Recent advances in dental composites include materials with improved properties such as reduced polymerization shrinkage, increased strength and wear resistance, enhanced aesthetics, and additional therapeutic benefits. New composite formulations incorporate multi-methacrylate monomers, ultrarapid mono-methacrylates, and acidic monomers to address shrinkage. Novel polymerization mechanisms like polymerization-induced phase separation, thiol-ene photopolymerization, and hybrid/ring-opening polymerization aim to reduce shrinkage stress. Improved fillers and surface treatments enhance mechanical properties. New composite types have been introduced, including flowables, bulk-fill, packables, and gingival-shaded materials. Overall, ongoing research focuses on developing dental compos
brief description about pressable ceramicsCONTENTS: • Introduction • Definition For Dental Ceramics • Definition For Pressable Ceramics • History • Various All Ceramic Systems • Classification • Pressable Ceramics • History • Generation Of Pressable Ceramics • Cerestore – Development Fabrication Advantage Disadvantage 2
3. IPS Empress - Materials And Composition Special Furnace Fabrication Advantage Disadvantage IPS Empress 2- INDICATION Properties Fabrication Method Advantage Disadvantage IPS Emax Press - Microstructure Composition Properties OPC 3G- Development Indication Properties 3
4. INTRODUCTION There have been significant TECHNOLOGICAL advances in the field of dental ceramics over the last 10 years which have made a corresponding increase in the number of materials available. Improvements in strength, clinical performance, and longevity have made all ceramic restorations more popular and more predictable 4
5. DEFINITION FOR DENTAL CERAMICS⁶ An inorganic compound with non metallic properties typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semi metallic elements (e.g ;Aluminium, Calcium, Lithium, Mangnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Silicon, Tin , Titanium And Zirconium)that is formulated to produce the whole or part of a ceramic based dental prosthesis 5
6. DEFINITION FOR PRESSABLE CERAMICS ⁶ • A ceramic that can be heated to a specified temperature and forced under pressure to fill a cavity in a refractory mold 6
7. HISTORY OF DENTAL CERAMICS ⁶ • 1789-first porcelain tooth material by a French dentist De Chemant • 1774- mineral paste teeth by Duchateau in England • 1808-terrometallic porcelain teeth by Italian dentist Fonzi • 1817- Planteu introduced porcelain teeth in US • 1837- Ash developed improved version of porcelain teeth 7
8. • 1903 – Dr.Charless introduced ceramic crowns in dentistry he fabricate ceramic crown using platinum foil matrix and high fusing feldspathic porcelain excellent esthetics but low flexural strength resulted in failure • 1965- dental aluminous core Porcelain by Mclean and Huges • 1984- Dicor by Adair and Grossman 8
9. 9
10. VARIOUS ALL CERAMIC SYSTEMS Aluminous core ceramics Slip cast ceramics Heat pressed ceramics Machined ceramics Machined and sintered ceramics Metal reinforced system 10
11. MICROSTRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION⁵ Category 1: Glass-based systems (mainly silica) Category 2: Glass-based systems (mainly silica) with fillers usually crystalline (typically leucite or a different high-fusing glass) a) Low-to-moderate leucite-
brief description about pressable ceramicsCONTENTS: • Introduction • Definition For Dental Ceramics • Definition For Pressable Ceramics • History • Various All Ceramic Systems • Classification • Pressable Ceramics • History • Generation Of Pressable Ceramics • Cerestore – Development Fabrication Advantage Disadvantage 2
3. IPS Empress - Materials And Composition Special Furnace Fabrication Advantage Disadvantage IPS Empress 2- INDICATION Properties Fabrication Method Advantage Disadvantage IPS Emax Press - Microstructure Composition Properties OPC 3G- Development Indication Properties 3
4. INTRODUCTION There have been significant TECHNOLOGICAL advances in the field of dental ceramics over the last 10 years which have made a corresponding increase in the number of materials available. Improvements in strength, clinical performance, and longevity have made all ceramic restorations more popular and more predictable 4
5. DEFINITION FOR DENTAL CERAMICS⁶ An inorganic compound with non metallic properties typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semi metallic elements (e.g ;Aluminium, Calcium, Lithium, Mangnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Silicon, Tin , Titanium And Zirconium)that is formulated to produce the whole or part of a ceramic based dental prosthesis 5
6. DEFINITION FOR PRESSABLE CERAMICS ⁶ • A ceramic that can be heated to a specified temperature and forced under pressure to fill a cavity in a refractory mold 6
7. HISTORY OF DENTAL CERAMICS ⁶ • 1789-first porcelain tooth material by a French dentist De Chemant • 1774- mineral paste teeth by Duchateau in England • 1808-terrometallic porcelain teeth by Italian dentist Fonzi • 1817- Planteu introduced porcelain teeth in US • 1837- Ash developed improved version of porcelain teeth 7
8. • 1903 – Dr.Charless introduced ceramic crowns in dentistry he fabricate ceramic crown using platinum foil matrix and high fusing feldspathic porcelain excellent esthetics but low flexural strength resulted in failure • 1965- dental aluminous core Porcelain by Mclean and Huges • 1984- Dicor by Adair and Grossman 8
9. 9
10. VARIOUS ALL CERAMIC SYSTEMS Aluminous core ceramics Slip cast ceramics Heat pressed ceramics Machined ceramics Machined and sintered ceramics Metal reinforced system 10
11. MICROSTRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION⁵ Category 1: Glass-based systems (mainly silica) Category 2: Glass-based systems (mainly silica) with fillers usually crystalline (typically leucite or a different high-fusing glass) a) Low-to-moderate leucite-
Post endodontic restoration /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
microleakage in restorative dentistry/rotary endodontic courses by indian den...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
major advantages and unique features as well as its ability to overcome the disadvantages of other materials, biodentine has great potential to revolutionize the different aspects of managing both primary and permanent in endodontics as well as operative dentistry.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you. ask me for the books details.
Composite Resin Luting cements (2nd edition) presentation powerpoint
A type of dental cement
Used for cementation of indirect restorations & brackets
A summary of five textbooks
This presentation tells everything about composite resin from history to composition to usage protocols. A must read for all dental students before practicals and exams.
Techniques of direct composite restorationMrinaliniDr
Techniques of the direct composite restoration. Includes different instruments, matrix system, wedges, bevel, etching, bonding, and placement of composite along with finishing and polishing and clinical management
Post endodontic restoration /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
microleakage in restorative dentistry/rotary endodontic courses by indian den...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Smear layer is a controversial topic in the field of operative dentistry and endodontics. This presentation includes composition, concepts, structure, advantages, disadvantages, and removal methods of smear layer.
major advantages and unique features as well as its ability to overcome the disadvantages of other materials, biodentine has great potential to revolutionize the different aspects of managing both primary and permanent in endodontics as well as operative dentistry.
explained with Limited matter moreover I have included all the images. if you go through a standard textbook and referred to this PPT it will help you so much I hope It helps you. ask me for the books details.
Composite Resin Luting cements (2nd edition) presentation powerpoint
A type of dental cement
Used for cementation of indirect restorations & brackets
A summary of five textbooks
This presentation tells everything about composite resin from history to composition to usage protocols. A must read for all dental students before practicals and exams.
Techniques of direct composite restorationMrinaliniDr
Techniques of the direct composite restoration. Includes different instruments, matrix system, wedges, bevel, etching, bonding, and placement of composite along with finishing and polishing and clinical management
Dental composite /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This presentation provides an in-depth analysis of the application and biomechanical properties of dental composites, critically examining their role in restorative dentistry. Explore the molecular structure, mechanical characteristics, and clinical performance metrics that make composites the material of choice for a variety of dental applications. Through case studies and recent research findings, the presentation aims to elucidate the material science innovations driving advancements in this field. Recommended for dental practitioners, postgraduate students, and researchers focusing on dental materials and technologies
Nano technology based bio degradable plasticsprasad reddy
nanotechnology is emerging science having a lots of applications in various feilds including food and agriculture " the small things can make big difference "
this presentation includes details about composite resins which are tooth colored filling materials used in dentistry. it also includes various recent advances in this field.
Contents
Introduction
Rationale for Establishing Tooth Contacts during Fixed Prosthodontics
Concepts of Occlusion
Occlusion in fixed dental prosthesis
Occlusal treatment
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Maxillary and mandibular teeth should contact uniformly on closing to allow optimal function, minimize trauma to the supporting structures and allow for uniform load distribution throughout the dentition.
Occlusion - The static relationship between the incising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. GPT -9
Centric relation - a maxillomandibular relationship, independent of tooth contact, in which the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against the posterior slopes of the articular eminences; in this position, the mandible is restricted to a purely rotary movement; from this unstrained, physiologic, maxillomandibular relationship, the patient can make vertical, lateral or protrusive movements; it is a clinically useful, repeatable reference position.
Centric Occlusion [CO] - the occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation; this may or may not coincide with the maximal intercuspal position.
Maximum Intercuspation [MI] - It is the maximum interdigitation of the maxillary teeth with the mandibular teeth independent of condylar position.
GPT 9
Anatomy
Temporomandibular joint
Orthodontic resins /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Orthodontic resin /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Composite dental restorations represent a unique class of biomaterials with severe restrictions on biocompatibility, curing behaviour, aesthetics, and ultimate material properties. These materials are presently limited by shrinkage and polymerization-induced shrinkage stress, limited toughness, the presence of unreacted monomer that remains following the polymerization, and several other factors. Fortunately, these materials have been the focus of a great deal of research in recent years with the goal of improving restoration performance by changing the initiation system, monomers, and fillers and their coupling agents, and by developing novel polymerization strategies.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Briefly on composites
• Research on advances in composites
• Direct composites
• Packable
• Flow able
• Compomers
• Giomers
• Ormocers
4. • Indirect composites
• Art glass
• Bell glass HP
• sinfony
• Ceromer
• Fiber-reinforced substructure
• Other important advances
• Future advances
5. INTRODUCTION
• This highly competitive market continues to evolve, with the major emphasis in the past being to produce
materials with adequate strength, and high wear resistance and polishability, retention.
• The more recent research and development efforts have addressed the issue of polymerization shrinkage
and its accompanying stress, which may have a deleterious effect on the composite/tooth interfacial bond.
• Current efforts are focused on the delivery of materials with potentially therapeutic benefits and self-
adhesive properties, the latter leading to truly simplified placement in the mouth.
6. DEFINITION
According to Anusavice
• It may be defined as a compound of two or more distinctly different materials with properties that are
superior or intermediate to those of the individual constituents
7. HISTORY
• 1955: Buonocore – acid etch technique
• 1956: Dr.Bowen formulated Bis GMA
• 1962: Silane coupling agents
• 1970: First photo cured composites using UV light
• 1972: Visible light curing unit was introduced
• 1976: Micro filled composites
8. HISTORY
• Early 1980’s : hybrid composite
• Mid 1980’s: First generation indirect composites
• Early 1990’s: Second generation indirect composites
• 1996: Flowable composites & Ceromer indirect composites
was introduced
• 1997: Packable composites
• 1998: Ormocers was developed
• 2003: Nano filled composites resins
• 2009: self adhesive composites
12. POLYMERIZATION INDUCED SHRINKAGE
• Failure in composite restoration
• Several generalized approaches have been attempted
• (i) manipulating the curing protocol and timing to allow for relaxation and flow of the network prior to
gelation
• (ii) altering the amount of shrinkage that occurs through changes in the monomer or functional group
density
• (iii) changing the polymerization mechanism from conventional radical chain-growth polymerization of
methacrylates to alter the network structural evolution.
13. ADVANCES IN CURING PROTOCOL
1. photoinitiation
In this visible-light-activated initiator system, camphorquinone (CQ) absorbs a photon to generate a short-
lived excited-state species that complexes with the tertiary amine to promote a sequential electron and
proton transfer that creates the active α-aminoalkyl-initiating radical.
ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB), including N,N-dimethylaminobenzyl alcohol, 4-
(N,Ndimethylamino)phenethyl alcohol (DMPOH), and N,N-3,5-tetramethylaniline (TMA)
(Schroeder et al., 2007a, b,2008; Schroeder and Vallo, 2007)
14. • naturally occurring 1,3-benzodioxole and its derivatives were evaluated as potential replacements for
conventional amine co-initiators and were found to be effective co-initiators, resulting in kinetics and
polymer properties similar to those of equivalent systems initiated by CQ/EDMAB (Liu et al., 2007; Shi
and Nie, 2007; Shi et al., 2007).
15. 2.ALTERNATIVES TO CAMPHORQUINONE/AMINE SYSTEMS
• Phosphine oxide initiators
• benzoylgermanium derivatives have been synthesized and demonstrated to be efficient visible light
photoinitiators.
• Some commercial formulations have included other photoinitiators, such as PPD (1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione),
Lucirin TPO (monoacylphosphine oxide), and Irgacure 819 (bisacylphosphine oxide), which are less yellow than
CQ and thus potentially more color stable.
• Additional photoinitiators, such as OPPI (p-octyloxyphenyl-phenyl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate) have been
proposed based on encouraging experimental results.
• (Guo et al., 2008
• (Ganster et al., 2008a,b; Moszner et al., 2008b, 2009)
• (Ogunyinka et al., 2007; Schroeder et al., 2007a, b, 2008; Felipe et al., 2008; Schneider et al., 2009
16. 3.SOFT-START CURING
• The soft-start curing method originated with work by (Unterbrink and Muessner, 1994, 1995) (Braga et
al., 2005; Ferracane, 2005)
• Reduced irradiation intensity during the early stages of polymerization is hypothesized to allow stress
relaxation to occur prior to vitrification
• Extensive research has gone into and will continue to be devoted toward evaluating curing conditions and
the subsequent effects on conversion, mechanical properties, and shrinkage stress.
17. ADVANCES IN MONOMER FORMULATIONS
• The resin phase is composed primarily of dimethacrylate monomers typically selected from BisGMA,
BisEMA, and/or UDMA.
• monomers such as these generally result in low methacrylate conversion, which leads to significant
amounts of unreacted monomer that may be leached from the restoration over time, resulting in concerns
regarding long-term biocompatibility.
18. 1.MULTI METHACRYLATES
• Bile acids were utilized as starting materials to form multimethacrylate monomers (Gauthier et al., 2009)
• Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane methacrylates (POSS-MA) were evaluated as alternatives to
BisGMA (Fong et al., 2005), and it was found that small amounts of POSS-MA (2-10 wt%) did indeed
improve the mechanical properties of these resins
• Methacrylated beta-cyclodextrin derivatives have also been evaluated as alternatives to BisGMA and
were found to exhibit flexural strength and volume shrinkage comparable with those of
BisGMA/TEGDMA (Hussain et al., 2005).
19. 2.ULTRARAPID MONOMETHACRYLATES
• Inclusion of monovinyl monomers into dental resins was changed with the development by Decker of a
novel class of monovinyl (meth)acrylate monomers that exhibited greatly enhanced polymerization
kinetics and significantly improved mechanical properties.
• These materials showed great promise when utilized as diluents, and several monomethacrylates were
evaluated as alternatives to TEGDMA (Lu et al., 2005; Kilambi et al., 2009)
20. 3.ACIDIC MONOMERS
• Incorporating acidic monomers in relatively small mole fractions into methacrylate resins may enable a
separate adhesive layer to be eliminated and result in improved overall performance.
• Current acidic resins do not exhibit the necessary mechanical properties to function as resin-based
composites, and hence research has focused on developing acidic monomers with improved mechanical
properties.
• (López-Suevos and Dickens, 2008).
21. NOVEL POLYMERIZATION MECHANISMS
1.POLYMERIZATION-INDUCED PHASE SEPARATION
• In one creative approach, specific methacrylate monomers, chosen to be miscible as liquids but phase-
separated at higher conversions, were incorporated into conventional methacrylate resins and
composites.
• When phase separation occurs, the volume expands, eliminating a portion of the volume shrinkage that
arises from the methacrylate polymerization.
• In particular, the use of dimer-acid-derived dimethacrylate (DADMA) monomers in novel dental resin
formulations is examined as a potential means to address the combined aims of high conversion and low
shrinkage and shrinkage stress.
22. 2.THIOL-ENE PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION
• The thiol-ene polymerization reaction proceed via a step-growth polymerization mechanism in which
propagation and chain transfer alternate (Cramer and Bowman, 2001; Hoyle et al., 2004, 2010; Lu et al.,
2005; Hoyle and Bowman, 2010).
• The step-growth nature of the polymerization results in uniform polymer networks with narrow glass
transition regions and reduced brittleness.
• Also, the gelpoint conversion is significantly higher in thiol-ene networks as compared with methacrylate
networks. and
• hence thiol-ene systems exhibit significant reductions in polymerization shrinkage stress (Carioscia et al.,
2005; Lu et al., 2005; Cramer et al., 2010).
23. 3.HYBRID POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS
• Hybrid polymers are formed from co-monomers with different reactive groups that polymerize via
different curing mechanisms and are often utilized to synergistically achieve desired properties.
• The order of the reactions can be controlled by the selective addition of inhibitors of each polymerization
type or through manipulation of the initiating wavelength-initiator combination.
24. 4.RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION
• unique shrinkage behavior observed in these polymerizations.
• ring-opening reaction relies on the opening of a cyclic structure to facilitate intermonomer bonding and
crosslinking.
• A recent exciting development in ring-opening polymerization is the commercial release of the
cationically photopolymerizable silorane material (Filtek LS) by 3M/ESPE (Weinmann et al., 2005).
25. FILLER AND FILLER MODIFICATION
• A study on the influence of mono-,bi-, and tri-modal distributions of fillers on the wear properties of
composites showed that filler size and shape significantly influence wear resistance, with the inclusion of
nano-sized filler a critical feature, often leading to enhanced properties (Turssi et al., 2005).
• A method was developed to prepare single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with suitable compatibility
and polymerizability such that they could be introduced into dental composites as a secondary filler.
• A good dispersion of the SWCNT in the composite was demonstrated, along with a significant increase in
flexural strength compared with that of the unaltered composite material (Zhang et al., 2008).
26. SILANE TREATMENT OF INORGANIC FILLERS
• Surface modification of most fillers used in dental composites is necessary:
• (a) to reduce the filler surface energy such that composite paste consistency and hydrophilicity are
reduced while filler dispersion within the resin is enhanced; and
• (b) to provide a functional interface that permits covalent attachment between the polymer matrix and
the reinforcing higher-modulus filler.
• methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) remains the most widely used surface treatment for the
inorganic fillers used in dental composites
29. • Non sticky
• Easily transferable and packable.
• Moisture tolerant
• High critical shear bond strength
• Has excellent visible light depth of cure
• Cures rapidly to final hardness but with minimal residual stress
• Little shrinkage on curing
• Easily carved, burnished (smoothened).
30. Polymeric rigid inorganic
matrix material
• Inorganic phase:
• Continuous network or scaffold of ceramic fibers-
Alumina and silica dioxide fibers.
• Fiber diameter is 2.0 um or smaller.
• Cross-sectional dimension of scaffolding
150-200 um.
• Silanation is completed with addition of
BIS-GMA OR UDMA resin.
31. Advantages :
Produce acceptable class II restorations.
• High depth of cure possible.
Reduced polymerization shrinkage.
As low as 2%.
• Filler loading: > 80% by weight.
• Medium to high strength.
• High stiffness.
• Low wear rate: 3.5 um per year.
• Modulus of elasticity: similar to amalgam
31
32. Disadvantages
• 1. Less polishable.
• 2. Limited shades.
• 3. Increased post- op sensitivity.
• 4. Sensitivity to ambient light.
32
Recommended uses:
• 1. Class I restorations.
• 2. Class II restorations (2-3
surfaces).
33. PRODUCT MANUFACTURER
Solitaire Heraeus Kulzer
ALERT Jeneric-Pentron
SureFil Dentspl y/Ca u I k
Prodigy Condensable KerdSybron
Filtek P60 3M Dental Products
Pyramid Bisco, Inc.
Glacier Southern Dental Industries
Synergy Compact Coltene-Whaledent
Definite Degussa
34. Solitaire
67% filler volume
Releases fluoride.
34
• 70% filler volume.
• Very good for
proximal Contacts.
80% filler vol Easy to finish and polish
Insensitive to ambient light
35. BulkFill composites
Reduced polymerization
shrinkage-Changes in
filler composition-
shrinkage stress relievers
or polymerization
modulators
Increased depth of
cure-Novel photo
initiators,polymerizati
on boosters or by
increasing
translucency
Ease of flow&
adaptability
Higher strength
& Better wear
resistance
Good esthetic
properties
36.
37.
38. Flowable composites
• Introduced in late 1996
• Similar to resin cements &pit and fissure sealants with filler loading + particles
size less than hybrid composites resulting in a material of low viscosity.
• Filler content less than 50% by vol polymerization shrinkage will be greater
than for more heavily filled materials.
38
39. Advantages
Low viscosity
Easy to use
Improved marginal adaptation
High wettability
High depth of cure
Penetration
High flexibility
39
Disadvantages
wear
poor mechanical properties
More polymerization shrinkage
Sticks to the instrument
41. ENA HRi flow
No bubbles formulation
• HRi features breakthrough technology - a light refractive index (1.62) that is
identical to natural enamel, with optical properties that can't be found in any other
composite.
• The ENA HRi Flow formulation eliminates air bubbles, resulting in superior physical
properties.
41
42. • An aesthetic gingiva-shaded light-cured composite resin recently
introduced, providing practitioners with the option of correcting
gingival recession with a minimally invasive and less costly
procedure.
• Pink-colored composite available in one translucent gingival
color and 3 pink flowable opaquers mixed together to better
match an individual's gingival shade
Gingival masking composites
43. Cervical area,
including composite
restorations in
gingival colours
V-shaped defects
Exposed cervical
areas
Aesthetic
corrections of the
gingival area,
Primary splinting,
and the correction
of red/white
aesthetics
Ability to mask
exposed crown
margins to improve
aesthetics and
patient satisfaction.
44. Esthet x flow
• Pseudo plastic handling - flows on command
• Superb strength and wear resistance
• Highly radiopaque
• Low shrinkage & porosity
• 8 VITA shades plus 1 opaque and 1 bleach
shade
• Excellent polish & Fluoride release
44
45. • Low stress applications but not in class I and II in premolars and molars.
• Resurfacing composite or GIC restorations or for rebuilding worn composite
contact areas.
• Areas of difficult access or areas that require greater penetration, amalgam,
composite or crown margin repairs, pit and fissure sealant or preventive resin
restoration.
• As liner or base in class II proximal box.
• Cementing porcelain veneers.
• Restoration of air abrasion preparation, class v lesions, porcelain repairs, enamel
defects, incisal edge repair in anteriors, class III lesions.
Uses
45
46. • Contains the major ingredients of both composites (resin component) and glass
Ionomer cements (Polyalkenoate acid and glass fillers component) except for water
• Resin component bulky macro-monomers, such (bisGMA) or UDMA with
viscosity-reducing diluents, such as Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA).
• Fillers fluoride containing glasses
Compomers
46
47. Strength and Wear Performance:
GIC – 140 MPa,
composite- 300 MPa,
compomer 200 – 250 Mpa
• Dyract has 3 times the wear rate of a hybrid composite.
47
Fluoride Release :
Dyract shows fluoride release for more that 12 months and maintains the same rate
of diffusion.
It is shown that more fluoride is released in acidic solution
48. Indications
Indications
Sealing
occlusal pits
and fissures
Restorations
of primary
teeth
Minimal
cavity
preparations
Lining and
Core build-
up
Repair of
defective
margins in
restorations
Class III,
Class V,
Erosion
lesion -
Restorations
Sealing of
root surface
Potential
root canal
sealers
Retrograde
filing
materials
49. Advantages:
• Superior working characteristics to RMGIC
• Ease of use
• Easily adapts to the tooth
• Good esthetics
EX: DYRACT Ap, Compo glass F, Compo glass flow, F2000, Hytac
50. • GIOMER is basically a modified GLASS IONOMER.
• It is a true hybrid of two compounds, Glass
Ionomer and Composite
• The properties of GIOMER is fluoride release and fluoride recharging of
glass ionomer and esthetics, easy of polishing, and strength of composite.
Giomers
50
52. • Reactmer bond is the glass ionomer based, tricurable, all -in-one, filled
adhesive based on PRG technology
52
53. Indications:
Restoration of Class I.
II. III. IV, & V
Restoration of cervical
erosion and root caries
Laminate veneers and
core build-up
Ideal for pedodontic
restorations
Other dental
applications repair of
fractured porcelain and
composite restoration
54. Limitations:
• Giomers are not as beneficial as GIC’s in
patients who are at risk for recurrent
caries
• Long term fluoride release is questionable
• Auj Yap etal (2002) hardness value (VHN)
for Giomer was less than composite
54
Advantages:
• Fluoride release
• Biocompatibility
• Clinical Stability and Durability
• Excellent aesthetics
• Smooth Surface Finish
• Excellent Bonding
55.
56. • Dr. Herbert Wolters from Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research introduced
this class of material in 1994
• acronym of Organically Modified Ceramic
• described as 3-dimensionally cross-linked copolymers.
Composition:
Ormocer
56
Silicon oxide, a filler--basic substance
It is modified originally by adding polymerisable side chains in the form of
methacrylate group
Filler 1-1.5 µm in size
material contains 77% filler by weight and 61 % by vol
essential difference between ORMOCER and the previously available
composites is found in the matrix
The matrix, consisting of ceramic polysiloxane (siliconoxygen-chains)
Ormocer was formulated in an attempt to overcome the problems created
by the polymerization shrinkage of conventional composites because the
coefficient of thermal expansion is very similar to natural tooth structure.
57. • Smart Composites are active dental polymers that
contain bioactive amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)
filler capable of responding to environmental pH
changes by releasing calcium and phosphate ions and
thus become adaptable to the surroundings.
• These are also called as Intelligent composite
Smart composites
57
58. Based on a newly developed alkaline glass filler and is expected
to reduce the formation of secondary caries at the margins of the
restorations due to inhibition of bacterial growth, reduced
demineralization and buffering of acids produced by cariogenic
micro-organisms
59. • Smart composites work is based on the newly developed alkaline glass. The paste
contains Ba, Al, and F silicate glass filler (1m) with Ytterbium trifluoride, silicon
dioxide and alkaline glass (1.6 m) in dimethacrylate monomers
• Ivoclar 1998 named Ariston pHC (pH control) which was claimed to
release:Fluoride
• Hydroxyl Calciumif PH falls in the vicinity of the restoration < 5.8
• This was said to neutralize acid and counter act the decalcification of enamel and
dentine.
59
60. Smart nano composites
• In 2007,Hockin Xu used nanosized(25-100nm)Dicalcium phosphate with reinforcing
nanofillers – Load bearing, decay inhibiting ability
• Nanofillers-Small fibres fused at high temp with Nanoscale silica particles
• This material can buffer tooth against decay caused by acid producing bacteria by
“Smartly” increasing ion release in presence of acids
62. As silorane-based composite
polymerizes, “ring-opening”
monomers connect by opening,
flattening and extending toward
each other.
As methacrylate-based composites
cure, the molecules of these
“linear monomers” connect by
actually SHIFTING closer
together in a linear response.
63. Filtek™ P90 low shrink posterior restorative
system
• Combines the lowest-shrinking
silorane-based composite with a
dedicated two-step, self-etching
bonding system.
64. Glass inserts
• An alternative to conventional composites has been developed (Bowen et al, 1991)
known as "Megafilled" composite restorations are produced by filling the bulk of
the cavity preparation with beta-quartz glass inserts.
• The inserts are surrounded by lightcured composite, which bonds to the insert via
a silane coupling agent. The inserts are produced in a variety of shapes and sizes
to fit most cavity preps.
• When fitted into the cavity, they minimize the volume of shrinking composite and
reduce curing contraction (George and Richards, 1993). The integration of inserts
reduces the polymerization shrinkage stress and lowers the overall coefficient of
thermal expansion.
64
66. Available insert systems:
Beta quartz: glass ceramic inserts:
• Beta quartz inserts are manufactured of a cast glass ceramic based upon a lithium
aluminium silicate with the addition of iron, sulphur. The surface of inserts is
presilanized. Beta quartz silane liquid is available for the chairside resilanization
of contaminated inserts
66
SDS feldspathic inserts:
• SDS inserts ( Schumacher Dental Systems, Germany) consists of a feldspathic
ceramic with a flexural strength of upto 10-20% greater Other insert systems
67. Ceramic leucite reinforced Ceramic inserts:
• Cerafil inserts consists of a dental ceramic reinforced by leucite crystals. The
cerafil system offers conical, symmetrical ceramic inserts of various sizes with
matching preparation instruments and finishing diamonds.
Sonic Sys leucite-reinforced ceramic inserts:
• Sonic Sys inserts (Vivadent) are made of leucite reinforced glass ceramic. The
Sonic sys inserts allows the finishing preparation and restoration of a non
symmetrical proximal cavity.
Cerena glass ceramic inserts:
• Cerena inserts (Noediska Dental, Sweden) are manufactured of a translucent
glass ceramic material without any addition of color pigments. 67
68. Antibacterial composites
• Chlorhexidine has been tried in an attempt to reduce plaque accumulation on the
surface of filling materials. However, this was not successful since the release
was not uniform and lead to certain disadvantages like:
• -toxic effects of the released materials
• -population shift of microorganisms
• - short-lived antibacterial activity
• -deterioration of physical and mechanical properties of the materials.
68
69. Imazato et al (1994) attempted to make the composite antibacterial by
incorporating a non releasing newly synthesized monomer, MDPB with
antibacterial properties into the composite resin.
Metacryloyloxydodicylpyridinum bromide
MDPB was found to be effective against important species in plaque
formation like actinomyces, Neisseria and veilonella
69
70. • Silver has also been added in the composites to make it antibacterial - ‘oligodynamic
action’
• Silver can be added either:
• Silver ions are incorporated into inorganic oxides like silicon dioxide
• silver ions may be hydrothermally supported into the space between the crystal
lattice network of filler particles.
• Silver ions may be incorporated into the silica gel and the thin films are coated over
the surface of composites.
70
1wt%halo(active against S.mutans and A. viscous for 10 wks).
71. Antibacterial activity of dental composites containing zinc
oxide nanoparticles.
June 2010 in J Biomed Mater Res B appl biomater, 94(1):
22-31.
• It is demonstrated here that zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) blended at 10%
(w/w) fraction into dental composites display antimicrobial activity and reduce
growth of bacterial biofilms by roughly 80% for a single-species model dental biofilm.
• ZnO-NP-containing composites (10%) qualitatively showed less biofilm after 1-
day-anaerobic growth of a three-species initial colonizer biofilm after being
compared with unmodified composites, but did not significantly reduce growth
after 3 days.
72. Chitosan composites
• Chitosan and chitosan derivatives appear to be good candidates for the
elastomeric matrix. These natural biopolymers are biocompatible ,biodegradable
and osteoconductive. They have been used in surgical interventions for the
reduction of periodontal pockets.
• Biocompatibility , biodegradable, muco adherent
• CPC–chitosan composites are stable in a wet environment and had sufficient
physical strength for many clinical applications. The strength did not decrease
with time under simulated physiological conditions.
72
74. Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP)
• Replace missing/decayed tooth structure by remineralization-Antonucci , Skrtic
• Intermediate in hydroxyapatite formation
• Single solid phase precursor
• Biocompatible with hard & soft tissues
• Sustain Ca & PO4 release
• Effective remineralising agent – sealants, adhesives, bases, liners
75. Hydroxyapatite (HAP)
• As a reinforcing filler
• Synthetic HAP- hardness similar to tooth- Improved wear
• Intrinsic radio opacity
• Enhanced polish ability
• Less expensive
• Biocompatible
• High refractive index
76. Flouride releasing composites
• Tanaka et al used methacryloyl fluoride – methyl methacrylate copolymer in
pit and fissure sealant where fluoride delivery lasted for 2 years (MF-MMA).
• Kwan et al used Lewis acid i.e. BF3 and Lewis base i.e. diethylaminoethyl
methacrylate into dental resin system fluoride is released by hydrolysis at a
rate of 2-5µg/cm2/day for 1 year.
• Other experiments are still under progress using – morpholinoethyl
methacrylate hydrofluoride – tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate.
77. • Compobonds exploit the benefits of SE DBAs and nanofilled resins, eliminating the
precursory bonding stage necessary to adhere a resin to tooth substrate, and are
termed Self-adhering Composites.
COMPOBONDS
78. Trade name :- vertise flow
First compo bond introduced in
2009 by (Kerr Corp., USA)
Self adhering flowable combining
a resin-based composite and a SE
bonding agent based on the 7th
generation DBA, OptiBond®All-
in-One
It is a light-cured composite with similar properties to
conventional flowables but with the added advantage of
eliminating the bonding stage.
Self-etching/self-bonding restorative composites
79. Preoperative view showing the existing
amalgam restorations which were in need
of replacement.
Amalgam restorations were removed
Vertise (Kerr) flowable composite was
dispensed onto a microbrush in order
to accurately place it into the
conservative preparation
The cleaned-out preparations.
A 37% phosphoric acid etchant (Kerr) was
used on the cavo-surface margin.
80. The completed self-etching, self-
bonding flowable composite
restorations.
Application of the flowable composite
into the preparation.
The restorative material was scrubbed
onto the prepared tooth and then light-
cured for 20 seconds.
81. Fusio™ liquid dentin
• It is a 4-META (4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic acid) based flowable composite
featuring nano-sized amorphous silica and glass fillers.
81
82. Characteristics and properties of compo bonds
•Acts as a Shock Absorber beneath resin-based composite
restorations.
Incorporates the properties of the 7th generation DBA,
OptiBond®
•1) Chemical adhesion by the phosphate function group of the
GPDM& 4-META monomer uniting with the calcium ions within
the tooth
•2) Micromechanical adhesion by formation of the hybrid layer
composed of resin impregnation with the collagen fibres and the
dentine smear layer.
The bonding mechanism to dentine is two-fold.
83. • Because Compobonds function both as a dentine adhesive and a
resin restorative material, a Longer Curing Time Is Necessary to
ensure that both constituents are fully polymerised.
Light curing
reaction also
halts the etching
process of the SE
agent
Increasing its pH
from
approximately 2
to 7
So that continual
acidity does not
erode the dentine
bond.
84.
85. • Nanotechnology consists of reducing components of a material to the nanometric
scale for use in a new material to improve the final characteristics.
• To estabilish polish of a microfill but the strength and wear resistance of hybrid
composites (Swift, J Esth Rest Dent, 2005).
Nanofilled composites
86. Nanoparticles
• Particles of size 1-100 nm in diameter exhibit unique electronic, optical,
photonic and catalytic properties.
• Display properties intermediate between quantum and bulk material because
of their intermediate size and large surface area-to-volume ratios.
• Nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes exhibit different absorbance and
fluorescence features
87. Advantages of nano fillers
Does not thicken the
resin
Size (0.4-0.8µ).
Enhance the
polishability of resin.
An extreme surface
to volume ratio gives
a high filler loading
in a workable
consistency.
Increased wear
resistance &
hardness.
50% decrease in
polymerisation
shrinkage
Reduced staining
88. • Nano hybrid composites have nanometer sized
particles combined with more conventional filler
technology.
• Nanofilled resins have approximately 60%
volume filler loading, making the Nanofilled
resins as strong as the hybrid and micro hybrid
resins.
• Nanofillers have a refractive index of 1.508.
94. Indirect composite resins
• Three type of composite materials are available for use in indirect
technique,microfilled resins (sr adoro ), small particle resins and hybrid resins.
• New category of processed composite resin recently was introduced-polymer glass,
polymer ceramic and Ceromer
• All show excellent wear resistance & small particle composite resins and hybrid
resins can be etched to produce micromechanical retention
• They can all be silanated to increase bond strength
94
95. Early 1980s, Mormann and Touati Composite resins for the fabrication of indirect
inlays and onlays
Mid 1980Touati and Pissis developed the concept of metal composite inlays and
bridges after the silanating technique
Disadvantages of direct composites:
Inadequate wear resistance
High incidence of secondary caries
Indirect composites:
Allow improved adaptation of the restoration to the cavity walls – better
marginal integrity, less post operative sensitivity
Post-cure heat treatment (125° C or 275° F) increases double bond conversion-
better polymerization, better wear resistance
95
96. • Launched in 1995 by Heraeus-kulzer
COMPOSITION
Silica-reduces slumping, improve sculptability, high degree of conversion (multifunctional
monomers)
xenon stroboscopic light ( high cross linking)
Art glass
96
Matrix Filler
Organic resin
matrix
Barium silicate
glass 0.7µ
97. Bell glass HP
Bell de in 1996
The opaceous dentin material of BelleGlass HP
incorporates a specific filler size and particle
distribution that helps to achieve thermal
expansion, flexibility and stress response
characteristics similar to natural dentin.
• polymerized under pressure at elevated
temperature
138ºc rate 20 min & in presence of Nitrogen
, an inert gas. inc. polymerization &wear
resistance.
Curing method- Light, heat and pressure
Improved D.C
Improved translucency
97
Matrix Filler
Base : BisGMA
Surface:
TEGDMA
Base : silanated
microhybrid
filler 0.6µ
Surface:
borosilicate
99. Ceromers:
• The term ceromer stands for Ceramic Optimized Polymer and was introduced by
Ivoclar.
• Composed of specially developed & conditioned fine particle ceramic fillers -
barium glass (< 1 µm), spheroidal mixed oxide, ytterbium trifluoride, and silicon
dioxide (57 vol%) of submicron size ( 0.04 & 1.0 μm ), which are closely packed (
75 – 85 weight %) & embedded in an advanced temperable organic polymer
matrix-dimethacrylate monomers (Bis-GMA and urethane dimethacrylate.
• Setting is by a polymerization of C=C of the methacrylate.
99
Advances in indirect composite resin systems
100. Ceromers combine the advantages of ceramics and composites
• Durable esthetics
• High abrasion resistance
• High stability
• Ease of final adjustment
• Excellent polish ability
• Effective bond with luting composite
• Low degree of brittleness
• Conservation of tooth structure
101. • Ivoclar in 1996
• Provided –base, dentin and
incisal shades
Targis
101
Matrix Filler
BisGMA Ceromer (ceramic –
optimized polymer)
TARGIS gel
TARGIS power
curing unit
Light emmision
10 min+ temp.
95ºC
Cooling 5min
102. Laboratory based, Preimpregnated fiber reinforced
systems
Targis/vectris:
• Highly filled Targis Ceromer (ceramic optimized polymer)
composition, along with Vectris, a fiber reinforcing composite
framework
Consist of 2 major components
1. Targis - forms the bulk of the restoration
2. Vectris - fiber framework.
103. Sculpture/fibrekor:
• Involves veneering a composite resin (Sculpture) to a resin
preimpregnated glass fiber network (Fibrekor)
• Fibers available in 15 cm lengths of various widths.
• Sculpture is polycarbonate based composite resin.
Ribbond:
• It is a cross-linked leno stitch weave of polyethylene fibers.
• Can be used chair side or in laboratory to fabricate composite resin
bridges .
104. Single crystal modified composites
• Have symmetric shapes like long plates and behave like fibers.
• An experimental indirect composite system has been recently developed which
uses silicon carbide single crystals as filler component.
• These are silanized and incorporated into the resin matrix.
104
105. 105
fiber reinforced composites
Properties of FRC:
• Geometrical arrangement of fibers
Wave, Braided, Unidirectional, Mesh
• Nature of the fiber
Stresses on the matrix are transmitted to fibers
• Adequate adhesion of the fibers to the polymer matrix-Covalent
bond
Proper adhesion maximizes reinforcement and transfer of stresses
Silane coupling agents – to improve adhesion
106. 106
Forms
• Short staple:
Reduces matrix volume
Improves wear resistance
• Long lengths:
Can improve strength and stiffness
• Woven material:
Also improves strength and stiffness
Assist in forming structure
108. Advantages
• Single visit immediate treatment
• Suitable for transitional& long term replacement.
• Suitable for young pt
• Metal free restoration
• Improved esthetics
• Easy to make
• Can be frequently used with minimal or no tooth preparation
• Less wear of opposing tooth as compared to traditional
composites
• Suitable for transitional and long term provisional
restorations.
• Readily repaired.
109. Disadvantages:
• Potential wear of overlying veneering composite—pt with para
functional habits
• Excellent moisture control required– for adhesive technique
• Space requirement greater in comparison to metal occlusal surfaces
to allow sufficient room for fibers & adequate bulk for veneering
composite onlay
• May lack sufficient rigidity for long span bridges.
• Uncertain longevity in comparison to traditional technique.
110. Clinical applications
• Reinforced resin based composites.
• Individual restorations (inlay, onlay, full veneer crown).
• Periodontal splinting/ post trauma splint.
• Immediate replacement trasitional-long term provisional
bridges.
• Fixed bridges-ant & posterior,
1. Simple cantilever
2. Implant supported
• Reinforcing or repairing dentures.
• Fixed orthodontic retainers.
111. GC EVEREX posterior:
The short fibres used in everX
Posterior provide a fracture
toughness equal to collagen-
containing dentine and almost
double that of a conventional
composite.
composite restoration in large
preparations.*
114. 114
Composite splints
• Resins along with the reinforcement of
fibers can also be used as splints for
esthetic purposes.
• These fibers are strong and durable.
• These are applied with flowable or
hybrid composites.
• They are available in different:
• Thickness.
• Breadth.
• Pattern.
System
s
Ribbond Ribbond
Connect Kerr
Splint-it J/P
Glass span Glass Span
115. 115
Root posts
• Resin reinforced with carbon or quartz fibers have been
used to produce black or white root posts with stiffness similar to
that of dentin.
• Fiberglass resin posts – refracts and transmits light to
the luting resin cements even after light curing cycle.
116. Future advances
• Carbon Nanotubes- Applications of carbon nanotubes
reinforcement of composites
• Boron nitride Nanotubes
Addition of small amounts of the carbon nanotube filler to a commercial
composite (Durafill) yielded a material with good dispersion of the SWCNT,
along with a significant increase in flexural strength compared with that of
the unaltered composite material (Zhang et al., 2008).
117. Liquid crystals
• Liquid crystals are structurally
intermediate between liquids and solids
• Transforming from a highly organized
state at room or mouth temperature to
an isotropic amorphous state when
photocured, with sufficient expansion to
offset the contraction that accompanies
the formation of covalent bonds.
• Used as Fillers as well as matrix in
composites.
118. Quantum dot materials
• Quantum dots are a unique
class of semiconductor
particles, ranging from 2-10
nanometers (10-50 atoms) in
diameter.
• The core-shell quantum dots
have unique shells that
stabilize the material, improve
quantum yield and reduce
photo-degradation.
119. Quantum dot composites
• Quantum dots exhibit high fluorescent brightness, stable, long
lasting, and have narrow emissions
120. Self-repairing Composites:
• One of the first self-repairing synthetic materials reported,
interestingly shows some similarities to resin-based dental materials ,
since it is resin based.
• This was an epoxy system which contained resin filled microcapsules. If
a crack occurs in the epoxy composite material, some of the
microcapsules are destroyed near the crack and release the resin.
• The resin subsequently fills the crack and reacts with a Grubbs catalyst
dispersed in the epoxy composite , resulting in a polymerization of the
resin and repair of the crack.
121. Conclusion
• The field of composite dental restoratives continues to propose and
achieve significant and exciting advances in resin formulation, filler
loading and modification, and curing methodologies and
mechanisms.
• While most of the advances remain in the research stage, the future
both in regards to research and in clinical practice remains bright
with exciting new developments translated into practice at an ever-
increasing rate 121
122. • Properties of packable dental composites. J Esthet Dent. 2000;12(4):216-26.
• Dental Ceramics and Ormocer Technology - Navigating the Future!-A.Sivakumar
• Polyacid-modified composite resins (“compomers”) and their use in clinical dentistry-John W. Nicholson∗
• Text book of operative dentistry:Summit
• Text book of operative dentistry:Sturdvent
• Esthetic Dentistry:Ascheim Dale:Second edition
• Text book of operative dentistry-vimal .k .sikri
• Jada-1997
• J am dent asso 132(5); 639-645,2001
122
References
123. • Dental materials(2005),21,68-74
• Dental materials(2002).18,413-421
• Journal of esthetic dentistry (2000)12,216-226
• J Am dent asso(1990),20;177
• Dental Materials Volume 20, Issuse 9, Pages 789-795, November 2004
• Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry Vol 11 issuse 5,pages 234–249, September 1999
• Dental Materials 19 (2003) 449–457
• Fiber-reinforced composites in clinical dentristry: Quintessence Books; 2000.
• JDR:91- 1178-1783-December 2012
123