Xavier Querol, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (ID/EA) - Airuse Mitigation in Southern Europe.

1. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
Overview of the AIRUSE LIFE+ project
Xavier Querol, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain

2. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
Coordinating Beneficiary
Project Manager
Spain
Associated Beneficiaries
Leader B5 D5
Spain
Leader B8
UK
Leader B3 D2
Greece
Leader B4
Portugal
Milan
Italy
AIRUSE MANAGING STRUCTURE
Leader B2
Italy

3. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
• Characterizing similarities & differences in PM sources & contributions across S-EU (5 cities)
• Once the main sources of PM10 and PM2.5 are identified, the strategic goal of the AIRUSE
project is to develop, test and propose specific and non specific measures to abate urban
ambient air PM in S.-EU, to meet AQ standards & to approach WHO guidelines.
THE AIRUSE PROJECT AIMS
Specific PM mitigation measures
• Street washing & dust suppressants for road dust and deposited African dust
• Biomass burning
• Industrial emissions (channelled and fugitive)
• Strategies from other European countries (LEZ, eco-efficient vehicles, labelling, shipping, biomass
burning…)

4. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015

5. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
ACTION A. Preparatory actions
ACTION B. Implementation actions
A.1 Authorities and stakeholders consultation
B1. Documentation of the current status
B2. Harmonization and implementation of source
apportionment using receptor modelling &
determination of the impact of:B7. Developing & testing cost-effective PM
measures & strategies
B8. Applicability of selected measures from N to
S Europe
B3. Natural sources B4. Biomass burning
B5. Industrial sources B6. Traffic related sources
ACTION C. Implementation actions
C1. Effectiveness of the project actions
C2. Assessment of the socio-economic impact
AIRUSE STRUCTURE: ACTIONS & TASKS
Intensive additional work on inventories, emission chemical profiles,
emission factors

6. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
AQ TRENDS SPAIN 2001-2012
Querol et al., 2014. Science of Total Environment
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
SO2
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
Mean Sav, Nie, Peñ Bar, CdC, Viz, Cam, Tor, Zar
RegionalBackground
(EMEP)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
NO2
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
Media CdC, Viz,Tor, Sav, Nie Bar, Cam, Zar, Peñ
RegionalBackground
(EMEP)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
NOx
Traffic Urban backgraound Industrial
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
8,0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
NOx
Media CdC, Viz,Tor, Sav, Nie Bar, Cam, Zar, Peñ
0.0E+0
2.0E+5
4.0E+5
6.0E+5
8.0E+5
1.0E+6
1.2E+6
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
SO2 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustion
Power generation and transformation
Other transport and mobile machinery
Mg
SO2 National Emissions
0E+0
1E+5
2E+5
3E+5
4E+5
5E+5
6E+5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
NOx (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustion
Power generation and transformation
Other transport and mobile machinery
Road transport
Mg
NOx National Emissions
Viznar
Barcarrota
Peñausende
Niembro
O Sabiñao
Campisábalos
Zarra
El Torms
Cabo de
Creus
Avilés
Oviedo
A Coruña
Vigo
Gijón
Valladolid
Madrid
Bilbao
Pamplona
Granada
Córdoba
Sevilla
Murcia
Alicante
Zaragoza
Valencia
P. Mallorca
Barcelona
L’Hospitalet
Las Palmas
Santa Cruz
Regional Background Urban Background Traffic Industrial
Montseny
Regional Background PM2.5 speciation

7. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
Time average map of SO2 Column amount (PBL) (Dobson Units)
NASA SO2 OMI level 3. Plotted using the Giovanni online data system, developed and maintained by the NASA GES DISC

8. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
NASA NO2 OMI level 3 Plotted using the
Giovanni online data system, developed
and maintained by the NASA GES DISC
Mean annual
tropospheric NO2 column
(clear, 0-30% cloud)
(1014 molec/cm2)

9. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
Querol et al., 2014. Science of Total Environment
0
5
10
15
20
25
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
Media Bar, CdC, Viz,Tor, Zar, Nie Cam, Sav, Peñ
Regional Background
(EMEP)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
Media Bar, CdC,Viz, Tor Cam, Sav, Nie, Zar, Peñ
Regional Background
(EMEP)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
PM10
Traffic Urban background Industrial
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
µg/m3
PM2.5
Mean
0.0E+0
5.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.5E+4
2.0E+4
2.5E+4
3.0E+4
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PM2.5 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustion
Other transport and mobile machinery
Road transport
Non industrial combustion
PM2.5 National Emissions
0.0E+0
5.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.5E+4
2.0E+4
2.5E+4
3.0E+4
3.5E+4
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PM10 (Mg)
Industrial processes with combustion
Agriculture and farming
Other transport and mobile machinery
Road transport
Non industrial combustion
Mg
PM10 National Emissions
Mg
AQ TRENDS SPAIN 2001-2012

10. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
ANNUAL PM10 AVERAGES

11. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
2003-2014 PM10 and PM1 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT: BARCELONA

12. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015

13. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
HARMONIZED 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT
1047 PM10 samples
1116 PM2.5 samples

14. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

15. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
PM10 (annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM10: 31-38% (ATH 23%)
1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3
- are the main causes: 21-29% (ATH 15%)
1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 8-11%
2. Regional OC and/or SO4
2- dominated pollution: 20-26% (POR-TR 10%)
3. Local dust : 10-19%
4. Biomass burning very relevant in POR & FI (14-16%), less in ATH (7%) and negligible in BCN
5. Industry BCN 11%, 4-5%, ATH <1%
6. Non traffic-NO3
- 6-8% (2% POR)
7. Shipping 4% in coastal sites
8. African dust ATH 14%, 1-4%
9. Sea salt POR 13%, 4-8%
10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 19-25%
PM2.5 (annual mean)
1. Road Traffic is the main source contributing to PM2.5: 28-39% (ATH 22%)
1.1. Vehicle exhaust + traffic related NO3
- are the main causes: 25-34% (ATH 17%)
1.2. Non-exhaust vehicle emissions are also relevant: 5-9% (BCN&FI 1-2%)
2. Regional OC and/or SO4
2- dominated pollution: 19-37% (POR 13%)
3. Local dust: POR 16%, 2-6%
4. Biomass burning very relevant in MLN, FI & POR (18-21%), less in ATH (10%) and negligible in BCN
5. Industry 5-12%, ATH <1%
6. Non traffic-NO3
- 3-6% (POR 1%)
7. Shipping 5-7% in coastal sites
8. African dust: ATH 6%, <1%
9. Sea salt POR 5%, <1-3%,
10. Anthropogenic dust (Local dust + Non exhaust) reaches 10-21%, BCN 7%, FI 4%
36-45% (ATH 15%)
30-34% (ATH 6%)
18-29% (ATH 3%, POR 6%)
BCN 19%, 2-6%
POR 27%, 1-4%
POR & FI (25-30%), ATH 1%, negligible in BCN
BCN 17%, <1-3%
BCN & FI 7-9% (1-2% POR & ATH)
3-4% in coastal sites
ATH 52%, 1%
ATH 7%, 1-3%
11-33%, ATH 4%
PM10 (days of exceedance)
32-42% (ATH 11%)
31-40% (ATH 10%)
1-7%
BCN & MLN 11-22%, 2-6%
POR 22%, 1-2%
POR, FI & MLN (26-33%), <2%
BCN 18%, <1-3%
BCN, FI & MLN 6-9% (1-3% POR & ATH)
6-10% in coastal sites
ATH 45%, 1%
<1%-1%
POR 15, 3-9%
PM2.5 (days of PM10 exceedance)

16. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF
ng/m3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
BCN-UB BCN-TRAFFPOR-TRAFF FI-UB MIL-UB ATH-SUB ATH-TRAFF
ng/m3
Levoglucosan
K
PM2.5
PM2.5
HARMONIZATION & OBTENTION OF 2013 PM10 & PM2.5 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT

17. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
BIOMASS BURNING PROFILES – BIOFUELS & APPLIANCES
Biomass fuels: Based on forest inventories and
information provided by the AIRUSE partners, wood
species widely used as biofuels in residential
combustion in Southern European
Biomass burning appliances

18. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015 18
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Fireplace Traditional
woodstove
Eco-labelled
woodstove
Pellet stove
mgMJ-1(drybasis)
x3 x12 x15
x5 x6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Pellet - type
I
Pellet - type
II
Pellet - type
III
Pellet - type
IV
Olive Pit Shell of Pine
Nuts
Almond
Shell
mgMJ-1(drybasis)
ENplus quality seal
50 mg MJ-1 in Denmark & Switzerland
35 mg MJ-1 wood fuels & 25 mg MJ-1 for pellets in Austria
27 mg MJ-1 in Germany
1 kg of biomass corresponds
with around 18 MJ
BIOMASS BURNING PM EMISSION FACTORS

19. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
Standards need to be established in the EU for elemental composition of commercial wood
pellets and chips to avoid the inclusion of extraneous materials. Only Germany has standards
containing extensive trace element limits.
BIOMASS BURNING PM EMISSION FACTORS

20. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
PM2.5 & BaP emission factors
nd – not detected; --- not determined
FIREPLACE
Softwood Hardwood Briquettes
g PM2.5 kg-1 biofuel 7.02 16.9 13.8
µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 260 475 31.4
TRADITIONAL WOODSTOVE
Softwood Hardwood Briquettes
g PM2.5 kg-1 biofuel 3.64 13.5 9.02
µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 46.7 322 85.3
ECO-LABELLED STOVE
Softwood Hardwood Briquettes
g PM10 kg-1 biofuel 1.12 2.06 ---
µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 1543 146 ---
PELLET STOVE
Pellets I Pellets II Pellets III Pellets IV Olive pit Shell of pine nuts Almond shell
g PM10 kg-1 biofuel 0.49 1.51 1.77 1.35 3.12 2.19 2.07
µg BaP kg-1 biofuel 4.43 nd nd 4.61 nd 17.2 9.19
BIOMASS BURNING PM EMISSION FACTORS

21. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
ROAD DUST LOADING IN EU
longitude
latitude
35
40
45
50
-10 0 10 20 30
rd
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Road dust
Loading (PM10)
mg/m2

22. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
URBAN ROAD (BARCELONA) INDUSTRIAL (CERAMIC) PAVED ROAD
UNPAVED ROAD
DUST RESUSPENSION ABATEMNET MEASURES
NANOPOLYMERS ON SANDY URBAN PARKS
CMA,
MgCl2
Water flushing

23. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
Source Location Dust
loading
Measure Dosage PM10
reduction
Notes on
measurement
Road dust
Urban
paved road
3-6
mg/m2
Street
washing
1
L/m2
7-10% on
a daily
mean
kerbside
CMA
15-20
g/m2 Negligible kerbside
MgCl2
15-20
g/m2 Negligible kerbside
Industrial
paved road
20-40
mg/m2
Street
washing
27
L/m2
18% on a
daily
mean
kerbside
CMA
30-60
g/m2
8% on a
daily
mean
kerbside
Industrial
unpaved
road
infinite
Street
washing
3.5
L/m2
>90% up
to 1 h
downwind
CMA
100
g/m2
Not
observed
downwind
Soil dust Public park infinite
Nano-
polymer
3
L/m2 -2.9 µg/m3 Inside the
park
DUST RESUSPENSION ABATEMNET MEASURES-RRCOMMENDATIONS

24. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
• Low emission zones (Claire Holman in this conference)
• Electric, hybrid and gas vehicles
• Diesel car/fuel taxation
• Vehicle Eco-efficiency
• NOx reduction technologies applied to traffic
• Dust suppressants
• Street washing
• Biomass burning abatement in Northern Europe
• Shipping abatement measures
• Interference and synergy of air quality and climate
REPORTS
ACTION B8
To be finished in the next months
REVIEW OF EFFICACY OF SPECIFIC MEASURES
http://airuse.eu/en/outreach-dissemination/reports/

25. Bristol, 22nd & 23rd October 2015
Thank you very much for your attention!!!
http://airuse.eu xavier.querol@idaea.csic.es
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
LIFE+ AIRUSE
Spain MAGRAMA, GenCat, Barcelona and Madrid City Councils
Italy ARPA-Lombardia, Regione Lombardia, Regional Government of Tuscany, ARPA Toscana
Portugal Porto City Council, North Regional Coord. & DeveloP. Comm. (CCDR-N)
Greece Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change
Spain M. Brritte Larka, A. Orio, M. Pallares, I. Hernández, A. Cristobal, E. Aulí
Portugal C. Figueiredo (CCDR-N); J. Monjardino (CENSE, Universidade Nova de Lisboa)
Italy F. Forni (Regione Toscana),
Greece M. Lazaridis y Athina Progiou (Proyecto ACEPT AIR)