of waste heat. The objective of this work is to hypothetical design of lithium
bromide water absorption Refrigeration system using waste heat from any industry steam turbine
exhaust
The air conditioning system of automobiles in today’s world uses “Vapour Compression
Refrigerant System” (VCRS) which absorbs and removes heat from the interior of the vehicle. The
system utilizes power from engine shaft as the input power to drive the compressor of the refrigerant
system. The loss of power of the engine to run the VCR system can be neglected by utilizing another
refrigeration system i.e. a “Vapour Absorption Refrigerant System”. In a Vapour Absorption
Refrigerant System, a physicochemical process replaces the mechanical process of the Vapour
Compression Refrigerant System by using energy in the form of heat rather than mechanical work.
The experimental work to utilize the waste heat from exhaust gases from an engine for the vapour
absorption refrigerant system with R-134a as refrigerant and DMF as absorbent. The experimental
results indicated that vehicle performance enhances, noise reduces, maintenance becomes easier, and
highly reliable. The data obtained from experimentation is presented analyzed in this paper.
This document summarizes methods for recovering waste heat from boiler exhaust gases to increase boiler efficiency when using bagasse as fuel. It discusses using a shell and tube heat exchanger to preheat water or air coming into the boiler using heat from the exhaust gases. Recovering this waste heat can increase boiler efficiency from 53.31% to over 79% in a sugar mill by preheating the combustion air or boiler feed water to reduce the amount of primary fuel needed. The document evaluates different heat recovery methods and their potential to improve boiler efficiency.
The document describes a water cooling system that uses engine exhaust heat from a two-wheeler engine. The system uses an adsorber bed filled with activated carbon to adsorb R134a refrigerant. Exhaust from the engine passes through the adsorber bed, heating it and causing the refrigerant to evaporate. The evaporated refrigerant then passes through a coil that acts as an evaporator, cooling water passed through it. After condensing, the refrigerant is expanded through a valve and re-adsorbed in the bed, completing the cycle. Experimental results showed the system could cool 2 liters of water to 19°C within 30 minutes, using only waste heat from the engine exhaust. The system provides
Waste heat recovery provides opportunities to improve energy efficiency in industrial processes. Capturing lost heat from exhaust gases, furnaces, and other equipment can provide an emission-free substitute for fuels and electricity. Existing technologies like recuperators and regenerators can often recover 10-50% of lost heat. Lower temperature waste heat below 400°F can also be recovered and used for space heating, hot water, or low temperature industrial processes. Challenges include the low temperature differences available, corrosion from flue gas condensation, and finding suitable end uses for the recovered heat. Advanced materials and designs are exploring ways to further improve waste heat recovery across a wide range of industrial applications.
The document discusses vehicle exhaust heat recovery systems to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. It describes how internal combustion engines lose much of their energy as exhaust heat and how recapturing even 10% of this wasted heat could increase fuel efficiency up to 20%. It then examines two exhaust heat recovery approaches - Rankine cycle systems and thermoelectric generators - and provides an example analysis of recovering energy from a truck engine exhaust operating at 440°C that could achieve up to 20% fuel savings. Cost comparisons show thermoelectric generators have lower costs than Rankine cycle systems. The conclusion is that exhaust heat recovery systems can pay back their additional costs within a few years through reduced fuel usage and carbon emissions.
A recuperator is a heat exchanger that recovers waste heat from exhaust gases or air streams and transfers it to incoming gases or air streams. It increases efficiency by preheating the incoming streams using waste heat from the outgoing streams. Recuperators are commonly used in industrial processes and gas turbine engines to reduce fuel consumption and increase overall efficiency. They can reduce energy costs by recovering up to 80% of waste heat and lowering fuel usage by 20-30%.
The document provides details about the Panipat Thermal Power Plant located in Panipat, India. It describes the plant's 5 construction stages and total generation capacity of 1,367.8 MW. The key components and processes of a thermal power plant are explained, including how coal is used to heat water and create steam to power the turbine and generate electricity. The plant receives coal, water, and fuel by rail, canal, and tankers which are stored and prepared before use in the boiler and generators.
This document introduces ammonia-water vapor absorption refrigeration systems. It discusses how ammonia is the refrigerant and water is the absorbent in these systems. Compared to water-lithium bromide systems, ammonia-water systems can be used for both refrigeration and air conditioning but have a more complex design due to the smaller boiling point difference between ammonia and water. The document then discusses properties of ammonia-water mixtures including composition, vapor pressure, and vapor-liquid equilibrium using pressure-temperature-concentration and enthalpy-temperature-concentration charts. It explains concepts such as bubble point, dew point, and how bubble point and dew point lines are determined for ammonia-water mixtures at different
This document summarizes an assignment on absorption refrigeration technology. It discusses the history of absorption cycles dating back to the 1700s. It then covers the key concepts of absorption refrigeration including the principal of operation using a binary working fluid, desirable properties of working fluids, common working fluid pairs of water/NH3 and LiBr/water, and advantages over vapor compression systems. The conclusion discusses potential improvements like multi-effect cycles and combined ejector-absorption systems to promote greater use of absorption refrigeration.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
This document provides information on waste heat recovery from industrial processes. It begins with an introduction that defines waste heat and its potential value. The training agenda is then outlined, covering waste heat types, assessment, and performance evaluation. Various types of commercial waste heat recovery equipment are described, including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, plate heat exchangers, and heat pumps. An example calculation is provided for estimating heat and cost savings from recovering waste heat from hot water. In closing, the document thanks attendees and provides information on its source and references.
A complete description of types of power plant, it's working.
Types of the turbine.It contains detail description of turbine, coal handling plant, ash handling plant, the layout of thermal power plant. Economizer, air pre heater, super heater etc. It also contains details description of thermal power plant in India.Also, describe boiler and its types.
Vapor absorption refrigeration systems based on the ammonia-water pair are one of the oldest refrigeration systems. In these systems, ammonia acts as the refrigerant and water acts as the absorbent. These systems operate at higher pressures than atmospheric pressure. Safety precautions must be taken because ammonia is toxic and flammable. The circulation ratio is defined as the ratio of the mass of the weak solution to the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
The document provides specifications for Carrier Asia Co., Ltd.'s single effect hot water and steam absorption chillers. It includes performance data such as cooling capacity, dimensions, weight, and inlet/outlet temperatures for chilled water, cooling water, and hot water or steam. Key features listed are that the chillers use lithium bromide and water as natural refrigerants, require low maintenance due to few moving parts, and offer cost-effective cooling as an alternative to electric chillers.
Waste heat recovery system on board shipsfahrenheit
Waste heat recovery system on board ships
Marine shipping is held responsible for environmental impacts including greenhouse gas emissions, acoustic and oil pollution. The IMO estimated theses emissions to be equal to around 4.3% of the global emissions and this ratio is expected to be tripled by the year 2020. Most of the carriers used in marine transport are using diesel, steam or gas turbine propulsion power plants. Although other renewable/hybrid propulsion systems are available they still didn’t prove themselves reliable or safe to be used in variable conditions. The most common type of machinery used for propulsion is diesel and gas or steam turbine propulsion for applications where speed is critical [1] ; [2].
The internal combustion engines are one of the main sources of pollution, the recent trend to utilize the use of fuel to the maximum potential where increasing costs in energy, increase in emissions and the fear of depletion of the natural sources of fossil fuels lead to utilization of a waste heat recovery systems to improve the overall energy efficiency [3].
About 48–51% of the total heat energy of the Internal Combustion Engine is thrown back to the atmosphere without any use which considered the main source of waste heat in marine diesel engines. The waste heat recovery system can reclaim and capture the waste heat and improve the overall efficiency of the plant. The process is considered as one of the best energy saving methods to make a more efficient usage of fuels to achieve environmental improvement as shown in Fig. 1[4] ; [5].
Recuperators are heat exchangers that transfer heat from one fluid stream to another without mixing the fluids. They are commonly used to recover waste heat from exhaust gases to preheat intake air in applications like gas turbines, furnaces, and ventilation systems. This increases efficiency by reducing the amount of fuel or additional heat needed. Recuperators transfer heat through a solid barrier separating the fluid streams and come in designs like plate, tube, or rotary. They provide efficiency gains over alternatives but require maintenance to address deposits on heat transfer surfaces over time.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
O documento promove um novo modelo de negócio chamado GoBull, que utiliza um sistema multinível para estimular o crescimento de varejistas tradicionais através da compra e recompra de Créditos de Estoques Multisetoriais com margem de lucro. A GoBull pretende licenciar empresas com potencial de crescimento rápido em diversos setores. Participantes poderão comprar créditos e receber de 2% a 12% de lucro em cada recompra realizada pelas empresas.
O documento discute como a profecia bíblica da "chuva serôdia" se refere a dois grandes derramamentos do Espírito Santo: o primeiro no Pentecostes e o segundo antes do retorno de Cristo. Este segundo derramamento preparará o povo de Deus para completar a pregação do evangelho e permanecer fiel durante a crise final.
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Este documento trata sobre farmacoterapia en odontología. Explica conceptos clave como farmacocinética, farmacodinamia y uso racional de medicamentos. También describe errores comunes en la prescripción y administración de fármacos, así como las características de la farmacoterapia en odontología, que involucra el uso limitado de agentes y dosis únicas o de corta duración.
El Club Atlético Independiente es un club de fútbol fundado en 1905 en Avellaneda, Argentina. Es conocido como uno de los cinco grandes del fútbol argentino y ha ganado numerosos títulos a nivel local e internacional, incluyendo 14 campeonatos de liga y 7 Copas Libertadores. Su clásico rival es Racing Club en el conocido como Clásico de Avellaneda.
O documento descreve a formação da camada pré-sal no Brasil, ocorrida há cerca de 150 milhões de anos, quando os continentes se separaram e uma bacia sedimentar se formou abaixo de espessas camadas de sal. Isso criou as condições para a formação de reservatórios de petróleo e gás natural explorados atualmente.
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Este resumen cubre los primeros 9 capítulos de la novela Don Quijote de la Mancha de Miguel de Cervantes. En el capítulo 1, se presenta a Alonso Quijana como un hombre de mediana edad y de escasos recursos que se obsesiona con los libros de caballería. En el capítulo 2, Quijana sale de aventuras como el caballero Don Quijote. En el capítulo 3, es nombrado oficialmente caballero. En el capítulo 4, defiende a un niño de un castigo injusto. En el capítulo 5
Este documento presenta la visión y misión de una organización deportiva dedicada a la fabricación y comercialización de prendas deportivas de alta calidad. Su visión es satisfacer las necesidades y exigencias de sus clientes mediante la colaboración estrecha entre los clientes y el equipo humano de la empresa. Su principal objetivo es convertirse en líder en la comercialización de uniformes a través de Internet logrando un alto grado de satisfacción entre sus clientes como empresas, universidades y clubes deportivos.
El documento presenta el nuevo dispositivo móvil WORKABOUT PRO 3 de Psion Teklogix, diseñado para satisfacer las necesidades cambiantes de los negocios. Ofrece flexibilidad a través de múltiples complementos de hardware y software, resistencia a condiciones adversas, e inteligencia aplicada basada en años de experiencia de usuarios. Viene equipado con pantalla táctil, opciones de expansión y batería, y es adecuado para una variedad de industrias como servicios de campo y logística.
Una dirección IP identifica de forma lógica una interfaz de un dispositivo dentro de una red que utilice el protocolo IP. Las direcciones IPv4 constan de 32 bits y se expresan en notación decimal separando cada octeto por un punto, mientras que las direcciones IPv6 constan de 128 bits y se expresan en notación hexadecimal separando cada par de octetos por dos puntos. Un grupo de trabajo es un conjunto de computadoras que comparten recursos sin un servidor central.
O documento descreve as várias vezes ao longo da vida que o autor imaginou a morte de sua mãe, mas ela sempre permaneceu viva para apoiá-lo. Quando ele menos esperava, no entanto, sua mãe decidiu partir, ensinando-lhe que mães estarão sempre presentes de alguma forma e que elas escolhem quanto tempo viver.
Este documento describe las actividades del día para proponer soluciones creativas a un problema. Los estudiantes crearán un collage visual para inspirar ideas, diseñarán 3 posters ilustrando diferentes soluciones, y encuestarán a 100 personas para obtener retroalimentación sobre las propuestas. El objetivo es proponer una gran idea para resolver el problema de manera efectiva.
El documento proporciona información sobre el retardo mental, incluyendo las causas, niveles de gravedad y estrategias de prevención y educación. El retardo mental se diagnostica antes de los 18 años y se caracteriza por un funcionamiento intelectual por debajo del promedio y carencia de habilidades para la vida diaria. Existen diferentes niveles de gravedad que afectan el desarrollo y la independencia de la persona. La educación física y programas de estimulación son importantes para promover el desarrollo motor y social.
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Transmilenio fue inicialmente visto como una alternativa prometedora para el transporte público en Bogotá, pero actualmente el sistema enfrenta problemas de capacidad y conflictos entre usuarios debido a la falta de conciencia ciudadana, lo que ha generado debates sobre posibles soluciones como la construcción de metro o la reestructuración y ampliación de rutas y flota de buses.
This document summarizes a proposed system for using waste heat from an automobile engine to power an air conditioning system using a vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. It begins by outlining the limitations of current vapor compression refrigeration systems used in automobiles that require extra engine power. The proposed system would instead use a vapor absorption cycle, which uses heat rather than mechanical work to drive the refrigeration process. This allows it to utilize the waste heat from the engine exhaust. The document then discusses the availability and temperature of waste heat from internal combustion engines. It provides details on the working principles of vapor absorption refrigeration and the common working fluids of ammonia and water. Finally, it summarizes the advantages of the proposed system and concludes that it is
Low charge ammonia vapour compression refrigeration system for residential ai...RAJESHKUMAR4616
Ammonia is widely used as a refrigerant in industrial systems for food refrigeration, distribution warehousing and process cooling. It has more recently been proposed for use in applications such as water chilling for air-conditioning systems but has not yet received widespread acceptance for this application. This project was envisaged to develop an ammonia vapour compression refrigeration system of 3 TR capacity for residential air conditioning and to analyze the minimum possible charge in order to reduce leakage hazards associated with the system. This would increase the use of ammonia in a more efficient way. It has Zero ODP and GWP which makes it to be environment friendly. Even though Ammonia is a cost effective and energy efficient alternative to conventional refrigerants like HCFCs and HFCs, etc., it is toxic. So, toxicity of ammonia needs to be addressed. This calls for low inventory of refrigerant in individual system. The present work aims at reducing the specific charge of ammonia for residential air conditioning system with air cooled condenser.
Enhancement of Specific Power Output of a Gas Turbine Using Filtered Chilled AirIOSR Journals
Conventionally the specific power output of the gas turbine can be increased using reheating and
intercooling. The thermal efficiency can be improved by adding a regenerating at lower pressure ratios. In the
present work the emphasis is given to enhance the specific power output by other means like reduction in the air
temperature at the inlet duct. The power output of the gas turbine has been estimated by allowing air at reduced
temperatures, step wise. The experiment is conducted till STP conditions are attained. The chiller coils are used
for inlet air cooling. The variation of power output with respect to temperature is also studied.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
An exhaust heat recovery system turns waste heat energy in exhaust gases into electric energy for batteries or mechanical energy put on the crankshaft.
The technology is of increasing interest as car and heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers continue to increase efficiency, saving fuel and reducing emissions.
While technological improvements have greatly reduced the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines, the peak thermal efficiency of a 4-stroke Otto cycle engine is around 35%, which means that 65% of the energy released from the fuel is lost as heat.
Integrated Air Conditioning Unit for AutomobilesIJARTES
This document summarizes several research papers on using waste heat from vehicle exhaust to power an absorption refrigeration system for automotive air conditioning. The key points are:
1) Absorption refrigeration systems can utilize low-grade waste heat from exhaust to run the air conditioning, unlike vapor compression which increases fuel use. Measured COP of a proposed system is 0.85 to 1.04.
2) A study designed a generator heat exchanger to transfer exhaust heat to the refrigerant in the generator. Experimental results showed exhaust is a viable alternative heating source.
3) Other studies analyzed using exhaust heat to power ammonia-water and lithium bromide absorption systems for vehicle air conditioning. Re
The increasingly worldwide problem regarding rapid economy development and a relative shortage of
energy. Out of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately, 30 to 40% is converted
into useful mechanical work. With the rapid changing environment and atmospheric effect, the air conditioning
of the moving vehicle has become a necessity. In the same time consumers are incapable to bear the increasing
operating cost of the vehicles due to continuous raise in fuel prices, component costs and maintenance costs
associated with vehicles. Keep in mind in this paper, an exploration has been done to research the possibility of
waste heat recovery and its subsequent utilization in air conditioning system of a vehicle without increasing the
component cost, weight, number of component and bring improvement in vehicle by making luxurious. In this
system the Shell and Tube HE type will be used, designed and developed along with vapour absorption
refrigeration system and is tested for performance.
Keywords — Eefficiency, Exhaust Gas, Waste Heat & Shell Tube HE.
This document summarizes the design of an air conditioning system for cooling the cabin of a truck using an air refrigeration cycle. The system uses a turbocharger and waste exhaust gases from the truck engine. Atmospheric air is compressed using the turbocharger and sent to an intercooler to reduce its temperature. It is then expanded in a turbo-expander to further lower its temperature before being supplied to the truck cabin. Thermodynamic and heat transfer analyses are presented to evaluate the performance of the system components and the cooling capacity. The results show that the air refrigeration cycle can provide enough cooling to lower the truck cabin temperature by 10-15°C without significantly impacting engine performance.
Unit-II-Diesel Gas turbine and Combined Cycle Power Plant.pptxprakash0712
Diesel power plant: layout, components – Gas turbine power plant: open and closed cycles, gas turbine plant improvisation methods – Combined cycle power plants – Integrated gasifier based combined cycle systems.
The document discusses diesel, gas turbine, and combined cycle power plants. It provides details on the layout and components of a diesel power plant, including the engine, air supply system, exhaust system, fuel system, cooling system, lubricating system, and starting system. It also discusses advantages like efficiency and disadvantages like noise pollution of diesel power plants. Open and closed cycle gas turbine power plants are compared, with open cycle plants having less weight but lower part-load efficiency. The ideal gas turbine cycle is the Brayton cycle of 4 processes - isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant pressure heat rejection.
IRJET- A Review Paper on Air-Conditioner Works on Exhaust GasIRJET Journal
This document reviews a proposed air conditioning system for automobiles that uses an absorption refrigeration cycle powered by waste heat from the vehicle's exhaust gases, rather than the conventional vapor compression cycle driven by the engine. It begins with an introduction comparing vapor absorption and compression cycles. Then it discusses the proposed system using ammonia as the refrigerant and exhaust heat as the energy source. The remainder of the document reviews relevant literature on vapor absorption automobile air conditioning systems that also aim to make use of waste exhaust heat rather than engine power. It discusses several studies that analyzed systems using lithium bromide-water and ammonia-water working pairs to power absorption refrigeration cycles for automotive air conditioning.
Review of Modified Vapor Absorption Refrigeration CyclesIRJET Journal
This document reviews various modifications made to vapor absorption refrigeration cycles to improve their performance. It discusses cycles that use an ejector, generator-absorber heat exchanger, booster compressor, or multiple absorption stages. The ejector cycle is found to have a 30% higher COP than a single-effect cycle. Generator-absorber heat exchanger cycles like the hybrid GAX cycle can achieve a COP as high as 0.98. A cycle with a booster compressor between the evaporator and absorber reaches a maximum COP of 0.645. The triple effect cycle demonstrates up to 132% higher COP than a single effect cycle. In general, modified cycles offer benefits like reduced losses, increased performance, and decreased energy consumption
The document analyzes the thermodynamic performance of a lithium bromide (LiBr) and water based vapor absorption air conditioning system that utilizes waste exhaust heat from a diesel engine. The system consists of a generator, condenser, evaporator, absorber, and solution heat exchanger. The effects of varying the temperatures of these components on the system's coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency are examined. The results show that COP increases with higher evaporator temperature but decreases with higher condenser and absorber temperatures. Exergy analysis indicates the condenser and absorber have higher exergy losses than the generator and evaporator. A small-scale LiBr-water system can feasibly operate using exhaust heat from
IRJET- A Review on Exhaust Gas Heat Utilization for Air ConditioningIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using exhaust gas heat from engines or boilers to power an absorption refrigeration system for air conditioning. It describes how vapor absorption refrigeration systems use heat rather than mechanical energy to change the conditions of the refrigerant. The system would include a generator to absorb heat from exhaust gases and separate refrigerant vapor from an absorbent solution, along with an absorber, pump, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator functioning similarly to a vapor compression system. The review discusses previous research on using exhaust heat and the potential benefits for reducing emissions and improving engine efficiency compared to wasting exhaust heat.
Design and Analysis of Car Air-conditioning system using exhust gases.pptxPriyank901935
Currently running automobile in market are uses power from engine to run Air-conditioning system. But, we have done theoretical analysis that runs Air-conditioning system of car with the help of exhust gases which is generated by the engine. We have make use of fundamentals of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration system based on Aqua-Ammonia. It has been found out that this system is suitable for big automobile wheres space is no issue.
Generation of Air Conditioning by using Exhaust Gases and Cooling Water of an...ijtsrd
Air conditioning system of car or buses works on principle of vapor absorption cycle of refrigeration VAR . This system reduces the fuel economy of fuel of vehicle. When vehicle moving with air conditioning, it consumes more amount of fuel than vehicle rubs without AC, typically, it consumes 15 to 20 more amount of fuel. Exhaust gases coming from engine of vehicle have temperature ranges to 300 to 400 degree centigrade at full load it carries 25 to 30 of heat supplied by fuel. For A.C. of an automobile, the heat of exhaust gases is utilized to run vapor absorption refrigeration cycle instead of vapour compression refrigeration system. Resulting, it improves fuel economy of A. C. heavy vehicle. In this project try to integrate the vapor absorption refrigeration system with car or bus or heavy vehicle engine exhaust. Comparative study has been carried out when car running with VCR and vapor absorption system of refrigeration. Dr. M. Sampath Kumar | Karthik Payam | Rajesh Medi | Srikanth Chennam | Aditya Mothukuri ""Generation of Air Conditioning by using Exhaust Gases and Cooling Water of an Automobile Engine"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23318.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23318/generation-of-air-conditioning-by-using-exhaust-gases-and-cooling-water-of-an-automobile-engine/dr-m-sampath-kumar
The document summarizes the working of a vapour absorption refrigeration system. It begins by explaining that this system uses heat energy instead of mechanical energy like a vapour compression system. It then describes the key components of a simple vapour absorption system - an absorber, pump, generator and pressure reducing valve which replace the compressor. It notes that in practical systems, an analyser and rectifier are added along with heat exchangers to improve performance and efficiency. Some advantages of absorption systems over compression systems are also listed, such as being quieter and able to use low-grade heat sources.
This document discusses waste heat recovery techniques in car engines and the role of nanotechnology applications. It describes how up to 70% of energy in internal combustion engines is wasted as heat in exhaust and coolant systems. Various waste heat recovery technologies are examined, including thermoelectric generators, Rankine cycles, organic Rankine cycles, and turbocharging. Nanotechnology can improve heat transfer by using nanofluids with higher thermal conductivity in coolant systems. Recovering even a portion of wasted heat could improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
The document discusses vapor compression refrigeration systems (VCRS) and vapor absorption refrigeration systems (VARS) for vehicle air conditioning. VCRS is commonly used but uses environmentally unfriendly refrigerants, while VARS can utilize wasted engine heat and has lower operating costs. VARS works by absorbing refrigerant with a heat source like exhaust gases, while VCRS relies on mechanical compression. VARS offers benefits like reduced noise, lower maintenance needs, and ability to recover otherwise wasted engine heat. The document proposes a VARS design for vehicle air conditioning that recovers exhaust heat as the heat source.
Design and Development of Small Scale VAR System by Using Exhaust Gas of IC E...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on using waste heat from an internal combustion (IC) engine exhaust to power an absorption refrigeration system for vehicle air conditioning. The researchers conducted an experiment on a 4-cylinder diesel engine and measured exhaust temperatures from 85-223°C under different loads. They calculated that 101 kJ/min of heat is carried away in the exhaust gases. The document then reviews previous studies on using exhaust heat for vehicle air conditioning and absorption refrigeration systems. It also presents heat load calculations for a vehicle cabin, showing a total cooling load of around 2,154 kJ needed between 10am-4pm. The goal is to use the waste exhaust heat to meet this cooling load through an absorption refrigeration system
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
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The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
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I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
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This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
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1. Christy V Vazhappilly et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.63-67
www.ijera.com 63 | P a g e
Modeling And Experimental Analysis Of Generator In Vapour
Absorption Refrigeration System
Christy V Vazhappilly*, Trijo Tharayil**, A.P.Nagarajan***
*(Department of Mechanical Engg, Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India)
**(Department of Mechanical Engg, Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India)
***(Department of Mechanical Engg, Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India)
Abstract
A breadboard prototype of an absorption system for refrigeration using heat from the exhaust-gases is to be
designed, built and tested. In the commercial vapour absorption refrigeration system a heating coil generator
system has been employed to vaporize the ammonia refrigerant. In the present work, the heating coil generator
system has been replaced by the frame plate type heat exchanger. The exhaust gases from the IC engine have been
utilized to vaporize the ammonia refrigerant. The available heat in the exhaust gases has to be estimated based on
actual I.C-Engine driving cycles. The frame plate type heat exchanger has to be modeled and flow analysis inside
the heat exchanger has to be analyzed. In addition, the recoverable energy of the exhaust gases is to be analyzed
for representative Internal Combustion Engine.
Keywords – Absorption system, Ammonia-water, Exhaust gas, Internal combustion engine, Plate frame heat
exchanger
I. INTRODUCTION
A considerable portion of the total energy
consumption of the western world is centered in the
transport sector (Mei et al. [1] estimate a value of about
25 percent for the United States). Automobiles and
trucks alone account for approximately 80 percent of all
transportation energy expenditures. These internal
combustion engines typically have a thermal efficiency
of 40 percent. The remaining energy is rejected to the
atmosphere in the form of hot exhaust gases or as
energy convected from the radiator and the engine.
Much work now in progress is directed to the
improvement of the thermal efficiency by achieving
better consumption of the fuel. Some effort has been
devoted to the utilization of the vast amount of waste
energy dissipated in the exhaust gases. Unfortunately,
few have focussed on using the waste heat for air-
conditioning and refrigeration. Trucks used for the
transport of perishable foodstuffs must be equipped
with refrigeration systems (Perishable foodstuffs, such
as milk, vegetables, fruits, and meat, deteriorate fairly
rapidly at ambient temperature).
There are three major categories of truck
refrigeration. The most widely used system utilizes a
vapor compression machine powered by the vehicle
engine via pulley and belt or by an APU (auxiliary
power unit). Some trucks use a eutectic solution plate
refrigeration storage system. Still others use expendable
liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide spray systems. All of
these systems consume precious fuel or electricity to
achieve refrigeration. One alternative to the vapor
compression cycle which has been increasingly
discussed in recent years is the absorption refrigeration
cycle, which, for example, employs ammonia as
refrigerant and water as absorbent. Ammonia contains
no halogen atoms at all, and even its gradual leakage
into the atmosphere poses negligible environmental or
atmospheric risks. By employing waste heat
discharged from a vehicle’s internal combustion
engine to drive an absorption refrigeration system, the
engine shaft can be relieved of the load required by
the compressor of a conventional vapor-compression
system, and considerable fuel can be saved. Another
attractive feature is that an absorption refrigeration
system is almost noise-free and virtually maintenance-
free.
II. VAPOUR ABSORPTION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
The vapor-absorption cycle is similar to the
better known vapor-compression cycle in that it
employs a volatile refrigerant, e.g. ammonia, which
alternately condenses under high pressure in the
condenser by surrendering heat to the environment and
vaporizes under low pressure in the evaporator by
absorbing heat from the medium being cooled. The
principal difference between the absorption and the
vapor-compression cycles is the mechanism for
circulating the refrigerant through the system and
providing the necessary pressure difference between
the vaporizing and condensing processes. The vapor
compressor employed in the vapor-compression cycle
is replaced in the absorption cycle by an absorber and a
generator or boiler, which compress the vapor as
required. The energy input required by the vapor-
compression cycle is supplied to the compressor in the
form of mechanical workIn the absorption cycle, the
energy input is mostly in the form of heat supplied to
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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the generator. In the present case the heat source is the
exhaust heat of an internal combustion engine.
In truck refrigeration system exhaust gas
volume flow rate and the gas temperature could be
varied continuously in order to simulate the various
operating conditions of an actual truck engine. In the
generator a mixture of ammonia and water is heated.
The boiling point of ammonia is lower than that of
water, so it vaporizes, separating the refrigerant from the
absorbent. Since the vapor is not a pure ammonia gas, it
must be purified as it flows through a stripping and
rectification column. The heat exchangers of the
generator rectification system were designed as compact
plate-fin heat exchangers and the column was filled with
stainless steel Pall rings.
Figure 1 The essential components of the air-cooled
absorption system.
The almost pure ammonia vapor flows from
the top of the column to the condenser as a high-
temperature, high pressure mixture. As ambient air
passes over the condenser, it removes heat from the gas-
mixture and the vapor condenses to a liquid. Since the
boiling point of water is higher than that of ammonia,
the trace water condenses first, resulting in liquid with a
considerably higher water concentration at the start of
the condensation process. At several locations
concentrations of the binary mixture were determined by
titration. The volume flow rate of the strong solution
was measured by a magnetic flow meter. The generator
heat flow rate was determined by measuring the exhaust
gas volume flow rate and the gas-side temperature drop
across the generator. The gas volume flow rate was
measured using a total pressure grid.
III. EXHAUST GAS
In Vapour absorption refrigeration system,
generator portion is designed for utilizing exhaust gas
from internal combustion engine. Type of engine and
also details of engine parameters are given below.
Temperature of an exhaust gas in kirloskar engine by an
heat balance on engine by using electrical loading. Fuel
used in engine is high speed diesel. Exhaust gas
temperature range is varied depends upon the type and
also amount load acting on the engine
1 ENGINE MAKE KIRLOSKAR
2 ENGINE TYPE
SINGLE
CYLINDER FOUR
STROKE
3 POWER 3.7 KW
4 SPEED 1500 rpm
5 BORE DIAMETER 80 mm
6 STROKE LENGTH 110 mm
7
ROOM
TEMPERATURE
29ºC
8
EXHAUST GAS
TEMPERATURE
RANGE
125ºC to 260ºC
Table 1 IC Engine specification
IV. DESIGN OF GENERATOR IN
VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
Following table is indicate the one type on
vapour absorption refrigeration system using heating
coil. It is used to generate the vapour refrigerant in
generator outlet. ammonium-water refrigerant is used
in refrigerant and absorber.
Figure 2 Ammonium-water vapour absorption system.
A vapour absorption refrigeration system
based on ammonia-water has refrigeration capacity of
100 TR. The various state properties of the system
shown below are given in the table. Taking the heat
rejection rate in the reflux condenser (Q
d
) as 88 kW,
find a) The mass flow rates of solution through the
evaporator, strong solution and weak solution; b)
Enthalpy values not specified in the table and c) Heat
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transfer rates at condenser, absorber and generator and
solution pump work d) System COP.
Figure 3 Generator
Figure 3 shows the schematic of the
rectification system consisting of the generator,
rectifying column and dephlegmator. As shown in the
figure, strong solution from absorber enters at the
rectification column, vapour rich in ammonia leaves at
the top of the dephlegmator and weak solution leaves
from the bottom of the generator. A heating medium
supplies the required heat input Q
g
to the generator and
heat Q
d
is rejected to the cooling water in the
dephlegmator.
It can be seen that compared to heat input to
the system at the generator, the work input to the
system is almost negligible (less than 0.5 percent) The
system COP is reduced as the required heat input to
the generator increases due to heat rejection at
dephlegmator. However, this cannot be avoided as
rectification of the vapour is required. However, it is
possible to analyze the rectification process to
minimize the heat rejection at the dephlegmator.
STAT
E
POIN
T
PRESS
URE
(P)
BAR
TEMP
ERAT
URE
(T)
ºC
CONCE
NTRATI
ON(X)
Kg OF
NH3/Kg
OF
SOLUTI
ON
ENTHALP
HY
Kj/Kg
1 2.04 13.9 0.996 --
2 2.04 26.1 0.408 -58.2
3 13.61 26.1 0.408 -56.8
4 13.61 93.3 0.408 253.6
6 13.61 115.6 0.298 369.9
7 13.61 36.1 0.298 --
8 2.04 36.1 0.298 --
10 13.61 54.4 0.996 1512.1
11 13.61 36.1 0.996 344.3
12 13.61 30.0 0.996 318.7
13 2.04 -17.8 0.996 --
14 2.04 4.4 0.996 1442.3
Table 2 Observation of refrigeration system
For using above information we have
calculating the mass flow rate of evaporator, mass
flow rate of weak solution, mass flow rate of strong
solution, energy balance across the heat exchangers,
and also heat transfer rate at condenser, absorber,
generator ,power input to the pump. Finally we have
calculating the cop of the system.
In this vapour absorption system is modified
in generator part to introducing the heat exchanger to
transforming the ammonium-water liquid in to
ammonium vapor in the usage of exhaust gas from an
kirlosker engine.
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V. SELECTION OF HEAT
EXCHANGER
The table indicates the required data for
calculating the design of heat exchanger. It is taken
from the existing vapour absorption system and internal
combustion engine for single cylinder four stroke diesel
engine.
Table 3 Calculation of heat exchanger
For above information to calculating the
diameter, area, length of heat exchanger
Over all heat transfer co-efficient (U) =800 w/m2
º C
Heat transfer rate (Q) =mhch(Th1-Th2)=mccc(Tc2-Tc1)
(ФLMTD) = (Ф1- Ф2)/ln(Ф1/ Ф2)
Area (A) = Q/ (u ФLMTD)
Diameter (D) =A / лL
VI. PLATE GEOMENTRY
There are basically six different types of plate
patterns. The geometry of different types of plate
patterns are given below
Figure 4 Plate Patterns
VII. PLATE SPECIFICATION
Figure 5 Plate frame heat exchanger
Number of plates =120
Material of plates =Stainless steel
Thickness of the plate =0.015m
Hole Diameter =0.05m
a.Guiding bars in stainless steel
b.Support columns in aluminium or painted carbon
steel
c. Carryings bar in Aluminium or painted Carbon
Steel
VIII. PLATE MATERIALS
Standard materials and thicknesses
a. AISI 304 (stainless steel)
Usually 0.4 or 0.5 mm thickness
Cheapest possible solution
Some with thicker plates (high-pressure
applications)
b. AISI 316 (stainless steel)
Always 0.5 and 0.6 mm
c. 254 SMO (high-alloy stainless steel)
Usually in 0.6 mm to allow stock-
keeping
d. Titanium
Always 0.5 and 0.6 mm
Some with thicker plates (high-pressure
applications)
Some PHEs with 0.4 mm (low-pressure
applications)
e. Alloy C-276 (Nickel alloy)
Usually in 0.6 mm to allow stock-
keeping
HOT GAS
AMMONIA-
WATER
MIXTURE
Inlet and Outlet
temp. (ºC)
160 & 87.5 25 & 54
Specific heat
(kj/kgºc)
1.15 2.138
Mass flow rate
(Kg/s)
0.2 0.5
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IX. CONCLUSION
The heating coil generator system of
absorption refrigeration system has been replaced by
plate frame type heat exchanger, there by utilizing the
exhaust gases of the IC engine. Furthermore, the
available heat in the exhaust gases has to be estimated
based on actual I.C-Engine driving cycles. The work
cycle has to be simulated, and a detailed model to
calculate the two-phase binary flow of the condenser
and absorber has to be developed and verified.
X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like thank Prof. P.
Thangavel, Kongu Engineering College, Tamil Nadu
Dr.P.Navaneethakrishnan, Kongu Engineering College,
Tamil Nadu, India and R&D Engineers, for their
technical support and valuable suggestions.
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AUTHORS
First Author – Christy V Vazhappilly,
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg,
Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India.,
Email:christy.xty@gmail.com
Second Author – Trijo Tharayil,
Assitant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg,
Jyothi Engineering College, Kerala, India.,
Email: trijotharayil@gmail.com
Third Author – A.P.Nagarajan,
Assitant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg,
Tamilnadu College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: apnagarajaned@gmail.com