This document discusses conflicting environmental priorities related to vehicle emissions. It outlines trends showing reductions in most air pollutants but increases in CO2 emissions from vehicles. Real-world vehicle emissions of CO2 are often higher than type approval tests. Remote sensing studies in Leeds and Zurich found diesel vehicles comply with Euro standards for NOx but exceed limits for PM10, with older diesels highest. Future analysis of real-world performance of Euro 6 diesels is needed given concerns about emissions deterioration and SCR system maintenance. Policy priorities need to consider matching powertrains to applications like petrol-hybrids for city driving.

2. Conflicting Environmental Priorities
2
CO2
PM10NOX

3. Outline
 Trends in European Air Quality
 Real Driving Emissions: CO2
 Real Driving Emissions:Air Quality pollutants
 Method – Remote Sensing
 Recent results
 Leeds Autumn/ Winter 2014
 Zurich Summer 2014
 Outlook
3

4. EUROPEAN AIR QUALITY
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Carslaw, D., Beevers, S. Westmoreland, E. Williams, M. Tate, J. Murrells, T. Stedman, J. Li, Y., Grice, S., Kent, A., Tsagatakis, I. (2011).
Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK. Version 3, March 2011. http://uk-
air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf

5. UK AIR QUALITY
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Carslaw, D., Beevers, S. Westmoreland, E. Williams, M. Tate, J. Murrells, T. Stedman, J. Li, Y., Grice, S., Kent, A., Tsagatakis, I. (2011).
Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK. Version 3, March 2011. http://uk-
air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf

6. Environmental Priorities
CO2
6
CO2
PM10
NOX
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
76-94
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
BenefitinKind(BIK)tax[%oflistprice]
Type Approval CO2 (grams.km-1)
COMPANY CAR TAX £
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
TypeApprovalCO2.Emissions(grams.km-1)
Vehicle Model Year
NEDC figures (SMMT New Car report)
Future Targets (ICCT & DfT)
AVERAGE CAR CO2 TARGETS

7. REAL DRIVING CO2 EMISSIONS vs. TYPE APPROVAL
Ligterink, N., Eijk,A. Update analysis of real-world fuel consumption of business passenger cars
based on Travelcard Nederland fuelpass data.TNO report 2014 R11063, July 2014

8. Assessing Vehicle Emissions
THE LABORATORY
Fig. Chassis dynamometer and exhaust analysing equipment
Technical University of Graz (Austria):
Light-duty
Heavy-duty
Engine & Chassis dynos.

9. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
020406080120
NEDC - Speed Profile
Time (seconds)
Speed(kmh
1
)
Fig. Speed profile used for type approval purposes (New EU Drive-Cycle)
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
0102030405060
ARTEMIS Urban - Speed Profile
Time (seconds)
Speed(kmh
1
)
Fig. Real-world driving: The Common ARTEMIS Drive Cycle (Andre, 2004).
ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLE EMISSIONS
Vehicle operation in the laboratory

10. 10
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0.000.010.020.030.040.050.06
Year of registration
PM10(grams.km
1
)
Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI
CO2
PM10
NOX
Environmental Priorities
PM10

11. 11
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.6
Year of registration
NOX(grams.km
1
)
Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI
CO2
PM10
NOX
Environmental Priorities
NOX

12. Method
Remote Sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE)
12
Sheffield, May 2013

13. Method
Remote Sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE)
13
Leeds, December 2014

14. Camera
(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector
(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser
(Common
Configurations)
Camera
(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector
(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser
(Common
Configurations)
Method
Remote Sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE)
ESP RSD-4600 instrument (www.esp-global.com)
UV
IR

15. Method
Remote Sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE)
PROS:
 “Real-world” or “on road” or “RDE”
 BIG sample population
 Understand the emission
performance of the vehicle fleet
 Trends
 Degradation/ ageing technologies
 High-emitters
 Detailed knowledge of the vehicle
fleet composition
 Fast turn-round (one month)
 Survey emerging technologies
e.g. EuroVI compliant vehicles
CONS:
 “Snap-shot” or “single-point”
measurement
 Vehicle operating condition unknown
 Loading
 Cold-start or Hot-running
 Elevated exhausts – NULL
 Practical limitations
 Dry weather conditions
 Suitable survey locations limited
15

16. Method
Remote Sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE)
16
Zurich, July 2014
And 2000, 2001, 2002…… 2013, 2014…

17. Method
Zurich Remote Sensing Site
17
Zurich, July 2014
82m elevation gain
1.2 km
Av. gradient 6.8 %

18. PM10 Results
Zurich, Summer 2014
18
Diesel_E0
Diesel_E1
Diesel_E2
Diesel_E3
Diesel_E4
Diesel_E5a
Diesel_E5b
Diesel_E6a
Diesel_E6b
DieselHybrid_E5
Petrol_E0
Petrol_E1
Petrol_E2
Petrol_E3
Petrol_E4
Petrol_E5a
Petrol_E5b
Petrol_E6b
PetrolHybrid_E4
PetrolHybrid_E5a
PetrolHybrid_E5b
PetrolHybrid_E6b
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
PMIndexvol.ratio
[13]
[33]
[164]
[1220]
[4250]
[3315]
[3165]
[27]
[228]
[19]
[113]
[629]
[1805]
[2584]
[9141]
[3730]
[4360]
[520]
[233]
[85]
[307]
[3]

19. NOX Results
Zurich, Summer 2014
19
Diesel_E0
Diesel_E1
Diesel_E2
Diesel_E3
Diesel_E4
Diesel_E5a
Diesel_E5b
Diesel_E6a
Diesel_E6b
DieselHybrid_E5
Petrol_E0
Petrol_E1
Petrol_E2
Petrol_E3
Petrol_E4
Petrol_E5a
Petrol_E5b
Petrol_E6b
PetrolHybrid_E4
PetrolHybrid_E5a
PetrolHybrid_E5b
PetrolHybrid_E6b
0
100
200
300
400
NOX/CO2vol.ratio*10000
[13]
[33]
[164]
[1220]
[4250]
[3315]
[3165]
[27]
[228]
[19]
[113]
[629]
[1805]
[2584]
[9141]
[3730]
[4360]
[520]
[233]
[85]
[307]
[3]

20. Outlook
Diesel Euro VI passenger cars
 More information
 PEMS, Remote Sensing,‘BIG’ data
 Initial assessment – good improvement over EuroV
 RDE in excess of emission standard limits
 Large variation between vehicles e.g. ICCT 2014 PEMS report
 Worst performance expected in congested driving conditions
 Demands continuous review
 Not simply an evaluation of the first generation on of EuroVI vehicles
 Deterioration of technology unknown
 SCR dosage strategies and maintenance a concern
 Need to match powertrains to applications i.e.
 City cars => Petrol-hybrids
 Motorway driving => Diesel cars
20

21. Conflicting Environmental Priorities
21
CO2
PM10NOX