The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red colo The name "alga" refers to a huge and extraordinarily diversified class of eukaryotic, photosynthetic lifeforms. These species are not linked to one another (polyphyletic) since they do not have a common ancestor.
Giant kelp and brown algae are two examples of multicellular algae. Examples of unicellular organisms include dinoflagellates, euglenophytes, and diatoms.
Since most algae need a moist or wet environment to thrive, they can be found everywhere near or inside water bodies. They have anatomical similarities with the land plants, a significant group of photosynthetic creatures. The distinctions stop there since seaweed lack many of the structural elements that are generally seen in plants, such as real stems, shoots, and leaves. Additionally, they lack the vascular tissues needed to transport vital nutrients and water throughout their bodies.
Characteristics of Seaweed
Plants and animals share specific general properties of seaweed.
Eukaryotic cells make up seaweed. Algae, for example, may photosynthesize like plants and have specialized cell organelles like centrioles and flagella that are exclusively found in animals. Manna's, cellulose, and Galatians make up the algal cell walls. Some of the general characteristics of algae are listed below.
Seaweed are photosynthetic organisms
Seaweed can be either unicellular or multicellular organisms
Seaweed lack a well-defined body, so, structures like roots, stems or leaves are absent
seaweed are found where there is adequate moisture.
Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Asexual reproduction occurs by spore formation.
Seaweed are free-living, although some can form a symbiotic relationship with other organisms.
Types of Saweed
Algae come in a variety of varieties. But these are a few of the more well-known kinds:
Red Scum
It is a peculiar species that is also known as Rhodophyta, and it may be found in both freshwater and marine settings. The distinctive red hue of the algae is caused by the pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. There are other pigments that give things their green hue, such chlorophyll a. But neither beta-carotene nor chlorophyll B are present.
Green Algae
It is a large, loosely organized collection of scum that include the essential pigments for photosynthetic activity, chlorophylls A and B, as well as auxiliary pigments like xanthophyll's and beta carotene.
Green scum car
Algae plays a vital role in our Food system but we're not aware of the benefits of Algae, see weed, nori or any other aquatic plants that we can incorporate or take as Food in orders to nourish our body n developmental factors with numerous nutrients and minerals in it.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
Algae plays a vital role in our Food system but we're not aware of the benefits of Algae, see weed, nori or any other aquatic plants that we can incorporate or take as Food in orders to nourish our body n developmental factors with numerous nutrients and minerals in it.
Microbiology - Algae
Algae is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades.
Algae are sometimes considered plants and sometimes considered "protists" (a grab-bag category of generally distantly related organisms that are grouped on the basis of not being animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, or archaeans).
Introduction of algae and general characteristics
Fossil history of algae
Endosymbiosis Theory
Where are algae abound? Ecology
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
How are algae similar to higher plants?
How are algae different from higher plants?
Variations in the pigment constitution
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic algae...............
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
General characteristics of Algae,Basis for the classification of Algae,Fritsch classification of algae,Van den Hoek (1995) classified algae into 11 divisions,Chlorophycophyta – The green algae,Rhodopycophyta-The red algae,Cryptophycophyta-The cryptomonads,Euglenophycophyta-The euglenoids,Chrysophyciphyta –The Golden brown algae.
La botánica (del griego βοτάνη, 'hierba') o fitología (del griego φυτόν, 'planta' y λόγος, 'tratado') es la rama de la biología que estudia las plantas bajo todos sus aspectos, incluyendo la descripción, clasificación, distribución, identificación, estudio de la reproducción, fisiología, morfología, relaciones recíprocas, relaciones con los otros seres vivos y efectos provocados sobre el medio en el que se encuentran.
What counts as Indigenous food?
Indigenous cuisine differ based on where you are since they are unique to each region.
Whole foods are indigenous foods. That excludes the Whole30 diet and the network of supermarkets. It refers to food items that are derived straight from the earth or an animal.
Anything not included in that definition did not exist prior to colonization.
Food is Power, for instance, shares:
Barley and wheat were among the plants introduced from abroad.
The regions that the Europeans occupied did not naturally include animals like cows and poultry.
Even though the activity of milking animals wasn't new, it wasn't widespread among Indigenous people.
Examples also include processed foods, foods that aren't in their natural states, and non-native flora and animals.
The general term of Sugar for soluble carbohydrates with a sweet taste and which are frequently found in food is Sucrose.. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of simple Sucrose., commonly referred to as monosaccharides. Compound Sucrose. are molecules consisting of two bound monosaccharides; they are also known as disaccharides or double Sucrose.; typical examples are sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (two molecules of glucose). Sucrose is processed into white Sucrose.. Compound sugars hydrolyze into simple sugars inside the body.
Introduction of algae and general characteristics
Fossil history of algae
Endosymbiosis Theory
Where are algae abound? Ecology
Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
How are algae similar to higher plants?
How are algae different from higher plants?
Variations in the pigment constitution
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic algae...............
Presentation
BEST OF LUCK
General characteristics of Algae,Basis for the classification of Algae,Fritsch classification of algae,Van den Hoek (1995) classified algae into 11 divisions,Chlorophycophyta – The green algae,Rhodopycophyta-The red algae,Cryptophycophyta-The cryptomonads,Euglenophycophyta-The euglenoids,Chrysophyciphyta –The Golden brown algae.
La botánica (del griego βοτάνη, 'hierba') o fitología (del griego φυτόν, 'planta' y λόγος, 'tratado') es la rama de la biología que estudia las plantas bajo todos sus aspectos, incluyendo la descripción, clasificación, distribución, identificación, estudio de la reproducción, fisiología, morfología, relaciones recíprocas, relaciones con los otros seres vivos y efectos provocados sobre el medio en el que se encuentran.
What counts as Indigenous food?
Indigenous cuisine differ based on where you are since they are unique to each region.
Whole foods are indigenous foods. That excludes the Whole30 diet and the network of supermarkets. It refers to food items that are derived straight from the earth or an animal.
Anything not included in that definition did not exist prior to colonization.
Food is Power, for instance, shares:
Barley and wheat were among the plants introduced from abroad.
The regions that the Europeans occupied did not naturally include animals like cows and poultry.
Even though the activity of milking animals wasn't new, it wasn't widespread among Indigenous people.
Examples also include processed foods, foods that aren't in their natural states, and non-native flora and animals.
The general term of Sugar for soluble carbohydrates with a sweet taste and which are frequently found in food is Sucrose.. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of simple Sucrose., commonly referred to as monosaccharides. Compound Sucrose. are molecules consisting of two bound monosaccharides; they are also known as disaccharides or double Sucrose.; typical examples are sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (two molecules of glucose). Sucrose is processed into white Sucrose.. Compound sugars hydrolyze into simple sugars inside the body.
Microbes known as bacteria have simpler cell structures than many other types of creatures. One DNA loop serves as their command hub and houses all of their genetic data. Instead of a nucleus, some bacilli contain an additional ring of genetic material called a plasmid. Genes that offer the bacterium a competitive edge over other bacilli are frequently found on the plasmid. For instance, it could have a gene making the bacilli immune to a specific antibiotic.
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
The cornerstone of someone's mental health is how they think, feel, and behave. Mental health specialists can help people with disorders like addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and anxiety.
Mental health can have an effect on daily life, interpersonal connections, and physical health.
This connection, nevertheless, also functions the opposite way around. Personal circumstances, social ties, and physical ailments can all have an impact on mental illness. Maintaining
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Nutrition is the process through which an organism obtains sustenance, or the supply of nutrients needed by its body and cells to survive. Nutrition is classified into two types: autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophic nourishment is used by plants.
There are many types of nutrition
About 40 different types of nutrients may be found in food, and they can be generally grouped into the seven main classes mentioned below.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Dietary fiber
Water
Heterotrophic Metabolism
Bacterial Metabolism heterotrophic metabolism is the biological oxidation of organic substances such as glucose to produce ATP and simpler organic (or inorganic) chemicals that the bacterial cell need for biosynthetic or assimilatory activities.
Respiration
Respiration is a kind of heterotrophic metabolism that utilizes oxygen and produces 380,000 calories from the oxidation of one mole of glucose. (Another 308,000 calories are wasted as heat.)
Heterotrophic Metabolism
Bacterial Metabolism heterotrophic metabolism is the biological oxidation of organic substances such as glucose to produce ATP and simpler organic (or inorganic) chemicals that the bacterial cell need for biosynthetic or assimilatory activities.
Respiration
Respiration is a kind of heterotrophic metabolism that utilises oxygen and produces 380,000 calories from the oxidation of one mole of glucose. (Another 308,000 calories are wasted as heat.)
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs cycle is the oxidative mechanism in respiration that fully decarboxylates pyruvate (through acetyl coenzyme A). 15 moles of ATP (150,000 calories) are produced by the route.
Glyoxylate Cycle
The glyoxylate cycle, seen in some bacteria, is a variant of the Krebs cycle. The oxidation of fatty acids or other lipid molecules produces acetyl coenzyme A.
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP is produced in the last stage of respiration by a series of electron transfer processes within the cytoplasmic membrane that drive the oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. For this process, bacteria utilise a variety of flavins, cytochrome and non-heme iron components, as well as several cytochrome oxidases.
There are several liver Disease and ailments. Some are caused by viruses, such as hepatitis. Others may be the result of drugs or excessive alcohol consumption. Cirrhosis can be caused by a long-term injury or scar tissue in the liver. Jaundice, or skin yellowing, is one symptom of liver illness.
The liver is a tiny, football-sized organ. It is located on the right side of your abdomen, close under your rib cage. The liver is necessary for digestion and detoxification of the body.
Liver disease can be passed down genetically. A range of things that affect the liver, such as infections, alcohol consumption, and obesity, can potentially cause liver disorders.
Conditions that harm the liver over time can cause Conditions that affect the liver over time can induce scarring (cirrhosis), which can lead to liver failure, which can be deadly. Early treatment, on the other hand, may allow the liver to heal.scarring (cirrhosis), which can progress to liver failure, a potentially fatal condition. However, early therapy may allow the liver to recover.
Microbes known as bacteria have simpler cell structures than many other types of creatures. One DNA loop serves as their command hub and houses all of their genetic data. Instead of a nucleus, some bacilli contain an additional ring of genetic material called a plasmid. Genes that offer the bacterium a competitive edge over other bacilli are frequently found on the plasmid. For instance, it could have a gene making the bacilli immune to a specific antibiotic.
According to their fundamental morphologies, bacilli can be divided into five groups: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral-shaped (spirillum), comma-shaped (vibrio), or corkscrew-shaped (spirochetes). They may occur as single cells, pairs, chains, clusters, or chains of cells.
Unicellular creatures, like contemporary bacteria, were likely one of the first species to develop on Earth. Since then, over thousands of years, life has developed into a wide variety of life forms. However, we can still identify this single-celled organism as our ancestor.
Microbiology is the study of a variety of living things, such as bacteria, fungus, and other tiny creatures, that are not visible to the naked eye. However, these little creatures are the foundation of all life on earth.. all types of living things that are invisible to the unaided eye.
Important categories have been divided based on certain traits in the study of bacteria in food. These classifications have no taxonomic relevance.
Food technology, food safety and hygiene, food poisoning, food genomics, and, more generally,
There are several liver Disease and ailments. Some are caused by viruses, such as hepatitis. Others may be the result of drugs or excessive alcohol consumption. Cirrhosis can be caused by a long-term injury or scar tissue in the liver. Jaundice, or skin yellowing, is one symptom of liver illness.
The liver is a tiny, football-sized organ. It is located on the right side of your abdomen, close under your rib cage. The liver is necessary for digestion and detoxification of the body.
Liver disease can be passed down genetically. A range of things that affect the liver, such as infections, alcohol consumption, and obesity, can potentially cause liver disorders.
What Is the Development of Food Products? The difficult procedure required to release a new or enhanced product onto the market is called product development. This is done in the food sector by creating foods that appeal to the target market and fill in any gaps in their present preferences and demands is called Food product development.
Developing the product concept
The word "design" hasn't been frequently utilized in the food sector outside of packaging and advertising. The term "product development" has been used to describe the process of creating a product and has associations with laboratory formulation and sensory panels. The adoption of food product design and the integration of food product design with other fields of design, however, may now have tangible advantages.
In equal partnership with engineers, marketers, and consumer researchers, product design is a crucial component in the process of creating new products (Bleich and Bleich, 1993). All of these elements are combined in the product's technology.
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red color.
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers, lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red color.
The general term of Sugar for soluble carbohydrates with a sweet taste and which are frequently found in food is Sucrose.. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples of simple Sucrose., commonly referred to as monosaccharides. Compound Sucrose. are molecules consisting of two bound monosaccharides; they are also known as disaccharides or double Sucrose.; typical examples are sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), and maltose (two molecules of glucose). Sucrose is processed into white Sucrose.. Compound sugars hydrolyze into simple sugars inside the body.
Microbes known as bacteria have simpler cell structures than many other types of creatures. One DNA loop serves as their command hub and houses all of their genetic data. Instead of a nucleus, some bacilli contain an additional ring of genetic material called a plasmid. Genes that offer the bacterium a competitive edge over other bacilli are frequently found on the plasmid. For instance, it could have a gene making the bacilli immune to a specific antibiotic.
According to their fundamental morphologies, bacilli can be divided into five groups: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral-shaped (spirillum), comma-shaped (vibrio), or corkscrew-shaped (spirochetes). They may occur as single cells, pairs, chains, clusters, or chains of cells.
Unicellular creatures, like contemporary bacteria, were likely one of the first species to develop on Earth. Since then, over thousands of years, life has developed into a wide variety of life forms. However, we can still identify this single-celled organism as our ancestor.
Every ecosystem on Earth has bacilli , including soil, rock, seas, and even polar snow. Some creatures live in or on other living things, such as plants, animals, and people. In the human body, there are around ten times more bacterial cells than human cells. These bacterial cells are prevalent in the digestive system's lining. Some bacilli are found in the soil or on dead plant matter, where they are vital to the nutrient cycle. Others are immensely helpful in the manufacture of fermented foods like yoghurt and soy sauce, while certain species ruin food and harm crops. There are very few bacilli that are pathogens or parasites that afflict plants and animals with illness.
Bacteria Definition
According to Wikipedia, "Bacilli are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms without a true nucleus and a few organelles."
Ultrastructure of a Bacteria Cell
Bacilli are noted for having straightforward body plans. Bacilli are prokaryotic creatures because they are single-celled microorganisms without a nucleus or other cell organelles.
They are also exceptionally adaptable creatures, able to endure in hostile environments. Extremophiles are such creatures. Extremophiles are further divided into many categories according to the habitats they live in:
Thermophiles Acidophilus
Alkaliphiles
Osmophilia
Basophiles
Cryophiles
The protective cell wall of bacteria, which is composed of a unique protein called peptidoglycan, is another intriguing aspect of bacteria. A crucial foundation for dividing bacteria is provided by the elements of the bacterial cell wall. The only other place this specific protein may be found in nature is in the bacterial cell walls.
Classification of Bacilli
Based on their traits and characteristics, bacteria may be divided into a number of types. The following factors are mostly used to classify bacteria:
Cell wall composition and shape
A focus on agricultural chemistry emerged in the writings of J. G. Wallerius, Humphry Davy, and others, leading to the development of the scientific approach to food and nutrition. For instance, Elements of Agricultural Chemistry, by Davy, was published in the United Kingdom in 1813 as part of a course of lectures for the Board of Agriculture and is now in its sixth edition. Carl Wilhelm Scheele's 1785 isolation of malic acid from apples was among earlier research.
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Eben Horsford of Lowell, Massachusetts, translated and published some of Liebig's studies on the chemistry of food in 1848.
The Society of Public Analysts was established in 1874 with the intention of using analytical techniques for the general public's benefit. It was also motivated by worries about the quality of the food supply, particularly difficulties with food adulteration and contamination, which by the 1950s had progressed beyond purposeful contamination to include chemical food additives. Food chemistry would emerge with the growth of schools and institutions across the world, most notably in the United States, along with dietary ingredient research, most notably the Single-grain experiment from 1907 to 1911. The United States Food and Drug Administration was established in 1906 as a result of more study conducted by Harvey W. Wiley at the United States Department of Agriculture in the late 19th century. The Agricultural and Food Chemistry Division of the American Chemical Society was founded in 1908, and the Institute of Food Technologists was founded in 1909.
Food physical chemistry serves as a foundation for food chemistry because it frequently draws from rheology, theories of transport phenomena, physical and chemical thermodynamics, chemical bonds and interaction forces, quantum mechanics, reaction kinetics, biopolymer science, colloidal interactions, nucleation, glass transitions, and freezing/disordered or noncrystalline solids
The purpose of refrigeration is to slow down bacterial development such that food spoiling takes much longer (perhaps a week or two as opposed to half a day). Freezing is intended to entirely stop bacterial activity.. Bacteria that have been frozen are totally inert.
2)Evaporation
Evaporation is the process by which a substance transforms from a liquid to a gaseous state below the boiling point; in particular, it is how liquid water enters the atmosphere as water vapour throughout the water cycle.
3)Packing
Packing, the act or process of packing. an approach to packing. the preparation of food, particularly meat, for sale later. material used to protect packaged products during shipping, such as a covering or stuffing additionally: components used to create water- and airtight items.
4)Energy of food process
According to estimates, a retail food product requires between 50 and 100 MJ (megajoules) of energy to produce and package each kg. Energy is needed in the food processing sector for electricity, heating, and cooling.
5)Heat transfer
Heat transfer is the term used to describe the movement of heat (thermal energy) caused by temperature differences and the subsequent distribution and variations in temperature. The exchange of momentum, energy, and mass through conduction, convection, and radiation is the focus of the study of transport phenomena.
6)Food safety
Food security cannot exist if the food is dangerous, despite the fact that it may be sufficient, nutritive, and readily available. To support the efforts of USAID's Bureau for Food Security, Deputy Director Bonnie Glick of USAID unveiled the Feed the Future Food Safety Innovation Lab (FSIL) in August 2019.The $10 million, five-year FSIL project, co-managed by Purdue and Cornell Universities, aims to support high-impact, sustainable research that enhances food safety in developing nations.
Types of food chemistry
There are many types of food chemistry:
Nutrition is the process through which an organism obtains sustenance, or the supply of nutrients needed by its body and cells to survive. Nutrition is classified into two types: autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophic nourishment is used by plants.
There are many types of nutrition
Food contains about 40 distinct types of nutrients, which may be broadly categorized into the seven primary classes listed below.
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Dietary fiber
Water
1) Carbohydrates
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
Algae.pdf
1. Algae
The term "algae" refers to a class of mostly watery, photosynthetic, and nucleus-
bearing organisms that lack the real roots, stalks, and leaves of plants as well as their
specialized multicellular reproductive systems.
What are Algae?
In addition to ponds, brackish waterways, and even snow, seaweed may be found in rivers,
lakes, seas, and ponds. seaweed are often green, although they can also be found in other
hues. For instance, the carotenoid pigments and chlorophyll present in the seaweed that
live in snow give the surrounding snow its unique red color.
Continue reading to learn more about the many kinds and traits of algal cells from the
notes provided below.
2. Seaweed Definition
"The name "alga" refers to a huge and extraordinarily diversified class of eukaryotic,
photosynthetic lifeforms. These species are not linked to one another (polyphyletic) since
they do not have a common ancestor.
Giant kelp and brown algae are two examples of multicellular algae. Examples of
unicellular organisms include dinoflagellates, euglenophytes, and diatoms.
Since most algae need a moist or wet environment to thrive, they can be found
everywhere near or inside water bodies. They have anatomical similarities with the
land plants, a significant group of photosynthetic creatures. The distinctions stop there
since seaweed lack many of the structural elements that are generally seen in plants,
such as real stems, shoots, and leaves. Additionally, they lack the vascular tissues
needed to transport vital nutrients and water throughout their bodies.
3. Characteristics of Seaweed
Plants and animals share specific general properties of seaweed.
Eukaryotic cells make up seaweed. Algae, for example, may photosynthesize like
plants and have specialized cell organelles like centrioles and flagella that are
exclusively found in animals. Manna's, cellulose, and Galatians make up the algal cell
walls. Some of the general characteristics of algae are listed below.
Seaweed are photosynthetic organisms
Seaweed can be either unicellular or multicellular organisms
Seaweed lack a well-defined body, so, structures like roots, stems or leaves
are absent
seaweed are found where there is adequate moisture.
Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Asexual
reproduction occurs by spore formation.
Seaweed are free-living, although some can form a symbiotic relationship with
other organisms.
Types of Saweed
Algae come in a variety of varieties. But these are a few of the more well-known
kinds:
Red Scum
It is a peculiar species that is also known as Rhodophyta, and it may be found in both
freshwater and marine settings. The distinctive red hue of the algae is caused by the
pigments phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. There are other pigments that give things
their green hue, such chlorophyll a. But neither beta-carotene nor chlorophyll B are
present.
4. Green Algae
It is a large, loosely organized collection of scum that include the essential pigments
for photosynthetic activity, chlorophylls A and B, as well as auxiliary pigments like
xanthophyll's and beta carotene.
Green scum carry out photosynthesis for higher creatures. Symbiotic relationships
exist between different types of green algae and other living things.
Members include flagellates, colonies, flagella, and unicellular organisms. Spirogyra,
Ulothrix, Volvox, and other well-known species of green algae are examples.
Reading Further: Chloroplasts
Not an Algae: Blue-Green Algae
5. One of the most well-known forms of SC cumin the past was blue-green scum.
However, because all square categorized as eukaryotic organisms, blue-green algae
are not currently included under the category of algae because they are prokaryotes.
These creatures, often known as cyanobacteria, thrive in damp or watery conditions
exactly like other algae. Dams, rivers, reservoirs, streams, lakes, and seas are some of
them. This group of bacteria uses photosynthesis to produce energy. Some types of
blue-green algae are important to the environment ecologically because they fix
nitrogen in the soil. They are also known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria because of this.
Anabaena, Nostos, etc.
Read more about Rhizobium, the bacteria that fixes nitrogen.
Other varieties of blue-green algae, however, can be poisonous to people. They may
either be neurotoxic (have negative
Examples of Algae
Prominent examples of algae include:
Ulothrix
Focus
Porphyria
Spirogyra
Algal Biofuel
Algal fuel can now be produced because to recent advances in science and
technology. The employment of environmentally acceptable alternatives like algae
biofuel has been encouraged by worsening environmental health and a global need for
petroleum-based products. As a result, algal fuel is becoming a more and more
feasible substitute for conventional fossil fuels. Everything from "green" jet fuel to
"green" diesel is produced using it. It is comparable to other corn- and sugarcane-
based biofuels.
Explore BYJU'S Biology to learn more about algae, its varieties and properties, or any
other biological ideas.
Further Reading:
Lichens
Thallophyte
Difference Between Algae And Fungi
Vaucheria: Classification, structure and Life cycle
6. Chlamydomonas: Classification, Structure and Life Cycle
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What are Scum?
A sizable and varied class of eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that are not
necessarily linked to one another is known as scum.
2. How are algae different from traditional plants?
Algae are not genuine plants since they lack actual roots, stalks, and leaves. As a
result, they require proximity to a wet or watery environment to thrive. In other
words, they lack the vascular tissue required for the transport of minerals and water.
3. Briefly outline the types of algae.
square primarily classified into the following types:
Blue-green scum
Red scum
Green scum
4. State the general characteristics of algae.
scumare either unicellular or multicellular in nature
Found in moist places
Mode of reproduction can be sexual as well as asexual
Asexual reproduction occurs by spore formation
Sexual reproduction occurs by the physical contact of haploid gametes
Lacks a well-defined body
They are photosynthetic in nature
Are mostly free-living
5. State 4 examples of algae.
Volvox
Spirogyra
Ulothrix
Focus
6. Are scum bacteria or a plant?
7. Neither bacteria nor plants are scum. A broad category of photosynthetic, eukaryotic
creatures is referred to as scum.
7. Are scum toxic to humans?
square often safe for people to consume. However, some types of scum can produce
algal blooms, which can be harmful to both the environment and human health.
8. How are algae useful?
A known 50% carbon dioxide fixation rate for algae. They raise the oxygen level in
their environment because they are photosynthetic. They are the main producers, and
other creatures depend on them for sustenance. Algae are used to make a variety of
commercial goods, including align, etc.
9. Why are algae important?
For many creatures in the food chain, algae serve as their principal food supply. Algae
grow quite quickly, which makes them highly helpful economically for producing
biomass or fertilizers.
Algae
Members of the kingdom Protista's group of mostly watery photosynthetic creatures
are known as scum, or alga. scum come in a wide variety of sizes and life cycles, from
tiny Micro monas species to enormous kelps that may grow to a length of 60 meters
(200 feet). Their cells have characteristics not found in either plants or animals, and
their photosynthetic pigments are more varied than those of plants. In addition to their
ecological functions as oxygen providers and the primary source of nutrition for
practically all aquatic life, algae play a significant economic role as a source of crude
oil, food, and a variety of medical and industrial goods for humans. Algal taxonomy is
contested and vulnerable to quick change when fresh molecular data is found.
Scum were first divided into broad groupings according to color starting in the 1830s,
such as red, brown, and green. Different chloroplast pigments, including chlorophylls,
carotenoids, and phycobiliproteins, are reflected in the colors. There are a lot more
than just three classes of pigments recognized, and each class of algae has its own
distinctive collection of pigment types.
8. The phylogeny of the group has not yet been determined, and the algae are not closely
linked to one another in terms of evolution. Without the existence of chloroplasts and
photosynthesis as distinguishing characteristics, several kinds of algae are difficult to
identify from protozoa and fungus. In fact, compared to other algae, certain algae
seem to share a closer evolutionary link with protozoa or fungus.
Physical and ecological features of algae
Size range and diversity of structure
There are seven orders of magnitude between the sizes of the algae. While the largest
algae have millions of cells, many algae only have one cell. Groups of cells in big,
macroscopic algae are specialized for certain tasks including anchoring, transport,
photosynthesis, and reproduction; this specialization denotes a certain level of
complexity and evolutionary progress.
9. Based on the morphology of their vegetative, or growing, condition, the algae may be
classified into a number of categories. Cells in filamentous forms are organized in
chains that resemble strings of pearls. While some filaments, like Spirogyra, are
unbranched, others, like Stigeoclonium, are branched and bushy in appearance.
Numerous adjacent filaments joined laterally give rise to the gross morphological
form of many red algae (such as Palmaris). Parenchymatous (tissue like) formations
can reach lengths of many meters, like the enormous kelp (Microcystic). Algae that
are coenocytic reach quite great sizes without producing discrete cells, as the green
seaweed Corium. In essence, coenocytic algae are multinucleated, unicellular algae
without cell walls dividing the protoplasm (the cytoplasm and nuclear components of
a cell). Some algae swim and have flagella.
10. Ecological and commercial importance
Using sunlight to generate energy, algae use the process of photosynthesis to create
organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and water. Algae, like land plants, are at
the bottom of the food chain, and since there aren't many plants in the ocean, algae are
ultimately responsible for the survival of almost all marine species, including whales,
seals, fish, turtles, shrimp, lobsters, clams, octopuses, sea stars, and worms. Algal
photosynthesis results in the production of oxygen in addition to organic compounds.
An estimated 30 to 50 percent of the net global oxygen required for human respiration
and that of other terrestrial animals is produced by algae.
Using sunlight to generate energy, algae use the process of photosynthesis to create
organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and water. Algae, like land plants, are at
the bottom of the food chain, and since there aren't many plants in the ocean, algae are
ultimately responsible for the survival of almost all marine species, including whales,
seals, fish, turtles, shrimp, lobsters, clams, octopuses, sea stars, and worms. Algal
photosynthesis results in the production of oxygen in addition to organic compounds.
An estimated 30 to 50 percent of the net global oxygen required for human respiration
and that of other terrestrial animals is produced by algae.
Using sunlight to generate energy, algae use the process of photosynthesis to create
organic food molecules from carbon dioxide and water. Algae, like land plants, are at
the bottom of the food chain, and since there aren't many plants in the ocean, algae are
ultimately responsible for the survival of almost all marine species, including whales,
seals, fish, turtles, shrimp, lobsters, clams, octopuses, sea stars, and worms. Algal
photosynthesis results in the production of oxygen in addition to organic compounds.
An estimated 30 to 50 percent of the net global oxygen required for human respiration
and that of other terrestrial animals is produced by algae.
11. During the 20th century, the diatoms (class Bacillariophyceae) were crucial to the
growth of industry. Diatom frustules, or cell walls, are composed of opaline silica and
have many small holes. Some sediments from lakes and oceans contain significant
amounts of frustules, and the fossilised byproduct of this deposition is known as
diatomite. About 3,000 diatom frustules per cubic millimetre (50 million frustules per
cubic inch) can be found in diatomite. Diatomite is easily mined when tectonic rising
raises diatomite deposits above sea level. For instance, a deposit in Lompoc,
California, U.S., is 13 square kilometres (5 square miles) in size and may reach a
depth of 425 metres (1,400 feet).
Diatomite has a high absorptive capacity, a sizable surface area, and a low bulk
density. It is also comparatively inert.
What are 4 benefits of algae?
During the 20th century, the diatoms (class Bacillariophyceae) were crucial to the
growth of industry. Diatom frustules, or cell walls, are composed of opaline silica and
have many small holes. Some sediments from lakes and oceans contain significant
amounts of frustules, and the fossilized byproduct of this deposition is known as
diatomite. About 3,000 diatom frustules per cubic millimeter (50 million frustules per
cubic inch) can be found in diatomite. Diatomite is easily mined when tectonic rising
raises diatomite deposits above sea level. For instance, a deposit in Lompoc,
California, U.S., is 13 square kilometer's (5 square miles) in size and may reach a
depth of 425 meters (1,400 feet).
Diatomite has a high absorptive capacity, a sizable surface area, and a low bulk
density. It is also comparatively inert.
12. What are 5 facts about algae?
Algae is a one-celled plant that can grow in your pool if conditions are
favorable.
There are over 400,000 known varieties of algae.
Algae are mainly found in marine or freshwater environments.
Algae produce oxygen which other aquatic life uses.
What are the 7 major types of algae?
Euglenophyte (Eugenides)
Cryophyte (Golden-brown algae and Diatoms)
Pyrophyte (Fire algae)
13. Chlorophyta (Green algae)
Rhodophyta (Red algae)
Paleophyte (Brown algae)
Xanthophyte (Yellow-green algae
Terrestrial algae, snow algae, seaweeds, phytoplankton, and "pond scums" (which are
made up of stringy masses of cyanobacteria as well as genuine algae like Spirogyra)
are all included in the incredibly diverse group of creatures we refer to as "algae".
Algae are morphologically straightforward, chlorophyll-containing animals that may
be quite big and multicellular all the way up to tiny and unicellular (single-celled).
There are no true roots or leaves and the algal body is relatively unevolved. Algae are
generally autotrophic, meaning they obtain their energy (or "food") from their
environment, primarily from sunlight. They are crucial for sustaining the planet's
oxygen supply and food chains.
Algae are sometimes categorized as "plants" and other times as "protists" (a broad
classification of mostly unrelated creatures that are arranged according to
Some types of algae that may interest you
The immensely varied collection of organisms we refer to as "algae" includes
terrestrial algae, snow algae, seaweeds, phytoplankton, and "pond scums" (which are
made up of stringy masses of cyanobacteria as well as true algae like Spirogyra).
Chlorophyll-containing, morphologically simple, and ranging in size from fairly large
and multicellular to very small and unicellular (single-celled), are algae. The algal
14. body is quite primitive and lacks genuine roots or leaves. Algae are typically
autotrophic, which means they get their energy (or "food"), mostly from sunlight,
from their surroundings. They are essential for maintaining the planet's food chains
and oxygen supplies.
Algae are occasionally classified as "plants" and other times as "protists," a broad
category of largely unrelated animals that include
Phytoplankton: In freshwater and marine habitats, phytoplankton—drifting,
photosynthetic, primarily microscopic algae and cyanobacteria—form the base of
food webs by absorbing solar energy.
Blue-Green Algae: The creatures that are occasionally referred to as "blue-green
algae" are really a kind of bacteria currently referred to as cyanobacteria. They can,
however, superficially resemble real green algae since many of them are aquatic and
photosynthetic, occasionally forming noticeable colonies on the surface of stagnant
waters. In truth, there is a significant evolutionary link: the chloroplasts in the cells of
contemporary green plants (including green algae) were first discovered as
cyanobacteria living within other species, according to the now widely recognised
endosymbiotic explanation of organelle origins.
Where Scum Live Where can you find algae? Almost everywhere on Earth,
including corals, certain protozoans, and Cnidaria, as well as in the sea (down to 250
m in some locations), rivers, lakes, and ponds, on trees, soils, and walls, and as
symbiotic partners with fungus (as lichens). Almost anywhere there is light for
photosynthesis and where there is water for reproduction, there are algae. Scum , or
so-called extremophiles, are significant colonisers in hot springs and lava flows and
frequently thrive at extremely high temperatures. Algae-like organisms are among the
most likely to be discovered if life is present somewhere else in our solar system.
16. The majority of algae produce some type of spore, a reproductive cell that is
frequently motile (capable of movement) in algae. Scum frequently reproduce
asexually in a variety of ways, but they may also reproduce sexually through meiosis,
which produces genetically varied gametes that are subsequently fused together to
form new individuals. Some types of algae have very basic forms of sex in which the
Scum serve as the gametes, but many other types of algae have sperm- and egg-like
cells as well as pheromones that attract sex. It is believed that an alga was the first
creature to evolve sexual reproduction, which we now observe in plants and animals,
some 1.5 billion years ago.
General Characteristics of Algae
The most common unicellular algae are found in water, particularly in plankton. The
population of unicellular algae-dominated free-floating microorganisms is known as
phytoplankton. Additionally, moist soil, moist rocks, and moist wood can all support
the growth of algae. Lichens include both fungal and Scum .
The Whittaker method divides scum into seven divisions, five of which are thought to
belong to the Protista kingdom and two to the Plantae kingdom. Scum have eukaryotic
cells, and certain species have microtubule flagella with the "9 plus 2" pattern. In
mitosis, a nucleus is seen, and several chromosomes are seen. Chloroplasts, which
have membranes called thylakoids, are where the chlorophyll and other coolers are
found in living things.
The majority of scum do photosynthesis and are photoautotrophic.
Reference
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