Presentation by Dr James Tate, February 2016 http://futurepowertrains.co.uk www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.tate www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/groups/safety-and-technology/vems

1. Trends in Real Driving Emissions from
roadside measurements
Dr James Tate
Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK

2. CONTENTS
2
▶ Remote sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE)
 Method
 Verification
▶ Results 2015
▶ Effectiveness of Euro 6 /VI
 Passenger cars
+ Emission Factor estimation
+ NOX Emission contribution (%)
 LGVs
 HGVs
✘ Buses
▶ #dieselgate analysis
▶ Outlook

3. METHOD
3

4. Camera
(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector
(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser
(Common
Configurations)
Camera
(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector
(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser
(Common
Configurations)
REMOTE SENSING VEHICLE EMISSIONS
Surveying the vehicle fleet on the road
ESP RSD-4600 instrument (www.esp-global.com)
UV
IR

5. METHOD VERIFICATION
Speed & acceleration measurements
5
 Off carriage-way tests tracked vehicles (VBox: GPS, CAN bus)
 Repeated pass-bys

6. RESULTS | 2015
Speed & acceleration measurements
6
 Aberdeen campaign 2015:
 REMOTE SENSING
 10 survey days (08:00 – 18:00 hrs)
 25, 000 ‘valid’ measurements
 5 sites
 CARTRACKING
 Sample over 2-days
 VBox GPS, road speed (CAN Bus)
 160 kms

7. RESULTS | 2015
Speed & acceleration measurements
7
CAR TRACKING REMOTE SENSING
Time stationary = 26%
0 20 40 60 80 100
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Speed (km.h
1
)
Acceleration(m.sec
2
)
1
33
65
98
130
162
194
226
258
291
323
355
387
419
452
484
516
Counts
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Speed (km.h
1
)
Acceleration(m.sec
2
)
1
12
23
35
46
57
68
79
90
102
113
124
135
146
158
169
180
Counts

8. METHOD VERIFICATION
Inter-comparison of two Remote Sensing Devices
8

9. METHOD VERIFICATION
Calibration (audit) gas measurements
9
Distribution of the measurement distribution of a controlled gas mixture with known relative
abundances.The binned data shows the measurements with the solid line showing a Normal
distribution derived from the measured data (solid) and theoretical (dashed).

10. ETHOD
assenger cars | Estimation of Emission Factors
10
‫ܯܧ‬ ‫ܫ‬ܵܵ‫ܫ‬ܱܰ‫ݎܴܱ݃ܶܥܣܨ‬Ǥ݇݉ ିଵ
ோௌ஽ =
ܱܰ௑
‫ܱܥ‬ଶ ோௌ஽
×
‫ܱܥ‬ଶ
݇݉ ெ ஺ே௎
× ‫ݐܿ݁ݎݎ݋ܥ‬݅‫݊݋‬‫ݐܿܽܨ‬‫ݎ݋‬ ூ஼஼்
https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Impact-of-real-world-driving-emissions-for-UK-cars-and-vans.pdf
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Divergenceof‘real-world’from
manufacturers’type-approvalCO2(factor)
Year of first registration
Diesel
Petrol

11. PASSENGER CARS | NOX
Results Spring/ Summer 2015
11
aPetrol_E0
aPetrol_E1
aPetrol_E2
aPetrol_E3
aPetrol_E4
aPetrol_E5
aPetrol_E6
ax
bHybrid-Petrol_E4
bHybrid-Petrol_E5
bHybrid-Petrol_E6
bx
Diesel_E0
Diesel_E1
Diesel_E2
Diesel_E3
Diesel_E4
Diesel_E5
Diesel_E6
dx
zHybrid-Diesel_E5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
NOX(grams.km
1
)

12. PASSENGER CARS | NOX contributon
Results Spring/ Summer 2015
12
E0petrol
E1petrol
E2petrol
E3petrol
E4petrol
E5petrol
E6petrol
E0diesel
E1diesel
E2diesel
E3diesel
E4diesel
E5diesel
E6diesel
NOXcontribution(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
[0.00]
[0.09]
[1.36]
[8.95]
[19.58]
[22.92]
[1.97]
[0.00]
[0.00]
[0.22]
[3.31]
[12.15]
[27.55]
[1.90]

13. PASSENGER CARS | Euro 6
% of Passenger cars registered since Sept 2014 that are Euro 6
13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
MERCEDES
MINI
PORSCHE
BMW
AUDI
VOLKSWAGEN
FORD
VOLVO
HYUNDI
CITROEN
VAUXHALL
SEAT
PEUGEOT
SKODA
KIA
HONDA
JAGUAR
LANDROVER
MAZDA
NISSAN
TOYOTA
%EuroVI
Diesel Petrol

14. PASSENGER CARS | PM (opacity)
Results Spring/ Summer 2015
14
aPetrol_E0
aPetrol_E1
aPetrol_E2
aPetrol_E3
aPetrol_E4
aPetrol_E5
aPetrol_E6
ax
bHybrid-Petrol_E4
bHybrid-Petrol_E5
bHybrid-Petrol_E6
bx
Diesel_E0
Diesel_E1
Diesel_E2
Diesel_E3
Diesel_E4
Diesel_E5
Diesel_E6
dx
zHybrid-Diesel_E5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
PMIndex/CO2ratio

15. LGVs | NOX
Results Spring/ Summer 2015
15
Dieselcar_E2
Dieselcar_E3
Dieselcar_E4
Dieselcar_E5
Dieselcar_E6
LGV_N1-I_E2
LGV_N1-I_E3
LGV_N1-I_E4
LGV_N1-I_E5
LGV_N1-II_E2
LGV_N1-II_E3
LGV_N1-II_E4
LGV_N1-II_E5
LGV_N1-III_E2
LGV_N1-III_E3
LGV_N1-III_E4
LGV_N1-III_E5
0
50
100
150
200
NOX/CO2ratio*10000

16. LGVs | PM
Results Spring/ Summer 2015
16
Dieselcar_E2
Dieselcar_E3
Dieselcar_E4
Dieselcar_E5
Dieselcar_E6
LGV_N1-I_E2
LGV_N1-I_E3
LGV_N1-I_E4
LGV_N1-I_E5
LGV_N1-II_E2
LGV_N1-II_E3
LGV_N1-II_E4
LGV_N1-II_E5
LGV_N1-III_E2
LGV_N1-III_E3
LGV_N1-III_E4
LGV_N1-III_E5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
PMIndex/CO2ratio

17. HGVs | NOX
Results Spring/ Summer 2015
17
Artic_E2
Artic_E3
Artic_E4
Artic_E5
Artic_E6
Rigid_E2
Rigid_E3
Rigid_E4
Rigid_E5
Rigid_E6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
NOX/CO2ratio*10000

18. HGVs | NOX
Corroboration TfL data
18
aN2rigid0%load
aN3rigid0%load
bN2rigid100%load
bN3rigid100%load
cRSDrigid
dN3artic0%load
dN3artic100%load
zRSDartic
0
20
40
60
80
NOX/CO2ratio*10000
https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/In-
service%20emissions%20performance%20of%20Euro%206VI%20vehicles%20WEBSITE%20COPY.pdf

19. #DIESELGATE
Euro 5 2.0-litre diesel cars with EA189 engine
19
#AUDI
#SEAT
#SKODA
#VOLKSWAGEN
OTHERS
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
NOX(grams.km
1
)
DIESEL
Euro V Standard
OTHERS:
2.0-litre diesel engines
from other Marques
e.g.
BMW
FORD
KIA
TOYOTA
VAUXHALL

20. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0.00.51.01.52.0
Year of registration
NOX(grams.km
1
)
Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI
Emission standard
#DIESELGATE
NOX emissions by marque Year of 1st registration

21. #DIESELGATE
NOX emissions of common marques models
Euro Standard
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
AUDI
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
BMW FORD
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
LANDROVER MERCEDES
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
PEUGEOT SKODA
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
VAUXHALL VOLKSWAGEN
Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
VOLVO

22. OUTLOOK
22

23. 23