Hear from those who are working directly with the latest policy and get an insight into the likely implications from Defra’s upcoming Air Quality Plan.
Draft National Air Quality Plan - Claire HolmanIES / IAQM
Hear from those who are working directly with the latest policy and get an insight into the likely implications from Defra’s upcoming Air Quality Plan.
Delivery of the National Air Quality Plan: a local perspectiveIES / IAQM
Hear from those who are working directly with the latest policy and get an insight into the likely implications from Defra’s upcoming Air Quality Plan.
Emma Gibbons - Model uncertainty in the assessment of major infrastructure pr...IES / IAQM
DMUG remains the key annual event for experts in this field. Unmissable speakers will be examining topical issues in emissions, exposure and dispersion modelling.
DMUG 2016 - Dr Ben Marner, Air Quality ConsultantIES / IAQM
The document presents results from real-world emissions tests of modern diesel vehicles. It finds that Euro 6 diesel cars emit significantly higher NOx than regulatory tests suggest, with a weighted average conformity factor of 5 across multiple studies. For heavy diesel vehicles, measurements show substantial reductions from Euro V to Euro VI standards of around 80%, but little improvement from Euro III to V. The document advocates uplifting older heavy vehicle standards to match Euro III levels and adjusting Euro VI standards to represent a 20% reduction from Euro III levels.
Network Rail is taking steps to improve air quality at stations and depots to meet legal standards and address passenger concerns. A strategic plan includes measuring pollutants, managing emissions through collaboration across the rail industry, and innovating new technologies. Actions already taken at New Street Station include enhancing fume extraction systems, reducing train idling, and occupational health checks. Results show reductions in nitrogen dioxide, but continued monitoring and solutions are needed.
Guidelines for the preparation of short range dispersion modelling assessment...IES / IAQM
The document summarizes the history and purpose of the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee (ADMLC). It discusses:
1) The ADMLC was formed in 1995 to review atmospheric dispersion modeling primarily for industrial sites. Members include UK regulatory and research organizations.
2) The ADMLC updates its guidance document periodically to promote good practice in dispersion modeling. The latest update in 2021 aims to address developments in modeling techniques, standards, and applications.
3) Historical drivers for the guidance included criticism of environmental assessments in the 1990s and the expansion of modeling applications. The guidance provides advice on modeling scope, method selection, and communicating results.
Draft National Air Quality Plan - Claire HolmanIES / IAQM
Hear from those who are working directly with the latest policy and get an insight into the likely implications from Defra’s upcoming Air Quality Plan.
Delivery of the National Air Quality Plan: a local perspectiveIES / IAQM
Hear from those who are working directly with the latest policy and get an insight into the likely implications from Defra’s upcoming Air Quality Plan.
Emma Gibbons - Model uncertainty in the assessment of major infrastructure pr...IES / IAQM
DMUG remains the key annual event for experts in this field. Unmissable speakers will be examining topical issues in emissions, exposure and dispersion modelling.
DMUG 2016 - Dr Ben Marner, Air Quality ConsultantIES / IAQM
The document presents results from real-world emissions tests of modern diesel vehicles. It finds that Euro 6 diesel cars emit significantly higher NOx than regulatory tests suggest, with a weighted average conformity factor of 5 across multiple studies. For heavy diesel vehicles, measurements show substantial reductions from Euro V to Euro VI standards of around 80%, but little improvement from Euro III to V. The document advocates uplifting older heavy vehicle standards to match Euro III levels and adjusting Euro VI standards to represent a 20% reduction from Euro III levels.
Network Rail is taking steps to improve air quality at stations and depots to meet legal standards and address passenger concerns. A strategic plan includes measuring pollutants, managing emissions through collaboration across the rail industry, and innovating new technologies. Actions already taken at New Street Station include enhancing fume extraction systems, reducing train idling, and occupational health checks. Results show reductions in nitrogen dioxide, but continued monitoring and solutions are needed.
Guidelines for the preparation of short range dispersion modelling assessment...IES / IAQM
The document summarizes the history and purpose of the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Liaison Committee (ADMLC). It discusses:
1) The ADMLC was formed in 1995 to review atmospheric dispersion modeling primarily for industrial sites. Members include UK regulatory and research organizations.
2) The ADMLC updates its guidance document periodically to promote good practice in dispersion modeling. The latest update in 2021 aims to address developments in modeling techniques, standards, and applications.
3) Historical drivers for the guidance included criticism of environmental assessments in the 1990s and the expansion of modeling applications. The guidance provides advice on modeling scope, method selection, and communicating results.
Routes to Clean Air 2016, Douglas Booker, NAQTSIES / IAQM
Talk title: In Cabin air quality monitoring using integrated multi-pollutant measuring equipment
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
Simulating the dispersion of traffic emissions at the microscaleIES / IAQM
The MAGIC project aims to develop integrated models to simulate urban air quality and energy consumption at microscales. It uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and data assimilation to model pollutant dispersion from traffic emissions. Field, wind tunnel and laboratory experiments are used to validate the models. Exposure analyses show highly variable pollutant concentrations at microscales. Momentary peak exposures of seconds to minutes may impact total exposure, but their health effects are unclear. Ultra-fast measurements of nitrogen oxides show concentration spikes corresponding to vehicles. CFD simulations of a crossroads reproduce observed hotspots at junctions from queuing traffic. Tracking vehicle movements through simulations could help identify scenarios leading to acute exposures that need mitigation.
Shair: Adding the missing dimensions to modellingIES / IAQM
This document discusses Ramboll Shair, a new approach to air quality modelling that adds real-time dimensions. Ramboll Shair combines air quality monitoring readings, modelled pollution maps, and the latest pollution data each hour to create a nowcast of air quality. It integrates sensor data to generate high-resolution, real-time maps of pollutants like PM2.5. Case studies show Ramboll Shair can find errors in emissions inventories, map previously unknown pollution hotspots, and provide real-time source apportionment estimates.
Using the IAQM guidance on assessing air quality impacts on nature conservati...IES / IAQM
This document summarizes a presentation given by Ricardo plc on using guidance from the Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM) on assessing air quality impacts on nature conservation sites in practice. The presentation demonstrates how high-resolution air quality modeling techniques were used to assess local authority development plans, including turning habitat risk assessments (HRA) "on its head" by integrating model results with habitat mapping and communicating findings. It provides examples of applying the modeling approach to assess impacts on specific conservation sites from local plans in South Hampshire and highlights legal developments and principles from the IAQM guidance.
Light vehicle dynamics and NOx emissions on the motorway networkIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a presentation on light vehicle dynamics and NOx emissions on motorways. It discusses previous UK guidance on assigning speed bands and corresponding emissions. It then analyzes real-world vehicle dynamics and emissions data to develop a more accurate understanding of emissions in different speed ranges. Specifically, it finds higher emissions occur in certain speed ranges due to traffic dynamics and at higher speeds. This informs revisions to the UK's speed band structure and emissions estimates to better reflect real-world conditions.
This document compares the Gaussian model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for assessing pollutant dispersion, specifically in complex urban environments. It presents results from an analysis comparing the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (ADMS) Gaussian model to a CFD model. For a single stack and road source in flat terrain, ADMS predicted similar or slightly higher concentrations than CFD. However, for a street canyon scenario, CFD performed better by capturing the three-dimensional and unsteady flow, while ADMS had limitations representing the complex geometry. Further development is still needed to improve importing CFD flow fields into ADMS.
This document discusses using big telematics data from vehicle tracking to assess vehicular emissions. It provides details on:
- Sources of telematics data like fleet surveillance and insurance data.
- Benefits like accounting for local driving conditions like traffic flow and weather in emission assessments.
- Methodology used to clean the data, model instantaneous emissions, and scale emission factors based on fleet mix and traffic flows.
- Case studies conducted in Sheffield and Leeds examining variability in driver behavior and emissions by time of day, weather, and other factors.
- Ongoing work to refine estimates and model scenarios like potential clean air zones.
Roadside barriers - Accounting for the effect of vehicle induced momentum and...IES / IAQM
The document discusses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to assess the performance of different roadside barrier designs in improving air quality. It summarizes the CFD model setup, which included traffic pollution source terms and accounting for vehicle-induced turbulence and momentum. Various barrier designs were explored through automated optimization. Key results showed that taller barriers containing pollution performed best, with overhanging designs forcing flow upwards and vertical designs pushing pollution over the barrier but also upwards. Overall, CFD modeling predicted a 39% reduction in pollution concentrations with barriers.
Modelling Street Canyons: Comparison of ADMS-Roads and CFD ModellingIES / IAQM
1) The document compares air pollution modeling using ADMS-Roads and CFD modeling to analyze the impact of a proposed 10-story building on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in a street canyon.
2) ADMS-Roads predicted a 20 μg/m3 increase in annual mean NO2 concentrations with the proposed development, while CFD modeling found smaller increases or decreases depending on wind direction and speed.
3) Overall, CFD modeling indicated a small 0.01% decrease in annual mean NO2 concentrations with the proposed development when accounting for different wind conditions.
A new module in ADMS-Roads for elevated roadsIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a presentation on new capabilities in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads to model elevated road sections. Key points include:
- The models can now represent "flyover-type" elevated road sections, with evaluation showing improved performance.
- Elevated roads have relatively low local impact on ground levels due to increased distances, enhanced dispersion from higher winds, and plume spread in both directions once past the road.
- The feature allows modeling various complex road networks involving elevated sections, though specific configurations may depend on receptor locations and relative emissions.
- Further work is needed to better represent cuttings, embankments, and end effects where elevations meet in the
Air Quality Modelling of new and Emerging Vehicle Technologies- What can they...IES / IAQM
This document summarizes the results of large-scale air quality modeling conducted for most of Scotland to examine the potential impacts of clean air zone policies and improved vehicle emission technologies. The modeling was performed using Ricardo's RapidAIR modeling system at 10m resolution covering over 30,000 square kilometers. Two scenarios were examined: 1) Applying best available engine technologies to all vehicles and 2) Eliminating all diesel light duty vehicles. The results suggest that scenario 1 could reduce NO2 concentrations by up to 28 micrograms per cubic meter near roads and 5-10 micrograms per cubic meter more typically. Scenario 2 provided only marginal further reductions in NO2 beyond scenario 1. Neither scenario was found to significantly reduce PM10 concentrations.
Modelling Development-related Changes in Concentrations and Deposition to Hab...IES / IAQM
This document discusses issues with modeling development-related changes in air pollutant concentrations and deposition to habitats. It outlines how emissions from new developments are typically modeled, but notes some common practices that may not accurately capture impacts, such as using background levels versus project-specific baselines, neglecting traffic-related ammonia emissions, averaging out temporal variations in pollution levels and deposition rates, and using domain sizes that are too small. Potential solutions are proposed, such as considering existing local sources in the baseline, using more accurate traffic emission models for ammonia, accounting for hourly deposition rate variations, and modeling larger domains for major developments and local plans to fully assess in-combination effects across boundaries.
Uses of vehicle emissions remote sensing data for emission factor developmentIES / IAQM
Vehicle emissions remote sensing (VERS) is a method to measure pollutants in vehicle exhaust through roadside sensors. VERS data can be used to develop emission factors and estimate emissions. The document discusses how VERS emission factors can be calculated in units of grams per second or grams per kilometer based on vehicle speed and acceleration. It also outlines applications of VERS data such as verifying national emission inventories, examining effects of vehicle manufacturers, and characterizing European vehicle fleets. Remote sensing is a useful tool that complements other emissions measurement methods.
This document provides an overview and summary of updates to Highways England guidance on air quality assessments, best practices for DMRB air quality assessments, and a new DMRB air quality model tool. Key points include: Highways England guidance has been updated to be more risk-based and emphasize early collaboration, monitoring, and mitigation; best practices for assessments include ensuring appropriate traffic and monitoring data and temporal emissions profiles in modeling; and the new DMRB tool allows for more detailed traffic and meteorological inputs and a GIS interface for roads and receptors.
The document discusses using the International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model to estimate emissions from mobile sources in Delhi. IVE allows estimating emissions of criteria pollutants, toxics, and greenhouse gases from on-road vehicles by accounting for vehicle technology, driving patterns, and local conditions. It requires data on vehicle emissions rates, activity, and fleet distribution collected through field studies. IVE has been successful in developing initial emissions inventories for cities and educating local groups on estimating mobile source emissions. Additional field studies are continuing to refine the model in other locations.
STEP Conference 2016 - Drew Hill, Transport Scotland - National Low Emission ...STEP_scotland
The document discusses Scotland's National Low Emission Framework (NLEF) which aims to enable local authorities to implement air quality improvement options related to transport through an evidence-based process. It recommends a Clean Air Zone approach using charges and cameras to enforce low emission standards. A twin track approach is suggested to encourage early adopters and develop robust guidance. The next steps include further stakeholder engagement, adding detail to guidance, and establishing funding processes to deliver NLEF options such as Low Emission Zones between 2017-2019.
Road gradients and cold starts - Sam BradleyIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a case study presentation on modeling road gradients and cold starts for an air quality assessment. It discusses using terrain data and GIS software to calculate road gradients to estimate their impact on vehicle emissions. It also addresses accounting for cold start emissions from heavy duty vehicles leaving a development, noting guidance to apply them within 2.5 km of travel after starting based on a 5 minute warm-up period. Key steps involved terrain analysis, road network digitization, and input parameters for emissions modeling tools.
Global Protocol for Community Scale GHG Accounting | Susan Carstairsicarb
The document summarizes a trial application of the Global Protocol for Community Scale GHG Accounting (GPC) in Lochaber, Scotland. The results showed high per capita emissions of 18.77 tons of CO2e compared to the national average, due to large local industries like smelting and quarrying. Compiling the data required high, medium, and low quality sources. While the GPC provided a consistent method, areas like transport emissions and tourism effects were complex. A local emissions inventory could help motivate emissions reductions but should also account for consumption-based emissions, which studies show to be higher than territorial emissions.
Options for obtaining emission reduction credits (ERCs) needed to offset particulate matter (PM 10 ) emissions from power plants in California are diminishing. PM 10 ERCs can cost $5,000 to $6,000,000 depending on the size of the power plant and offset ratio required. Potential sources of PM 10 ERCs include paving unpaved roads, installing controls on combustion sources, and taking enforceable limits on mobile sources. However, ERCs must meet strict eligibility requirements of being real, permanent, quantifiable, surplus, and enforceable to be approved by agencies, which is becoming more difficult.
1) There are uncertainties in projecting future vehicle emission factors due to an inability to predict real-world driving behavior and how it may differ from emission standards testing.
2) Comparing older COPERT II and updated COPERT IV models, along with updated activity and emission factor data, shows higher NOx emissions than targets in Germany and Ireland.
3) The differences between actual emissions and original targets result from both higher emission factors, due to real-world driving emitting more than tests, and higher activity levels, due to misallocated vehicle types and usage assumptions.
This document discusses trends in vehicle emissions and strategies for reducing emissions from commercial vehicles in the UK. It notes that commercial vehicles, particularly light commercial vehicles, are an increasing source of greenhouse gas emissions and poor air quality. There are a range of technologies that can help reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants from commercial vehicles. Accreditation schemes for low-carbon vehicles and components could provide confidence to fleet operators and a metric for government incentives. Improving real-world testing and addressing emissions from auxiliary equipment are also important areas to focus on in working towards emissions reduction targets.
Routes to Clean Air 2016, Douglas Booker, NAQTSIES / IAQM
Talk title: In Cabin air quality monitoring using integrated multi-pollutant measuring equipment
Routes to Clean Air is a two-day conference from the IAQM where academics, professionals and policy makers share their experiences of improving traffic emissions.
This event highlights the importance of public communication and behavioural change surrounding road transport and air quality issues.
Simulating the dispersion of traffic emissions at the microscaleIES / IAQM
The MAGIC project aims to develop integrated models to simulate urban air quality and energy consumption at microscales. It uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software and data assimilation to model pollutant dispersion from traffic emissions. Field, wind tunnel and laboratory experiments are used to validate the models. Exposure analyses show highly variable pollutant concentrations at microscales. Momentary peak exposures of seconds to minutes may impact total exposure, but their health effects are unclear. Ultra-fast measurements of nitrogen oxides show concentration spikes corresponding to vehicles. CFD simulations of a crossroads reproduce observed hotspots at junctions from queuing traffic. Tracking vehicle movements through simulations could help identify scenarios leading to acute exposures that need mitigation.
Shair: Adding the missing dimensions to modellingIES / IAQM
This document discusses Ramboll Shair, a new approach to air quality modelling that adds real-time dimensions. Ramboll Shair combines air quality monitoring readings, modelled pollution maps, and the latest pollution data each hour to create a nowcast of air quality. It integrates sensor data to generate high-resolution, real-time maps of pollutants like PM2.5. Case studies show Ramboll Shair can find errors in emissions inventories, map previously unknown pollution hotspots, and provide real-time source apportionment estimates.
Using the IAQM guidance on assessing air quality impacts on nature conservati...IES / IAQM
This document summarizes a presentation given by Ricardo plc on using guidance from the Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM) on assessing air quality impacts on nature conservation sites in practice. The presentation demonstrates how high-resolution air quality modeling techniques were used to assess local authority development plans, including turning habitat risk assessments (HRA) "on its head" by integrating model results with habitat mapping and communicating findings. It provides examples of applying the modeling approach to assess impacts on specific conservation sites from local plans in South Hampshire and highlights legal developments and principles from the IAQM guidance.
Light vehicle dynamics and NOx emissions on the motorway networkIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a presentation on light vehicle dynamics and NOx emissions on motorways. It discusses previous UK guidance on assigning speed bands and corresponding emissions. It then analyzes real-world vehicle dynamics and emissions data to develop a more accurate understanding of emissions in different speed ranges. Specifically, it finds higher emissions occur in certain speed ranges due to traffic dynamics and at higher speeds. This informs revisions to the UK's speed band structure and emissions estimates to better reflect real-world conditions.
This document compares the Gaussian model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for assessing pollutant dispersion, specifically in complex urban environments. It presents results from an analysis comparing the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (ADMS) Gaussian model to a CFD model. For a single stack and road source in flat terrain, ADMS predicted similar or slightly higher concentrations than CFD. However, for a street canyon scenario, CFD performed better by capturing the three-dimensional and unsteady flow, while ADMS had limitations representing the complex geometry. Further development is still needed to improve importing CFD flow fields into ADMS.
This document discusses using big telematics data from vehicle tracking to assess vehicular emissions. It provides details on:
- Sources of telematics data like fleet surveillance and insurance data.
- Benefits like accounting for local driving conditions like traffic flow and weather in emission assessments.
- Methodology used to clean the data, model instantaneous emissions, and scale emission factors based on fleet mix and traffic flows.
- Case studies conducted in Sheffield and Leeds examining variability in driver behavior and emissions by time of day, weather, and other factors.
- Ongoing work to refine estimates and model scenarios like potential clean air zones.
Roadside barriers - Accounting for the effect of vehicle induced momentum and...IES / IAQM
The document discusses using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to assess the performance of different roadside barrier designs in improving air quality. It summarizes the CFD model setup, which included traffic pollution source terms and accounting for vehicle-induced turbulence and momentum. Various barrier designs were explored through automated optimization. Key results showed that taller barriers containing pollution performed best, with overhanging designs forcing flow upwards and vertical designs pushing pollution over the barrier but also upwards. Overall, CFD modeling predicted a 39% reduction in pollution concentrations with barriers.
Modelling Street Canyons: Comparison of ADMS-Roads and CFD ModellingIES / IAQM
1) The document compares air pollution modeling using ADMS-Roads and CFD modeling to analyze the impact of a proposed 10-story building on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in a street canyon.
2) ADMS-Roads predicted a 20 μg/m3 increase in annual mean NO2 concentrations with the proposed development, while CFD modeling found smaller increases or decreases depending on wind direction and speed.
3) Overall, CFD modeling indicated a small 0.01% decrease in annual mean NO2 concentrations with the proposed development when accounting for different wind conditions.
A new module in ADMS-Roads for elevated roadsIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a presentation on new capabilities in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads to model elevated road sections. Key points include:
- The models can now represent "flyover-type" elevated road sections, with evaluation showing improved performance.
- Elevated roads have relatively low local impact on ground levels due to increased distances, enhanced dispersion from higher winds, and plume spread in both directions once past the road.
- The feature allows modeling various complex road networks involving elevated sections, though specific configurations may depend on receptor locations and relative emissions.
- Further work is needed to better represent cuttings, embankments, and end effects where elevations meet in the
Air Quality Modelling of new and Emerging Vehicle Technologies- What can they...IES / IAQM
This document summarizes the results of large-scale air quality modeling conducted for most of Scotland to examine the potential impacts of clean air zone policies and improved vehicle emission technologies. The modeling was performed using Ricardo's RapidAIR modeling system at 10m resolution covering over 30,000 square kilometers. Two scenarios were examined: 1) Applying best available engine technologies to all vehicles and 2) Eliminating all diesel light duty vehicles. The results suggest that scenario 1 could reduce NO2 concentrations by up to 28 micrograms per cubic meter near roads and 5-10 micrograms per cubic meter more typically. Scenario 2 provided only marginal further reductions in NO2 beyond scenario 1. Neither scenario was found to significantly reduce PM10 concentrations.
Modelling Development-related Changes in Concentrations and Deposition to Hab...IES / IAQM
This document discusses issues with modeling development-related changes in air pollutant concentrations and deposition to habitats. It outlines how emissions from new developments are typically modeled, but notes some common practices that may not accurately capture impacts, such as using background levels versus project-specific baselines, neglecting traffic-related ammonia emissions, averaging out temporal variations in pollution levels and deposition rates, and using domain sizes that are too small. Potential solutions are proposed, such as considering existing local sources in the baseline, using more accurate traffic emission models for ammonia, accounting for hourly deposition rate variations, and modeling larger domains for major developments and local plans to fully assess in-combination effects across boundaries.
Uses of vehicle emissions remote sensing data for emission factor developmentIES / IAQM
Vehicle emissions remote sensing (VERS) is a method to measure pollutants in vehicle exhaust through roadside sensors. VERS data can be used to develop emission factors and estimate emissions. The document discusses how VERS emission factors can be calculated in units of grams per second or grams per kilometer based on vehicle speed and acceleration. It also outlines applications of VERS data such as verifying national emission inventories, examining effects of vehicle manufacturers, and characterizing European vehicle fleets. Remote sensing is a useful tool that complements other emissions measurement methods.
This document provides an overview and summary of updates to Highways England guidance on air quality assessments, best practices for DMRB air quality assessments, and a new DMRB air quality model tool. Key points include: Highways England guidance has been updated to be more risk-based and emphasize early collaboration, monitoring, and mitigation; best practices for assessments include ensuring appropriate traffic and monitoring data and temporal emissions profiles in modeling; and the new DMRB tool allows for more detailed traffic and meteorological inputs and a GIS interface for roads and receptors.
The document discusses using the International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model to estimate emissions from mobile sources in Delhi. IVE allows estimating emissions of criteria pollutants, toxics, and greenhouse gases from on-road vehicles by accounting for vehicle technology, driving patterns, and local conditions. It requires data on vehicle emissions rates, activity, and fleet distribution collected through field studies. IVE has been successful in developing initial emissions inventories for cities and educating local groups on estimating mobile source emissions. Additional field studies are continuing to refine the model in other locations.
STEP Conference 2016 - Drew Hill, Transport Scotland - National Low Emission ...STEP_scotland
The document discusses Scotland's National Low Emission Framework (NLEF) which aims to enable local authorities to implement air quality improvement options related to transport through an evidence-based process. It recommends a Clean Air Zone approach using charges and cameras to enforce low emission standards. A twin track approach is suggested to encourage early adopters and develop robust guidance. The next steps include further stakeholder engagement, adding detail to guidance, and establishing funding processes to deliver NLEF options such as Low Emission Zones between 2017-2019.
Road gradients and cold starts - Sam BradleyIES / IAQM
This document summarizes a case study presentation on modeling road gradients and cold starts for an air quality assessment. It discusses using terrain data and GIS software to calculate road gradients to estimate their impact on vehicle emissions. It also addresses accounting for cold start emissions from heavy duty vehicles leaving a development, noting guidance to apply them within 2.5 km of travel after starting based on a 5 minute warm-up period. Key steps involved terrain analysis, road network digitization, and input parameters for emissions modeling tools.
Global Protocol for Community Scale GHG Accounting | Susan Carstairsicarb
The document summarizes a trial application of the Global Protocol for Community Scale GHG Accounting (GPC) in Lochaber, Scotland. The results showed high per capita emissions of 18.77 tons of CO2e compared to the national average, due to large local industries like smelting and quarrying. Compiling the data required high, medium, and low quality sources. While the GPC provided a consistent method, areas like transport emissions and tourism effects were complex. A local emissions inventory could help motivate emissions reductions but should also account for consumption-based emissions, which studies show to be higher than territorial emissions.
Options for obtaining emission reduction credits (ERCs) needed to offset particulate matter (PM 10 ) emissions from power plants in California are diminishing. PM 10 ERCs can cost $5,000 to $6,000,000 depending on the size of the power plant and offset ratio required. Potential sources of PM 10 ERCs include paving unpaved roads, installing controls on combustion sources, and taking enforceable limits on mobile sources. However, ERCs must meet strict eligibility requirements of being real, permanent, quantifiable, surplus, and enforceable to be approved by agencies, which is becoming more difficult.
1) There are uncertainties in projecting future vehicle emission factors due to an inability to predict real-world driving behavior and how it may differ from emission standards testing.
2) Comparing older COPERT II and updated COPERT IV models, along with updated activity and emission factor data, shows higher NOx emissions than targets in Germany and Ireland.
3) The differences between actual emissions and original targets result from both higher emission factors, due to real-world driving emitting more than tests, and higher activity levels, due to misallocated vehicle types and usage assumptions.
This document discusses trends in vehicle emissions and strategies for reducing emissions from commercial vehicles in the UK. It notes that commercial vehicles, particularly light commercial vehicles, are an increasing source of greenhouse gas emissions and poor air quality. There are a range of technologies that can help reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and air pollutants from commercial vehicles. Accreditation schemes for low-carbon vehicles and components could provide confidence to fleet operators and a metric for government incentives. Improving real-world testing and addressing emissions from auxiliary equipment are also important areas to focus on in working towards emissions reduction targets.
Also see: http://bit.ly/1vjtYg8
Professor Chris Nash spoke on heavy goods vehicle charging at the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Conference on regulation in Brisbane on 8th Aug 2014.
www.accc.gov.au/about-us/conferences-events/accc/aer-regulatory-conference/accc-aer-regulatory-conference-2014
Clear Air Zones – What are Local Authorities Proposing? - Nigel BellamyIES / IAQM
The document summarizes progress on Clean Air Zones in the UK. It outlines that the UK has been in breach of legal limits for nitrogen dioxide and discusses the need for immediate action to improve air quality and health. It defines Clean Air Zones as areas with restrictions on certain vehicles to encourage cleaner vehicles. Authorities need to develop local plans with measures to achieve compliance, which requires modeling emissions and impacts. Options being considered by authorities include charges for different vehicle types in Clean Air Zones of varying sizes and stringency. Authorities are at different stages with some publishing initial plans focusing on buses, taxis, HGVs or LGVs. The overall progress aims to achieve compliance with legal limits as soon as possible to reduce human exposure
Routes to Clean Air 2016 - Jane Thomas, Emissions AnalyticsIES / IAQM
The document summarizes the results of real-world emissions testing of over 1200 vehicles. It finds that nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are on average 4 times legal limits, and real-world fuel economy and carbon dioxide emissions are 29% and 41% higher than official figures, respectively. Performance differs significantly between models certified to the same standard. Upcoming regulations may improve but not solve the problem. The need for an independent, real-world emissions standard is greater than ever.
Dr. Eric E. Stannard, CEO of HDMGlobal, gave a presentation on the use and features of HDM-4, a decision support tool for road investment choices. HDM-4 has been sold to over 110 countries and is used by various government and private organizations. It predicts road network performance based on factors like traffic, road type, and maintenance. HDM-4 allows users to analyze strategies, maintenance programs, and project costs to optimize total transport costs. The software requires local calibration of models to provide accurate outputs for strategic planning, project evaluation, and research studies.
Exploration of cross-sector emissions benefits of medium- and heavy-duty vehi...IEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes research exploring the air pollution and emissions benefits of electrifying medium- and heavy-duty vehicles using the EPAUS9rT-TIMES energy system model. The research finds that adopting a target of 100% zero-emission medium- and heavy-duty vehicles by 2050 results in net carbon dioxide reductions despite increasing electricity demand. It also finds marginal reductions in other air pollutants from the transportation sector, though reductions are smaller than declines seen in the power and industrial sectors. A carbon tax can further reduce emissions but is not necessary for the zero-emissions vehicle target to provide benefits.
Dr Glyn Rhys-Tyler - Road vehicle exhaust emissions; 'an age of uncertainty' ...IES / IAQM
DMUG remains the key annual event for experts in this field. Unmissable speakers will be examining topical issues in emissions, exposure and dispersion modelling.
Can Euro 6 alone be a robust basis for air quality policy? - Nick MoldenIES / IAQM
- Diesel emissions, especially NOx, remain illegally high and pose a serious air quality problem in many cities. Current regulations and manufacturer actions have not solved the issue quickly enough.
- Real-world emissions testing data shows a wide variability in NOx emissions between different diesel vehicles, even within the same Euro emission standard. The dirtiest Euro 6 diesels emit 6-7 times more NOx than the cleanest.
- Restricting the highest-polluting 54% of Euro 6 diesel vehicles could reduce NOx emissions by 87%, providing an opportunity for policymakers to improve air quality while allowing cleaner diesels. Retrofitting older diesels could also help reduce emissions in the short term.
The document summarizes insights from an International Transport Forum case study that modeled low-emission freight pathways in Argentina. It discusses:
- The importance of accurate data for defining effective policies and measuring their impacts.
- An ITF modeling framework that analyzes freight and passenger transport scenarios globally and at urban/non-urban scales.
- How the model was applied to Argentina by refining spatial and network details, validating data, and defining policy scenarios in collaboration with Argentine ministries.
- Key results showing potential emissions reductions from measures like fleet renewal, modal shifts, and combined scenarios.
The first Real Driving Emissions results, consequences for Euro 6 diesels and...IES / IAQM
The document discusses the issues surrounding real-world diesel emissions and proposes solutions. It finds that while cleaner diesels exist, many Euro 6 diesels still emit significantly more NOx than their emission standards. This has led to consumer confusion and distrust. It also discusses how the independent testing organization Emissions Analytics has built a large emissions database, but more is needed. The document proposes that Emissions Analytics works with the new independent non-profit organization AIR to make the data and testing methodology open and help cities take effective action to improve air quality.
IAQM AGM 2015 - Nick Molden - Insights from Real World Emissions Testing in c...IES / IAQM
This document discusses insights from real-world emissions testing of over 1000 vehicles conducted by Emissions Analytics. It finds that while NOx emissions from diesel vehicles have decreased significantly in recent years, they still exceed regulatory limits in real-world driving. NOx and NO2 emissions from gasoline vehicles also exceed limits for some larger engines. The gap between official and real-world fuel economy is growing, potentially creating a CO2 problem. Upcoming regulations may not be strict enough to achieve required NOx reductions in real-world driving.
The document analyzes NOx control technologies for Euro 6 diesel passenger cars. It finds that SCR and LNT are the most prevalent technologies, with LNT used more for smaller engines. Testing of 32 Euro 6 diesel cars found most met the 80mg/km NOx limit on the NEDC test cycle, but emitted much higher levels, up to 15 times the limit, on the more demanding WLTC cycle, casting doubt on real-world performance, especially of LNT-equipped vehicles. RDE testing may lead manufacturers to improve calibration for more robust real-world control.
Scottish Urban Air Quality Steering Group - Modelling & Monitoring Workshop -...STEP_scotland
This document discusses urban scale dispersion modelling approaches used by Ricardo-AEA in the UK. It describes local, regional and national modelling methods for air quality assessments, including the commonly used ADMS models and the national Pollution Climate Mapping model. It also discusses modelling questions, verifying models with measurements, and modelling emissions from various sources like road traffic.
This document discusses air quality modeling during the COVID-19 lockdown period. It shows that traffic and air pollution levels decreased significantly due to reduced mobility and activity. Specifically, NOx levels decreased by around 70% and PM2.5 levels decreased by around 60% according to the models. The document compares these lockdown pollution levels to scenarios with modern, cleaner vehicle engines and finds that NOx levels could be reduced similarly. However, cleaner engines may not reduce PM2.5 as much due to non-exhaust sources like brakes and tires now dominating small particle pollution. Increased private car use post-lockdown may modestly increase NOx levels by around 10% compared to pre-lockdown according to the models
STEP Annual Conference 2017 - Vincent McInallly, Glasgow City Council - CAFS ...STEP_scotland
The document discusses air quality issues in Glasgow, including high levels of nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter that contribute to an estimated 300 premature deaths per year. It outlines Glasgow City Council's plans to introduce a low emission zone by 2018 to reduce emissions, with a focus on replacing older diesel buses, vans, trucks and cars with newer, cleaner models. Challenges to implementing the low emission zone are also examined, such as funding, timelines for vehicle upgrades, and developing technical guidance.
Similar to Greater Manchester's CAZ - Hazel Peace from JACOBS (20)
Land remediation and conservation - the interaction of regulatory regimesIES / IAQM
This document discusses biodiversity and land remediation. It begins by defining biodiversity and listing various protected species. It then discusses policies and frameworks related to enhancing biodiversity and remediating contaminated land from documents like the NPPF, Environment Act 2021, and reports from the House of Lords. Key points addressed include biodiversity net gain, habitat assessments, balancing development with environmental protection, and ensuring adequate resources for regulatory bodies.
A Contractor’s Perspective on Redeveloping Historical LandfillsIES / IAQM
Andy O'Dea, Technical Director of Cognition Land and Water, discusses challenges with redeveloping historical landfills. Key challenges include overly complex waste regulation, the unsuitability of using the Definition of Waste Code of Practice (DoWCoP) for landfill restoration projects, and lack of clear guidance. Through project examples, O'Dea illustrates how using DoWCoP previously allowed sustainable reuse of soils but the revised agency position now prohibits this for landfilled materials. He calls for pragmatic solutions like a new recovery permit to better facilitate sustainable management and reuse of surplus soils from construction projects.
Sharing is Caring – Can cross industry collaboration be achieved on key envir...IES / IAQM
Sharing is Caring – Can cross industry collaboration be achieved on key environmental topics?
Rebecca Hearn, Director, Midland Lands Events: MidLE
mental topics?
The document outlines the evolution of the three pillars of sustainable development - society, economy, and environment - through different eras from hunter-gathering to modern times. It shows how societies and economies developed based on agriculture, then industry, and now a global digital economy, and how each transition impacted the environment. The conclusion suggests that for the future, we need an integrated economy, society, and consideration for the global environment.
16.00 Updates to CURED and CREAM Emissions Models.pdfIES / IAQM
- The document describes updates made to the CURED and CREAM emissions models, which predict emissions of NOx, PM, and NH3 from road vehicles.
- For CURED, the updates include incorporating projections of electric vehicle uptake from the Transport Analysis Guidance, and a new approach for calculating non-exhaust PM emissions. Comparisons show CURED estimates of NOx and PM emissions are slightly lower than the Emissions Factors Toolkit.
- For CREAM, updates include incorporating the same electric vehicle projections as CURED and updated ammonia emission factors. Comparisons show higher estimated ammonia emissions than the previous version, especially with inclusion of cold starts.
15.30 Reducing Construction Emissions.pdfIES / IAQM
This document discusses reducing construction emissions through partnerships and tools. It introduces a partnership with Impact on Urban Health to identify exemplar construction sites and develop an emissions tool. The tool calculates emissions from non-road mobile machinery and compares scenarios to benchmarks. The tool was updated to include carbon calculations and additional fuels. Next steps include sharing the tool widely and updating it with real-world emissions data. The tool helps plan equipment use and evaluate policies but has limitations in fully capturing alternative fuel emissions.
15.30 Ethical considerations when determining air quality policies.pdfIES / IAQM
This document discusses the ethical considerations of using air quality standards as the principal policy lever for determining air quality policies. It notes that while standards were effective when acute health impacts were thought to occur above thresholds, evidence now suggests pollution affects health down to low concentrations with no clear threshold. Standards also focus only on areas in exceedance, leaving large inequalities. Overall, directly targeting emissions through reductions may be a more ethical approach as it affects the population equally and aims to maximize health benefits. The document advocates that policies should be clearly articulated to allow the public to judge costs and impacts, and that national emission policies are likely to result in greater health benefits and equity across the population.
14.50 The Impact of the Clean Air Zone on Air Quality in Birmingham.pdfIES / IAQM
The document analyzes the impact of Birmingham's Clean Air Zone (CAZ) on air quality in the city. It shows that nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels decreased by over 30% after the CAZ was implemented at several roadside monitoring sites, providing evidence that the CAZ successfully improved air quality in Birmingham.
14.40 The role of clean air zones in achieving the UK’s net-zero emissions ta...IES / IAQM
Clean air zones (CAZs) are areas that charge vehicles for not meeting emission standards. While originally intended to reduce nitrogen dioxide, CAZs can help the UK achieve its 2050 net-zero emissions target by restricting polluting vehicles and encouraging cleaner options. The document discusses how CAZs have been implemented in many UK cities and are most effective at reducing air pollution near schools. However, there is also controversy over their potential economic impacts and unfair effects on some groups.
14.30 The discord between limit value compliance and the LAQM objective regim...IES / IAQM
The document discusses the discord between air quality limit value compliance and the local air quality management objective regime in England. It outlines different timelines for particulate matter standards under Part IV Environment Act, Air Quality Standards Regulations, Environment Bill, and the Environmental Targets (Fine Particulate Matter) Regulations. This matters as the inconsistent standards can lead to incompatible mitigation efforts, inconsistent planning decisions, differences in pollutant concentration reporting, and funding issues.
14.00 Developments in occupational hygiene and air quality.pdfIES / IAQM
The British Occupational Hygiene Society (BOHS) is a UK-based scientific body celebrating 70 years of protecting worker health. It has over 1,400 members in 45 countries. BOHS' mission is to safeguard health through effective workplace environment management. It aims to eliminate harmful exposures, promote substitutes for hazards, and ensure workers have proper protection. BOHS conducts research, publishes information, advises regulators, and runs awareness campaigns on occupational hygiene topics like chemicals, dusts, and ventilation.
12.15 Insights from the Clean Air Networks Conference.pdfIES / IAQM
The document summarizes insights from the Clean Air Networks Conference. It discusses two waves of funding from the Strategic Priorities Fund (SPF) Clean Air totalling over £40 million to support air quality research. This includes developing solutions to air pollution and addressing indoor and outdoor air quality challenges. It outlines the Clean Air Champions network and priorities for advancing air quality science, including overcoming barriers through multidisciplinary research, stakeholder engagement, funding, data sharing, and better communication to enable behaviour change.
12.00 Applied Source Apportionment using Low Cost Sensors.pdfIES / IAQM
This document describes a new low-cost method for particulate matter source apportionment using particle number size distribution analysis. It has been tested on two sites: a construction site for the HS2 rail project in Birmingham, and a granite quarry in Leicestershire. The method was able to identify unique particle profiles associated with different pollution sources at each site, such as construction activities or quarry works. It shows potential to automate source apportionment using machine learning and a growing database of particle profiles from known sources. Future work includes applying this technique to establish better emission factors and expand its use in environmental impact assessments.
11.15 Addressing emissions from NRMM.pdfIES / IAQM
The document discusses London's Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) Low Emission Zone, which aims to reduce emissions from construction machinery. It has led to measured reductions of 48% for PM10 and PM2.5, and 42% for NOx, compared to baseline levels. The zone requires machinery above 37kW to meet certain emission standards, and sites must register their machinery online. Compliance is enforced through on-site inspections. The standards have tightened over time and will require newer Stage V machines by 2023. The program has seen little industry pushback and provides a model that could be applied in other cities.
09.45 Dispersion modelling considerations for Net Zero and air quality.pdfIES / IAQM
Catheryn Price will give a talk at the "Routes to Clean Air, 2023" conference on modeling fugitive methane emissions and controlled carbon dioxide venting from carbon capture facilities. Some of the projects discussed will include modeling fugitive methane from landfills and other sites using inverse dispersion modeling, verifying a carbon dioxide emissions inventory in Glasgow using ambient measurements, and assessing potential degradation products from amine emissions from carbon capture. The talk will emphasize that while new challenges arise in modeling emissions related to achieving net zero goals, established approaches like validation, sensitivity testing, transparency, and knowledge sharing can help address uncertainties.
09.15Measuring air pollutant emissions using novel techniques.pdfIES / IAQM
This document discusses using novel techniques like remote sensing, telematics data, and sensor data to measure vehicular pollutant concentrations and emissions at high spatial and temporal resolution. Combining data streams from different devices allows the generation of detailed maps of air pollution sources, levels, and how they change over time and location. While this offers potential benefits, integrating diverse data also raises privacy and ethical concerns that need addressing.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
2. Agenda
1. Introduction
2. Study overview
3. CAZ considerations
4. CAZ areas
5. Emissions and AQ impacts – screening
6. More detailed modelling
7. Conclusion and thoughts
2
3. • England’s fastest growing large city
• Increase in population
• = Increase in road traffic
– Increase in congestion
– Increase in emissions
– Increase in PM, NO2, CO2
– Unless modal shift…
– Or zero emission vehicles
Greater Manchester 2040 vision
3
GREATER MANCHESTER LOW-EMISSION STRATEGY
AND AIR QUALITY ACTION PLAN
PUBLIC CONSULTATION
4. • EU/UK NO2 limit/objective value – exceedance
likely
in 2020
• Significant
impact from
roads
• Feasibility study
to look at road
related CAZ
4
Before 2040….?
http://www.gmtu.gov.uk/gam_maps/
5. • WP1 – Screening
• WP2 – Refining of air quality estimates
• WP3 – Refine economics ?
• WP4 – Refine health ?
• WP5 – Reporting ?
5
Undertaken through work packages:
6. 6
CAZ Considerations Description Importance
Administrative boundary Where is the CAZ boundary? The location of the CAZ boundary is important
both in determining potential benefits and in order
to determine the potential costs and enforcement
methods
Class (vehicle types) Which CAZ class should apply? I.e. what vehicles
will be restricted within the CAZ boundary (and
subsequently people and businesses)? Which
vehicles will be exempt from meeting the CAZ
standards when within the CAZ boundary?
Which CAZ class is used affects both the
potential benefits that can be derived from the
CAZ and also effects the enforcement costs and
other socio-economic impacts.
Standards What should the minimum standards for a CAZ
be? Defra have used Euro V/6 (diesel) and Euro
4 (petrol LDV) standards for different CAZ
classes.
The standards that are targeted will affect the
actions taken to meet the CAZ requirements, with
lower standards more likely to result in vehicle
replacement by some (lower costs) but with
lesser impact
Hours of operation When will the CAZ standards need to be adhered
to?
There are different implications from a full-time
CAZ compared to a peak-time or a day-time CAZ
Daily charge How much would people / businesses have to
pay to enter the CAZ boundary where their
vehicle is affected and does not meet the CAZ
standards?
The level of charge is important as it catalyses
the users’ decision making and impacts the level
of benefits and costs of the CAZ
Enforcement and costs How will the CAZ standard be enforced within the
CAZ boundary e.g. manual or camera?
Depending on the location and the class of the
CAZ the enforcement options are different, but
they have implications on the potential cost and
the likely derived benefits
7. Potential CAZ areas being considered
A
(buses, coaches
and taxis)
Option 1A
Option 2A
Option 3A
7
Geographical zone
1. Manchester city centre
2. Inside the M60
3. Segregated zones based on poor AQ
8. How do you define the boundary?
• To model a CAZ you need to define
a boundary – a line
• AQMA (red)?
• NO2 exceedance area in 2020?
• Political boundary?
• Saturn model boundary (e.g.
pink)?
• Buffer zone?
• Physical boundary – public
understanding?
• How do you reach consensus?
• GETAGREEMENT EARLY!
8
9. Vehicle class and Euro standard
9
• Note – various cities across Europe have LEZ’s which include combinations of
above, including cars (e.g. Germany, Lisbon)
Defra CAZ
class
Vehicles included
A Buses, coaches, taxis (Euro 6/VI)
B Buses, coaches, taxis and HGVs (Euro 6/VI)
C Buses, coaches, taxis, HGVs and LGVs (Euro 6/VI diesel
and Euro 4 petrol)
D Buses, coaches, taxis, HGVs, LGVs and cars (Euro 6/VI
diesel and Euro 4 petrol)
10. Air quality benefit area city centre & M60 (road rel)
Basic
modelling
only
10
12. Screening Conclusions (WP1)
12
• Class D outperforms other CAZ options for both
concentrations and emissions (as expected)
• Class A has more limited NOx improvement.
• Limited potential for improving PM10 – not just
related to emissions but brake and tyre wear
• NOx road emission and concentration road
contribution % reduction are broadly similar
(though this could vary at street level – fleet mix).
• Results for all 3 CAZ areas are broadly similar in
terms of % NOx road emissions reduction.
13. Air quality dependant on:
– Traffic flow data
– Fleet – e.g.. % of HDV
– Proportion of diesel
– Age of vehicles
– Estimated vs. real-world emissions?
• Primary NO2
• Test cycles
– NOx to NO2 conversion
– Other sources
How to refine AQ modelling (WP2)?
14. WP2 – Age and diesel proportions
• Worked with GMP,ANPR data from cameras on key routes into city
centre.
• Had to be anonymised
• Used neutral week
• 2.5 million records per year processed!
• Key parameters: fuel type, vehicle types, number plate (anonymised)
14
15. Traffic flows, % splits and emissions
• Age/petrol/diesel per vehicle type rollover model – but is this really
true?
• Non-CAZ compliant vehicles replaced (ULEZ) with compliant
• Saturn used for various cost scenarios (£1 upwards) – at £5 became
cost sensitive - rerouting.
• Results used to calculate emissions – using appropriate Euro fleet
mixes.
• Emissions fed into dispersion model along with other sources and
results outputted for all scenarios.
15
16. Dispersion modelling
• Primary NO2 and NOx emissions used
• Other sources used within ADMS-Urban and background
added
• NOx to NO2 conversion within ADMS used to calculated
NO2
http://www.gmtu.gov.uk/ga
m_maps/
16
17. Conclusions
• Fleet mix and NO2?
– Defra NOx to NO2 assumes certain fleet mix proportions
– Sensitivity of pNO2
• Electric proportion - more brake & tyre wear?
• What are the timescales?
17
Months 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Agreeing areas
Screen
options
Agree
detailed
approach
ANPR -
fleet
Saturn
Emissions
Dispersion
Analysis & report
18. Thoughts
18
• How can a CAZ be used to affect modal shift?
• How will a CAZ impact on vehicles outside the
CAZ?
• How will modal shift impact on health (e.g. more
active lifestyle & lower emissions)?
• How did we all get here today? – Will this change
in the future and what would make you change?