1) The document describes an urban greenhouse gas monitoring program in the Greater Toronto Area of Canada, which has a population of over 7 million people and aims for ambitious emission reduction targets.
2) The program utilizes various atmospheric observation techniques including total column measurements from ground-based sites and mobile surveys to measure gases like CO2, CH4, and CO to better understand urban emissions.
3) Preliminary findings show the program can detect changes in atmospheric CO2 levels associated with reduced traffic and activity during COVID lockdowns, demonstrating its ability to track policy-driven emission changes over time.
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Progress in Emission Inve...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Progress in Emission Inventories of Pearl River Delta Region
presented by Dr Allen Zheng (South China University of Technology)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Progress in Emission Inve...Civic Exchange
Civic Exchange 2009 The Air We Breathe Conference - Experts Symposium 9 January 2009
Progress in Emission Inventories of Pearl River Delta Region
presented by Dr Allen Zheng (South China University of Technology)
http://air.dialogue.org.hk
Presentation by ICOS DG Werner Kutsch at the UNFCCC Earth Information Day in UN COP22 on Tue 8 November 2016.
See the Earth Information Day programme: http://unfccc.int/science/workstreams/items/9949.php
Using low cost particle sensors for characterisation of urban air pollution: ...IES / IAQM
A presentation from RTCA17, held on 24th-25th October 2017.
The production of low-cost air quality sensors is a fast growing field, which is offering exciting possibilities for the expert and non-expert alike. Their low cost brings the technology into the financial reach of non-professional communities, for example, schools and interested/concerned individuals. For the research and consultant communities, they bring the possibility of high-density spatial mapping. To be useful, these devices need quality assurance and quality checking (QA/QC) to be undertaken under environmental conditions relevant to their location of deployment. In this talk, Francis will discuss findings from field campaigns conducted in Birmingham, UK and Nairobi, Kenya using the Alphasense OPC-N2 optical particle counter for measuring PM10 and PM2.5. Overall, the OPC-N2 devices were found to measure accurately ambient airborne particle mass concentration provided they were correctly calibrated. Future applications and directions will be discussed.
Presented by Zuelclady M.F Araujo Gutierrez, IDOM, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 16th, 2020
Presented by Dadang Hilman (ICCC) on ICCC Coffee Morning on Climate Change series on Drivers of Forest Fires: Identification of Comprehensive Solution, April 15, 2014 at Indonesia National Council on Climate Change, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Pairing aermod concentrations with the 50th percentile monitored valueSergio A. Guerra
Presentation delivered to the Background Concentrations Workgroup for Air Dispersion Modeling organized by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. delivered on May 29, 2014. Three topics covered include 1) Screening monitoring data, 2) AERMOD’s time-space mismatch, and
3) Proposed 50th % Bkg Method
Presentation by ICOS DG Werner Kutsch at the UNFCCC Earth Information Day in UN COP22 on Tue 8 November 2016.
See the Earth Information Day programme: http://unfccc.int/science/workstreams/items/9949.php
Using low cost particle sensors for characterisation of urban air pollution: ...IES / IAQM
A presentation from RTCA17, held on 24th-25th October 2017.
The production of low-cost air quality sensors is a fast growing field, which is offering exciting possibilities for the expert and non-expert alike. Their low cost brings the technology into the financial reach of non-professional communities, for example, schools and interested/concerned individuals. For the research and consultant communities, they bring the possibility of high-density spatial mapping. To be useful, these devices need quality assurance and quality checking (QA/QC) to be undertaken under environmental conditions relevant to their location of deployment. In this talk, Francis will discuss findings from field campaigns conducted in Birmingham, UK and Nairobi, Kenya using the Alphasense OPC-N2 optical particle counter for measuring PM10 and PM2.5. Overall, the OPC-N2 devices were found to measure accurately ambient airborne particle mass concentration provided they were correctly calibrated. Future applications and directions will be discussed.
Presented by Zuelclady M.F Araujo Gutierrez, IDOM, at Online Workshop Capacity Building on the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement, FREL Diagnostic and Uncertainty Analysis, April 16th, 2020
Presented by Dadang Hilman (ICCC) on ICCC Coffee Morning on Climate Change series on Drivers of Forest Fires: Identification of Comprehensive Solution, April 15, 2014 at Indonesia National Council on Climate Change, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Pairing aermod concentrations with the 50th percentile monitored valueSergio A. Guerra
Presentation delivered to the Background Concentrations Workgroup for Air Dispersion Modeling organized by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. delivered on May 29, 2014. Three topics covered include 1) Screening monitoring data, 2) AERMOD’s time-space mismatch, and
3) Proposed 50th % Bkg Method
My presentation at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters on the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle (2 October 2017). I do not using present so detailed on the carbon cycle, so the slide deck is not that well developed. I mainly focused on aspects of uncertainty, and the interplay between the land sources and sinks.
Global Adipic Acid Market To Surpass US$ 12.12 Billion By 2025, Buoyed By Inc...Pareesh P
Adipic acid finds wide application in various industries such as electrical & electronics, automotive, consumer goods, wires & cables, packaging films & coatings, and appliances. Rampant growth of these end-use industries, in turn creates a highly conducive environment for growth of the adipic acid market.
https://www.coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/adipic-acid-market-318
At the UNFCCC COP20 in Lima Peru, WRI, C40 and ICLEI launch the first internationally accepted standard for measuring emissions at the city level. The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (GPC) empowers cities to accurately identify where their emissions are coming from, set credible and achievable reduction targets, and consistently track progress.
Similar to Vogel, Felix: Urban greenhouse gas monitoring in the Greater Toronto Region, Canada (20)
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
PRESENTATION ABOUT PRINCIPLE OF COSMATIC EVALUATION
Vogel, Felix: Urban greenhouse gas monitoring in the Greater Toronto Region, Canada
1. Urban greenhouse gas monitoring in the
Greater Toronto Region, Canada
S. Ars1, N. Mostafavipak1,2, S. Daymond1,
E. Chan1, D. Worthy1, D. Wunch2 and F. Vogel1
1Environment and Climate Change Canada
2University of Toronto
Special thanks to S. Racki for last-minute data processing
2. Why a testbed in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area?
In 2018 about 7 Million people lived in the Greater Toronto Area and the population is
predicted to rise to 8.5 Million in 2030 – it is the fastest growing metropolitan area in
US&CA, while pursuing ambitious greenhouse gas mitigation goals.
Transform TO emission reduction
targets compared to 1990
-30% in 2020
-65% in 2030
-80% in 2050
4. Introduction to the program – atmospheric observations
Lower-cost CO2 sensors
Photo: R. Cruz
Mobile survey platforms
Photos by Phillips and Cruz
Solar-tracking FTIRs
Photo by N. Pak
Tree core sampling
High-precision GHG instruments
In-situ sites are integrated in ECCC’s national GHG
monitoring network and ground-based remote sensing sites
are maintained in collaboration with UoToronto
Photo by C. Crann
5. Urban total column observing network of ECCC and UofT
Downsview site:
automated and
running
Also used as test
site for new
instruments
UofT Mississauga site:
manual operations
UofT Downtown site:
automated and runningUofT Scarborough site:
manual operations
6. XCH4 enhancements at downwind sites
Wind:
Total column values reflect larger scale footprints
XCH4 gradients/differences reflect local emission
Time in UTC Time in UTC
Mostafavipak et al. in review
7. Total Column Mixing Ratio Time Series at Downtown
Clear seasonality observed for all XGHGs
Short-term variability often related to meteorological conditions
Long-term observations will allow tracking trends in
atmospheric composition
Investigating co-emitted species can be valuable for source
apportionment in the future (XCO/XCO2).
Co-located in-situ observations to investigate impact of strong
difference in footprints.
U of Toronto – Downtown site
8. By subtracting 10 minute averaged XGas values from the
reference site (Downtown) we compute the anomalies for
each site.
DXCO2/DXCH4 and DXCO/DXCH4 values from different
pairs are consistent within the uncertainty levels and can
be used to estimate CH4 emissions when using reported
emissions from CO and CO2 from inventories.
Tracer-tracer ratio method
9. Previously: Methane fluxes in Toronto and urban methane enhancement trends
Atmospheric observation-based methods have identified discrepancies with activity-based emission reporting
Long-term monitoring allows to track the slow decrease in urban CH4 excess in Toronto
1900
1950
2000
2050
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
0
50
ObservedCH4(ppb)
Egbert (rural)
Downsview (urban)
UrbanexcessCH4(ppb)
Year
DCH4 trend: -1.4 ± 0.5 ppb a-1
10. Mobile surveys of atmospheric methane in and around Toronto
Photo: R. Cruz
Mobile survey platforms
Photos by Phillips and Cruz
Over 8000 km surveyed since 2018 using bike (UofT) and car platforms (ECCC)
Frequent revisits downtown, near major facilities and interesting natural sources
Ars et al. 2020 in review
40 km
11. *Bicycle mostly deployed downtown
Ars et al. 2020 in review
New category for smaller leaks introduced compared to previous studies in the US
Toronto has few leak indications (similar or better than cleanest US cities in previous studies)
Data seems to indicate that natural gas network leakage rates below the suggested provincial emission factors
Large leaks and point source facilities contribute significantly
Mobile surveys of atmospheric methane in and around Toronto
4 km
12. Quantification of methane emissions at facility level
Example: Keating Channel
Estimate: ~ 0.09 ± 0.03 Gg/yr
Reported: NA
Landfill emissions lower than expected from emission reporting
Natural gas transmission/compressor station emissions are very variable
Noticeable natural sources found related to rivers and lake Ontario
14. Tracking atmospheric CO2 enhancements during COVID lockdown
January 1, 2020 March 1, 2020 May 1, 2020 July 1, 2020
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
DVP Southbound
DVP Northbound
Gardiner Westbound
Gardiner Eastbound
Dailytrafficcounts
Regular Lockdown Recovery
15. Tracking atmospheric CO2 enhancements during COVID lockdown
2012-01-01 2012-04-01 2012-07-01 2012-10-01 2013-01-01
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
ChangeinurbanFFCO2enhancement(ppm)
Reference
Emission reduction target
30% traffic reduction
30% heating reduction
100% renewable energy
Semi-quantitative estimate of expected signalModelling impact on weekly DFFCO2 due to mitigation
0 20 40 60 80 100
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
ModelledchangeinDFFCO2(ppm)
Emission reduction from traffic (%)
January 1, 2020 March 1, 2020 May 1, 2020 July 1, 2020
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
DVP Southbound
DVP Northbound
Gardiner Westbound
Gardiner Eastbound
Dailytrafficcounts
Regular Lockdown Recovery
16. 2020-01-01 2020-03-01 2020-05-012020-03-20
0
30
60
90
2019-01-01 2019-03-01 2019-05-01
0
30
60
90
2018-01-01 2018-03-01 2018-05-01
0
30
60
90
CO2enhancement(ppm)
A B
Reference Mean Median
2020B to 2019B&2018B -3.8ppm -1.3ppm
2020A to 2020B -2.3ppm -1.3ppm
0
10
20
30
40
UrbanCO2enhancement(ppm)
2020B 2020A 2019B 2019A 2018B 2018A
We see a decrease in urban CO2 enhancements similar to the expected 1-2 ppm drop
However, we do need other indicators to ensure it is DFFCO2 that has changed
Tracking atmospheric CO2 enhancements during COVID lockdown
17. Lockdown (mid-March to mid-May) Recovery (mid-May to July)Regular (Jan to mid-March)
2020 2020 2020
CO2enhancement(ppm)
Tracking atmospheric CO2 enhancements during COVID lockdown
18. Regular
Clean air sector (NW) as well as sectors with strong urban influence (SW, SE) similar in 2019 and 2020
Atmospheric CO2 enhancements in 2020 vs. 2019
UrbanCO2enhancement(ppm)
19. Lockdown
Clean air sector (NW) remains similar. SW and SE show clear decrease compared to 2019
Atmospheric CO2 enhancements in 2020 vs. 2019
UrbanCO2enhancement(ppm)UrbanCO2enhancement(ppm)
20. Recovery
Clean air sector (NW) remains similar. SW and SE still show slight decrease compared to 2019
Atmospheric CO2 enhancements in 2020 vs. 2019
UrbanCO2enhancement(ppm)UrbanCO2enhancement(ppm)
21. Take home message
Urban (and subnational) greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation measures matter
=> science-based information has a role to play
Our testbed allows to experiment with new atmospheric monitoring techniques (observations & models) and identify
their value added as well as find new science questions (non-localized CH4 from waste, anthropogenic versus
natural processes, etc.)
Total column greenhouse gradients can be seen across Toronto and used to better understand atmospheric
composition changes as well as compared to satellite observations (OCO-2, OCO-3, GOSAT-2, maybe TROPOMI
in future?)
Mobile survey platforms have helped to better understand methane emissions in the region, which are fairly low
from natural gas infrastructure
Even short-term emission changes in CO2 seem to be detectable in atmospheric observations (COVID lockdown),
which is cause for optimism about our ability to track long-term changes due to policy-driven mitigation