Recombinant dna technology
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
28 likes•914 views
Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA strands from different sources artificially. It uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, ligases to join DNA fragments, and vectors and host cells to replicate the recombinant DNA. The first successful recombinant DNA experiment joined DNA from Salmonella typhimurium. Key tools include restriction enzymes, ligases, vectors like plasmids, and host cells like E. coli. Applications include molecular diagnosis of diseases, monoclonal antibody production, gene therapy, and increasing crop productivity.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Gene mapping ppt
This document provides information about gene mapping. It discusses both genetic mapping and physical mapping. Genetic mapping involves using genetic techniques like cross-breeding experiments to construct maps showing gene positions. Physical mapping uses molecular biology techniques to directly examine DNA and construct maps showing positions of sequences like genes. Both techniques are used to identify the locus of genes and distances between genes to better understand genomes.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
The document discusses genetic engineering techniques. It describes the stages of gene cloning which include generating DNA fragments, inserting them into a vector, introducing the vector into host cells, and selecting clones. It also discusses various molecular tools used in genetic engineering like restriction endonucleases, vectors, host cells, and methods of gene transfer.
Synthesis and cloning of c dna
This document provides information about synthesizing and cloning cDNA from mRNA. It describes how cDNA libraries are constructed by isolating mRNA, synthesizing cDNA via reverse transcription, treating cDNA ends, ligating the cDNA to vectors, and transforming the vectors into host cells. The key steps include mRNA purification, first and second strand cDNA synthesis, linker ligation, vector ligation, and transformation. cDNA libraries are useful for eukaryotic gene analysis as they contain only expressed genes without introns.
Southern blotting
Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences. It involves extracting DNA from cells, cutting the DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments via electrophoresis, transferring DNA to a membrane, then using a labeled probe to hybridize and identify the target sequence via autoradiography. Southern blotting allows identification of mutations, deletions and rearrangements, and is used for cancer prognosis, genetic disease diagnosis, DNA fingerprinting and more. It is an effective detection method but is also complex, labor-intensive, and time-consuming.
Dna Modifying Enzymes by Arijit Pani
DNA modifying enzymes include nucleases, ligases, polymerases, phosphatases and other enzymes that modify DNA structure and sequence. Nucleases such as exonucleases and endonucleases cleave phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids. Ligases join nucleic acid molecules by forming phosphodiester bonds. Polymerases such as DNA polymerase synthesize new DNA strands using existing strands as templates. These enzymes are essential for processes like DNA replication, repair and recombination.
cell lineage and fate
cell lineage , cell fate - diverse class of cell fate, cell fate in plant meristem, mammalian development cell fate, nutritional effects on epigenetics, epigenetics of plants,
control of cell fate.
Histone protein
Histone proteins package DNA into nucleosomes and facilitate chromatin formation. There are two main classes of histones - core histones like H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 which assemble around DNA, and linker histone H1 which binds nucleosomes. Post-translational modifications of histone tails like acetylation and methylation regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure. Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process where gene expression depends on parental origin through histone modifications and other epigenetic markers without changing DNA sequence.
C value paradox unit-ii
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
C-value paradox concept in explained by using practical exanples in a simple language
Recommended
Gene mapping ppt
This document provides information about gene mapping. It discusses both genetic mapping and physical mapping. Genetic mapping involves using genetic techniques like cross-breeding experiments to construct maps showing gene positions. Physical mapping uses molecular biology techniques to directly examine DNA and construct maps showing positions of sequences like genes. Both techniques are used to identify the locus of genes and distances between genes to better understand genomes.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
The document discusses genetic engineering techniques. It describes the stages of gene cloning which include generating DNA fragments, inserting them into a vector, introducing the vector into host cells, and selecting clones. It also discusses various molecular tools used in genetic engineering like restriction endonucleases, vectors, host cells, and methods of gene transfer.
Synthesis and cloning of c dna
This document provides information about synthesizing and cloning cDNA from mRNA. It describes how cDNA libraries are constructed by isolating mRNA, synthesizing cDNA via reverse transcription, treating cDNA ends, ligating the cDNA to vectors, and transforming the vectors into host cells. The key steps include mRNA purification, first and second strand cDNA synthesis, linker ligation, vector ligation, and transformation. cDNA libraries are useful for eukaryotic gene analysis as they contain only expressed genes without introns.
Southern blotting
Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences. It involves extracting DNA from cells, cutting the DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments via electrophoresis, transferring DNA to a membrane, then using a labeled probe to hybridize and identify the target sequence via autoradiography. Southern blotting allows identification of mutations, deletions and rearrangements, and is used for cancer prognosis, genetic disease diagnosis, DNA fingerprinting and more. It is an effective detection method but is also complex, labor-intensive, and time-consuming.
Dna Modifying Enzymes by Arijit Pani
DNA modifying enzymes include nucleases, ligases, polymerases, phosphatases and other enzymes that modify DNA structure and sequence. Nucleases such as exonucleases and endonucleases cleave phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids. Ligases join nucleic acid molecules by forming phosphodiester bonds. Polymerases such as DNA polymerase synthesize new DNA strands using existing strands as templates. These enzymes are essential for processes like DNA replication, repair and recombination.
cell lineage and fate
cell lineage , cell fate - diverse class of cell fate, cell fate in plant meristem, mammalian development cell fate, nutritional effects on epigenetics, epigenetics of plants,
control of cell fate.
Histone protein
Histone proteins package DNA into nucleosomes and facilitate chromatin formation. There are two main classes of histones - core histones like H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 which assemble around DNA, and linker histone H1 which binds nucleosomes. Post-translational modifications of histone tails like acetylation and methylation regulate gene expression by altering chromatin structure. Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process where gene expression depends on parental origin through histone modifications and other epigenetic markers without changing DNA sequence.
C value paradox unit-ii
Ppt is made vailable for public for scientifc use.
C-value paradox concept in explained by using practical exanples in a simple language
Genome organisation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
The document summarizes genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes like E. coli, the genome is packed into the nucleoid region through supercoiling, facilitated by histone-like proteins that introduce bends and loops in the DNA. This allows the 1.5mm of DNA to fit inside the small cell. In eukaryotes, the 6 feet of DNA is packaged into chromosomes through a multi-step process involving wrapping around histones to form nucleosomes, which further condense into solenoids, super solenoids, rosettes, coils and finally chromosomes.
C value paradox
This document discusses the C-Value Paradox, which is the observation that there is no correlation between the complexity of an organism and the amount of DNA (C-value) in its genome. The document provides examples showing that C-values, or the amount of DNA per haploid cell, can vary widely both within and across species, from 105 base pairs in mycoplasma to over 109 base pairs in mammals. While complexity tends to increase with higher C-values, exceptions exist, demonstrating there is no direct linear relationship between genome size and organism complexity. The term "C-value" refers to the haploid DNA content of a species.
The human genome project
The Human Genome Project began in 1990 with the goal of mapping all the genes in human DNA to better understand human health and disease. Over 13 years and $3 billion, an international team sequenced the entire human genome, identifying all 3 billion DNA base pairs and approximately 30,000 genes located on human chromosomes. The project was completed in 2003 and its results are stored in public databases, allowing scientists to better diagnose, treat and prevent genetic disorders.
Dna repair
DNA repair is essential to prevent damage from impairing organism survival and potentially causing cancer. The main types of DNA repair are mismatch repair, direct repair, base-excision repair, and nucleotide-excision repair. Mismatch repair in E. coli involves the MutS, MutH, and MutL proteins detecting mismatches that are then repaired. Direct repair directly changes altered bases back to their original structures using enzymes like MGMT. Base-excision repair removes small base lesions using DNA glycosylases and polymerases. Nucleotide-excision repair removes bulky UV-induced DNA adducts by cleaving and removing the damaged strand.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing is a process to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It was discovered in the 1970s by scientists like Frederick Sanger who developed the chain termination method. This method involves DNA replication with modified nucleotides that cause the growing DNA strand to terminate at that point. The fragments are then separated by size to reveal the sequence. Automated sequencing now uses fluorescent dyes and capillary electrophoresis for faster and higher throughput sequencing. DNA sequencing has applications in medicine, forensics, and agriculture.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, and spliced together to form new recombinant molecules. Key tools for recombinant DNA technology include restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerases, vectors, and host cells. Recombinant DNA technology has many applications, including producing human insulin and other proteins for medical use, genetically engineering plants for crop improvement, and DNA fingerprinting for criminal investigations.
DNA footprinting
DNA footprinting is a technique used to identify protein binding regions on DNA. It involves treating DNA with nucleases like DNase I, which will degrade the DNA except for regions bound by proteins. These protected regions, called footprints, can identify transcription factor binding sites that regulate gene expression. The technique was originally developed in 1978 to study the binding specificity of the lac repressor protein, and it provides information on DNA-protein interactions and transcriptional regulation.
Dna repair mechanisms
DNA repair mechanisms in prokaryotes involve direct repair, excision repair, and mismatch repair. Direct repair converts damaged nucleotides directly back to their original structure using enzymes like photolyase. Excision repair removes damaged sections of DNA through base excision repair which removes single damaged bases using glycosylases and AP endonucleases, or nucleotide excision repair which removes short oligonucleotides. Mismatch repair recognizes and fixes errors made during DNA replication by distinguishing the parental DNA strands and excising the newly synthesized strand containing mistakes.
Gene mapping methods
Gene mapping involves determining the physical location of genes on chromosomes. There are two main types of gene mapping: genetic mapping and physical mapping. Genetic mapping uses genetic techniques like linkage analysis to construct maps showing relative gene positions based on recombination frequencies. Physical mapping uses molecular biology techniques to directly examine DNA and determine absolute positions of genes and sequences. Key methods in physical mapping include restriction mapping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and sequence tagged site (STS) mapping. Gene mapping is important for understanding genetic diseases and developing gene therapy methods.
Recombination
Genetic recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA to form new combinations of genes. It occurs primarily during meiosis through several types of recombination, including homologous recombination where DNA exchanges occur between similar DNA molecules. This increases genetic diversity and allows for traits to be mixed. Recombination benefits populations by generating variety among offspring and allowing deleterious genes to be removed without losing the entire chromosome. It has applications in cloning, mapping genes, and making transgenic organisms.
DNA damage, types by kk sahu
Introduction
Defination
What is damage?
Mutation
Types of mutation
Sources of damage
1.Endogenous
2.Exogenous
Types of damage
Common Carcinogen
Conclusion
Reference
PCR-SlideShare
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is an in vitro technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to separate the DNA strands and allow primers to anneal, followed by extension of the primers by a thermostable DNA polymerase. Kary Mullis developed PCR in 1985 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1993. Requirements for PCR include a DNA template, primers, Taq polymerase enzyme, dNTPs, buffer solution and magnesium ions. There are several applications and variations of PCR including quantitative real-time PCR, reverse transcription PCR, and inverse PCR.
Replication
DNA replication is a complex process that involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of new strands that are complementary to the original strands, and enzymes such as DNA polymerase and helicase. There are multiple origins of replication in eukaryotes that allow bidirectional replication from many starting points along DNA molecules. Enzymes involved include DNA polymerase alpha that works with primase to initiate DNA synthesis, and DNA polymerases delta and epsilon that carry out leading and lagging strand elongation. Telomeres prevent shortening of chromosomes with each round of replication through the action of telomerase.
Genomic imprinting
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon where genes are differentially expressed based on whether they are inherited from the father or mother. It results in the silencing of one parental allele. Imprinting occurs through DNA methylation and histone modifications and is regulated by imprinting control regions. Disruptions to imprinting through uniparental disomy can cause Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and cancer. Imprinting is found primarily in mammals and is thought to have evolved from parent-offspring conflict over resource allocation during development.
Northern blotting
This presentation is all about Northern blotting technique ..which is a biotechnological process used in cell and molecular biology studies.
Human genome project
The document discusses the principal aims and applications of the Human Genome Project. The three main aims are to improve human genetics research infrastructure, establish DNA sequence as the interface between human and model organism biology, and improve DNA analytical biochemistry. Key applications discussed are molecular medicine like disease diagnosis, and using microbial genomes to research waste control and environmental cleanup. It provides examples of how genome sequencing is advancing fields like medicine, biotechnology, and environmental applications.
Gene mutations spontaneous and induced
This document discusses different types of mutations, including spontaneous and induced mutations. Spontaneous mutations arise without external causes and can occur due to errors in DNA replication or the effects of transposons. Induced mutations are caused by mutagenic agents that directly damage DNA. Common mutagens include base analogs, agents that cause specific base mispairing, intercalating agents, and carcinogens that damage DNA bases. Mutations can be expressed in phenotypes and include silent, missense, and nonsense point mutations. Overall, mutations introduce genetic variation that allows evolution and adaptation.
Mutagenesis
Mutagenesis is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. It can also be
achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures.
In nature mutagenesis can lead to cancer and
various heritable diseases, but it is also a driving force of evolution.
Replication of DNA
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself. It occurs during cell division and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, synthesizing new strands that are complementary to the original strands, and producing two identical DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand. Key enzymes involved include DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerases, and DNA ligase which work together to replicate DNA in a semi-conservative manner beginning at origins of replication on the DNA.
Chemical method of transformation
Chemical method of transformation- calcium chloride mediated, Liposome mediated and PEG mediated transformation
Recombinant dna technology by shubham marbade
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, spliced together, and multiplied. This produces recombinant molecules with DNA from different sources. Key steps include generating DNA fragments, inserting a fragment into a cloning vector, and introducing the recombinant vector into a host cell for expression. Restriction enzymes are important tools that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. Common vectors used include plasmids, bacteriophages, and artificial chromosomes in bacteria or yeast. DNA ligase joins DNA strands together, facilitating recombination. Applications include pharmaceuticals, disease diagnosis, forensics, agriculture, and more.
Recombination Technology
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, spliced together, and replicated. This creates new "recombinant" DNA molecules. Key steps include using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments, inserting fragments into cloning vectors like plasmids, and transforming host cells to replicate the recombinant DNA. PCR is also used to amplify specific DNA sequences. Recombinant DNA technology has many applications, including producing human proteins, diagnosing genetic diseases, and detecting bacteria and viruses.
More Related Content
What's hot
Genome organisation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
The document summarizes genome organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes like E. coli, the genome is packed into the nucleoid region through supercoiling, facilitated by histone-like proteins that introduce bends and loops in the DNA. This allows the 1.5mm of DNA to fit inside the small cell. In eukaryotes, the 6 feet of DNA is packaged into chromosomes through a multi-step process involving wrapping around histones to form nucleosomes, which further condense into solenoids, super solenoids, rosettes, coils and finally chromosomes.
C value paradox
This document discusses the C-Value Paradox, which is the observation that there is no correlation between the complexity of an organism and the amount of DNA (C-value) in its genome. The document provides examples showing that C-values, or the amount of DNA per haploid cell, can vary widely both within and across species, from 105 base pairs in mycoplasma to over 109 base pairs in mammals. While complexity tends to increase with higher C-values, exceptions exist, demonstrating there is no direct linear relationship between genome size and organism complexity. The term "C-value" refers to the haploid DNA content of a species.
The human genome project
The Human Genome Project began in 1990 with the goal of mapping all the genes in human DNA to better understand human health and disease. Over 13 years and $3 billion, an international team sequenced the entire human genome, identifying all 3 billion DNA base pairs and approximately 30,000 genes located on human chromosomes. The project was completed in 2003 and its results are stored in public databases, allowing scientists to better diagnose, treat and prevent genetic disorders.
Dna repair
DNA repair is essential to prevent damage from impairing organism survival and potentially causing cancer. The main types of DNA repair are mismatch repair, direct repair, base-excision repair, and nucleotide-excision repair. Mismatch repair in E. coli involves the MutS, MutH, and MutL proteins detecting mismatches that are then repaired. Direct repair directly changes altered bases back to their original structures using enzymes like MGMT. Base-excision repair removes small base lesions using DNA glycosylases and polymerases. Nucleotide-excision repair removes bulky UV-induced DNA adducts by cleaving and removing the damaged strand.
Dna sequencing
DNA sequencing is a process to determine the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It was discovered in the 1970s by scientists like Frederick Sanger who developed the chain termination method. This method involves DNA replication with modified nucleotides that cause the growing DNA strand to terminate at that point. The fragments are then separated by size to reveal the sequence. Automated sequencing now uses fluorescent dyes and capillary electrophoresis for faster and higher throughput sequencing. DNA sequencing has applications in medicine, forensics, and agriculture.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, and spliced together to form new recombinant molecules. Key tools for recombinant DNA technology include restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerases, vectors, and host cells. Recombinant DNA technology has many applications, including producing human insulin and other proteins for medical use, genetically engineering plants for crop improvement, and DNA fingerprinting for criminal investigations.
DNA footprinting
DNA footprinting is a technique used to identify protein binding regions on DNA. It involves treating DNA with nucleases like DNase I, which will degrade the DNA except for regions bound by proteins. These protected regions, called footprints, can identify transcription factor binding sites that regulate gene expression. The technique was originally developed in 1978 to study the binding specificity of the lac repressor protein, and it provides information on DNA-protein interactions and transcriptional regulation.
Dna repair mechanisms
DNA repair mechanisms in prokaryotes involve direct repair, excision repair, and mismatch repair. Direct repair converts damaged nucleotides directly back to their original structure using enzymes like photolyase. Excision repair removes damaged sections of DNA through base excision repair which removes single damaged bases using glycosylases and AP endonucleases, or nucleotide excision repair which removes short oligonucleotides. Mismatch repair recognizes and fixes errors made during DNA replication by distinguishing the parental DNA strands and excising the newly synthesized strand containing mistakes.
Gene mapping methods
Gene mapping involves determining the physical location of genes on chromosomes. There are two main types of gene mapping: genetic mapping and physical mapping. Genetic mapping uses genetic techniques like linkage analysis to construct maps showing relative gene positions based on recombination frequencies. Physical mapping uses molecular biology techniques to directly examine DNA and determine absolute positions of genes and sequences. Key methods in physical mapping include restriction mapping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and sequence tagged site (STS) mapping. Gene mapping is important for understanding genetic diseases and developing gene therapy methods.
Recombination
Genetic recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of DNA to form new combinations of genes. It occurs primarily during meiosis through several types of recombination, including homologous recombination where DNA exchanges occur between similar DNA molecules. This increases genetic diversity and allows for traits to be mixed. Recombination benefits populations by generating variety among offspring and allowing deleterious genes to be removed without losing the entire chromosome. It has applications in cloning, mapping genes, and making transgenic organisms.
DNA damage, types by kk sahu
Introduction
Defination
What is damage?
Mutation
Types of mutation
Sources of damage
1.Endogenous
2.Exogenous
Types of damage
Common Carcinogen
Conclusion
Reference
PCR-SlideShare
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is an in vitro technique used to amplify a specific region of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. It involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling of the DNA sample to separate the DNA strands and allow primers to anneal, followed by extension of the primers by a thermostable DNA polymerase. Kary Mullis developed PCR in 1985 and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1993. Requirements for PCR include a DNA template, primers, Taq polymerase enzyme, dNTPs, buffer solution and magnesium ions. There are several applications and variations of PCR including quantitative real-time PCR, reverse transcription PCR, and inverse PCR.
Replication
DNA replication is a complex process that involves unwinding of the DNA double helix, synthesis of new strands that are complementary to the original strands, and enzymes such as DNA polymerase and helicase. There are multiple origins of replication in eukaryotes that allow bidirectional replication from many starting points along DNA molecules. Enzymes involved include DNA polymerase alpha that works with primase to initiate DNA synthesis, and DNA polymerases delta and epsilon that carry out leading and lagging strand elongation. Telomeres prevent shortening of chromosomes with each round of replication through the action of telomerase.
Genomic imprinting
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon where genes are differentially expressed based on whether they are inherited from the father or mother. It results in the silencing of one parental allele. Imprinting occurs through DNA methylation and histone modifications and is regulated by imprinting control regions. Disruptions to imprinting through uniparental disomy can cause Prader-Willi syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and cancer. Imprinting is found primarily in mammals and is thought to have evolved from parent-offspring conflict over resource allocation during development.
Northern blotting
This presentation is all about Northern blotting technique ..which is a biotechnological process used in cell and molecular biology studies.
Human genome project
The document discusses the principal aims and applications of the Human Genome Project. The three main aims are to improve human genetics research infrastructure, establish DNA sequence as the interface between human and model organism biology, and improve DNA analytical biochemistry. Key applications discussed are molecular medicine like disease diagnosis, and using microbial genomes to research waste control and environmental cleanup. It provides examples of how genome sequencing is advancing fields like medicine, biotechnology, and environmental applications.
Gene mutations spontaneous and induced
This document discusses different types of mutations, including spontaneous and induced mutations. Spontaneous mutations arise without external causes and can occur due to errors in DNA replication or the effects of transposons. Induced mutations are caused by mutagenic agents that directly damage DNA. Common mutagens include base analogs, agents that cause specific base mispairing, intercalating agents, and carcinogens that damage DNA bases. Mutations can be expressed in phenotypes and include silent, missense, and nonsense point mutations. Overall, mutations introduce genetic variation that allows evolution and adaptation.
Mutagenesis
Mutagenesis is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. It can also be
achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures.
In nature mutagenesis can lead to cancer and
various heritable diseases, but it is also a driving force of evolution.
Replication of DNA
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself. It occurs during cell division and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, synthesizing new strands that are complementary to the original strands, and producing two identical DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand. Key enzymes involved include DNA helicase, DNA primase, DNA polymerases, and DNA ligase which work together to replicate DNA in a semi-conservative manner beginning at origins of replication on the DNA.
Chemical method of transformation
Chemical method of transformation- calcium chloride mediated, Liposome mediated and PEG mediated transformation
What's hot (20)
Similar to Recombinant dna technology
Recombinant dna technology by shubham marbade
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, spliced together, and multiplied. This produces recombinant molecules with DNA from different sources. Key steps include generating DNA fragments, inserting a fragment into a cloning vector, and introducing the recombinant vector into a host cell for expression. Restriction enzymes are important tools that cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. Common vectors used include plasmids, bacteriophages, and artificial chromosomes in bacteria or yeast. DNA ligase joins DNA strands together, facilitating recombination. Applications include pharmaceuticals, disease diagnosis, forensics, agriculture, and more.
Recombination Technology
Recombinant DNA technology allows DNA from different species to be isolated, cut, spliced together, and replicated. This creates new "recombinant" DNA molecules. Key steps include using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments, inserting fragments into cloning vectors like plasmids, and transforming host cells to replicate the recombinant DNA. PCR is also used to amplify specific DNA sequences. Recombinant DNA technology has many applications, including producing human proteins, diagnosing genetic diseases, and detecting bacteria and viruses.
Chap_12_Biotechnology.ppt
Biotechnology uses organisms or biological systems to develop products and services. It has applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry. Recombinant DNA technology allows manipulation of genes between unrelated organisms. The process involves enzyme digestion of DNA, ligation of genes into vectors, introduction into host cells, and culturing to produce multiple copies of the gene. This technique has led to medical advances like insulin production and disease treatments.
Recombinant DNA technology for Crop improvement
This document discusses two case studies involving genetically modified crops:
1) Drought tolerant transgenic plants developed using genes for abiotic stress tolerance through genetic engineering. Genes used include structural genes for late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and regulatory genes for key enzymes. This allows improved water stress management compared to conventional breeding.
2) Genetically engineered potatoes (Innate) modified using RNA interference to suppress expression of certain genes to reduce browning and increase resistance to bruising and soft rot. This helps improve potato quality and shelf life.
Genetic Engineering by Kailash Sontakke Botany Sem-VI Unit-IV all
This presentation is as per the curriculum of B.Sc-III Sem-VI Unit-V subject Botany of SGBAU Amravati
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class XII Chapter 11.pptx
Highly descriptive and illustrative presentation based on Biotechnology chapter 11 of NCERT class XII.
This is an important topic especially from biological research point of view.
This is to help students thoroughly understand the topic for exams as well as for future practical applications.
Recombinant dna technology
Recombinant DNA technology involves transferring genes between organisms using artificial means. It works by combining DNA from different sources into a single molecule. The process involves generating DNA fragments, inserting the fragments into vectors, introducing the vectors into host cells, and selecting clones containing the recombinant DNA. Common tools used include restriction enzymes to cut DNA, vectors like plasmids to carry DNA, bacterial hosts like E. coli, and techniques like transformation and selection to introduce and identify recombinant DNA. Applications include analyzing gene structure, producing pharmaceuticals, genetically modified organisms, and gene therapy.
Basics of recombinat DNA technology
This document discusses recombinant DNA technology and the tools required. It describes the basic steps: 1) selecting and isolating the gene of interest, 2) choosing a suitable vector, 3) inserting the gene into the vector, 4) inserting the recombinant DNA into a host cell, and 5) expressing and multiplying the recombinant DNA. It also lists common tools used, including restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, foreign DNA, host organisms, and linkers. Examples of each tool are provided, along with their functions in recombinant DNA technology.
Role of r dna technology
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to cut and join DNA fragments from different sources to construct recombinant DNA molecules. This technique was discovered in the 1970s and has since been used to develop transgenic plants with improved traits like higher yield, increased stress and pest resistance, and the ability to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Some key applications include producing human insulin and anemia treatments, developing herbicide and insect resistant crop varieties, and engineering disease resistance in plants. Recombinant DNA technology is now widely used in agriculture and has contributed to over 70% of foods in supermarkets coming from genetically modified crops.
Biotechnology Principles and Processes
The document discusses biotechnology and recombinant DNA technology. It defines biotechnology as using organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce useful products. Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating DNA, fragmenting it with enzymes, inserting fragments into vectors, transforming host cells, and culturing the cells to multiply the DNA. The basic steps are isolating a gene, inserting it into a vector, introducing the vector into a host cell, and using the host to generate multiple copies of the gene.
recumbinant DNA.pdf
Recombinant DNA technology allows for the cloning and manipulation of DNA. DNA is first isolated from an organism and cut with restriction enzymes. The cut DNA fragments are then inserted into cloning vectors like plasmids or phage lambda. These recombinant DNA molecules are introduced into host cells, where they can be replicated in large quantities. Libraries of cloned DNA fragments can be generated that represent entire genomes or individual chromosomes, enabling applications such as genetic mapping, DNA sequencing, and genetic engineering.
Recombinant DNA Technology- Study of cloning vectors.pptx
Recombinant DNA Technology- Study of cloning vectors.
Third ear B. Pharmacy, sem-VI
Pharmaceutical biotechnology
Vector
Vectors are DNA molecules capable of self-replication that are used to introduce foreign DNA into host cells. Common vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Vectors have features like origins of replication, selectable markers, and cloning sites that allow for replication and identification of recombinant DNA. Popular E. coli cloning vectors include the plasmids pBR322, pBR327, and pUC8, as well as the bacteriophages lambda and M13. Hybrid vectors combine characteristics of plasmids and phages, while artificial chromosomes can accommodate larger DNA fragments.
16. A. RECOMBINANT DNA.pptx
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and DNA ligase to cut and paste genes between organisms. It has led to important applications like producing human insulin from bacteria, creating genetically modified crops with desirable traits, and developing new vaccines and pharmaceuticals. The basic steps involve isolating a gene, inserting it into a vector, transforming host cells, and identifying recombinant cells that express the gene of interest. This technique has generated unlimited copies of genes and advanced fields like gene therapy, forensics, and biofuel production.
recombinent dna technology.pdf
Recombinant DNA technology allows for the creation of new combinations of DNA segments not found in nature. DNA is isolated, cut with restriction enzymes, and ligated into cloning vectors which are then transformed into host cells. This amplifies the recombinant DNA. Vectors like plasmids and bacteriophages are used to clone DNA fragments. Libraries are collections of DNA clones that represent all genes. Specific genes of interest can be identified by probing the library with a DNA or protein probe based on known sequences.
Recombinant dna technology (rdt)
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology (RDT). It discusses the history and discovery of RDT, the key steps involved which include selecting DNA inserts and vectors, introducing the DNA into host cells, and expressing the DNA. Important tools for RDT are described, including restriction enzymes, vectors, and host organisms. Common applications of RDT include producing hormones, medicines, transgenic plants and animals. Ongoing projects utilizing RDT are mentioned.
Gene Cloning
The procedure involves placing a foreign gene into bacterial cells using restriction enzymes and vectors. The modified bacteria are then grown to produce clones. Key aspects of gene cloning include restriction endonucleases to cut DNA, vectors to allow DNA replication, and probes to identify specific clones. DNA ligase is used to join cut DNA fragments.
Bio. tech. pr.& process
Biotechnology refers to the use of living organisms or their components to develop products and processes. It has applications in fields like agriculture, medicine, and industry. Modern biotechnology techniques include genetic engineering and aseptic techniques. Genetic engineering involves altering genetic material through techniques like recombinant DNA, gene transfer into host organisms, and gene cloning. It allows scientists to modify organisms for useful purposes. Restriction enzymes, vectors, DNA polymerase and ligase are important tools used in genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating genes, often by adding a gene from another species to an organism's genome. This is done through recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, which combines DNA sequences artificially. A key part of the process is using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites, then inserting the cut DNA fragment into a vector like a plasmid for replication in a host cell. The engineered DNA is then introduced into host cells, and cells containing the new DNA are identified and isolated through markers on the vector.
Recombinant DNA Technology
Process of rDNA Technology, various vectors and restriction endonucleases used in rDNA along with its applications.
Similar to Recombinant dna technology (20)
Genetic Engineering by Kailash Sontakke Botany Sem-VI Unit-IV all
Genetic Engineering by Kailash Sontakke Botany Sem-VI Unit-IV all
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class XII Chapter 11.pptx
Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class XII Chapter 11.pptx
Recombinant DNA Technology- Study of cloning vectors.pptx
Recombinant DNA Technology- Study of cloning vectors.pptx
Recently uploaded
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsThe debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingImmersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Recently uploaded (20)
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Recombinant dna technology
- 1. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY NIKHIL KUMAR M.PHARM (1 st year) Bengal School Of Technology
- 2. HISTORY Herbert Boyer(1936) and Stanley N. Cohen(1935) devlop recombinant DNATecnology,showing that ther genetically engineered DNA molecules may be Cloned in foreign cells THEY CONSTRUCTED 1ST RECOMBINENT DNA using Salmonella typhimurim.
- 3. Recombinant DNA is term used to describe the combination of two DNA Strands that are constructed artificially.Genetic scientists can do this to create Unique DNA strand for diffrent perposes,using several type of techniques DEFINITION: PRINCIPLE: Source-authorstream.com
- 4. 1. Restriction enzymes 2. Ligases 3. Miscellanious enzymes RESRICTION ENZYMES:- ENDONUCLEASES Cuts DNA at ends EXONUCLEASES Cuts DNA at specific sites Pallindromic sites (i.e the sequence of base pairs reads the same on both DNA strands). Ex- 5’-GAATTC-3’ 3’-CTTAAG-5’ 4.Vectors 5.Host organism/cell Ex- Exonuclease III TOOLS OF RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
- 5. 1.Firstly letter derived from genus name (italics) 2.Next,two letters derived from species name (italics) 3.The Roman number show order in which the enzyme were iosolated From bacterial strain. Ex- EcoRI is from Escherichia (E) coli(co), strain RY13(R) and first endonucleases(I) to be discovered. HindIII is from Haemophillus(H) influenzae(in), Strain Rd(d) and the third endonucleases(III) to be discovered. NOMENCLATURE OF RESTRICTION ENZYMES:
- 6. Cut DNA fragments joint covalently by DNA ligases Originally isolated from viruses Also occur in E.Coli and eukaryotic cells Actively participate in cellular DNA repair process Parmanently hold DNA pieces together...... Alkaline phosphatase : removes phosphate groups from 5’ends of single Or double stranded DNA /RNA. Polyneucleotide kinase: involved in addition of phosphate groups Nucleases:degrades single stranded DNARNA. polymerases: Synthesis of nucleic acid . DNA LIGASES: MISCELLANEOUS ENZYMES:
- 7. Microbes multiply faster compared to cells of higher organism (plants/animals) thus preffered to as host cell. Prokaryotic hosts include E.Coli ,Bacillus subtilis Eukaryotic hosts include saccharomyces cerevisiae(fungi), Mammalian cells ,plants(protoplast)...... Host cells: VECTORS: Vectors are DNA molecules which carry a forign DNA fragment into the Host cells TYPES: Plasmid Cosmid Phasid Bacteriophage Artificial cromosomes
- 8. I. Should be small in size II. Self replicating, circular, double stranded III. Should contain 4 segments: a) Origin of replication b) Restiction endonuclease recognition site c) Selectable marker d) Tag gene CHARECTERSTICS OF VECTOR: Fig-plasmid vector
- 9. STEPS INVOLVED IN RECOMBINENT DNA TECHNOLOGY: GENERATION of DNA fragments ,and SELECTION of desired DNA pieces(eg:human gene) AMPLIFICATION of gene of interest LIGATION of the DNA fragment into a cloning vector INSERTION of recombinant DNA into Host cell CULTURING the Host cell in a suitable medium GENE EXPRESSION done DESIRED produt obtained
- 12. IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: Used to ELUCIDATE MOLECULAR EVENTS in BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES like CELL DIFFERENTIATION AGENING GENE MAPPING MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES: Eg-HIV;Hepatitis virus ,Food poisoniong MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES PRODUCTION GENE THERAPY DNA FINGER PRINTING VACCINE PRODUCTION PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICALS PRODUCTS(insulin) To increase CROP PRODUICTIVITY,NUTRITION VALUE and to increase tolerance againt ABIOTIC STRESS (COLD,DROUGHT,HEAT etc) APPLICATION: