The document provides an executive project report for an 8.5MW waste-to-energy power plant in Gudur Village, Andhra Pradesh, India. The plant will utilize 600 tons per day of municipal solid waste to generate electricity. The report includes details on the characteristics of municipal solid waste in Indian cities, the technology that will be used to convert the waste into refuse derived fuel (RDF) fluff and then generate steam and power. It also provides financial details of the project such as the estimated costs, means of financing, projected profitability, and other financial metrics.
This document discusses rotating biological contactors (RBCs), which are fixed film, aerobic biological reactors used for wastewater treatment. RBCs use rotating discs to bring wastewater into contact with oxygen and microorganisms to reduce organic matter. Key parameters that control RBC performance include organic and hydraulic loading rates, biomass levels, disc speed, dissolved oxygen, staging, temperature, and disc submergence. Design considerations for RBCs include using multiple treatment stages, corrugated discs to maximize surface area, and hydraulic retention times of 0.7-1.5 hours. RBCs have advantages of simple operation, low energy use, and process stability, but lack flexibility and can be sensitive to
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Treatment of SewageAravind Samala
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE BASED ON UASB PROCESS. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process (UASB),was developed by Lettinga and his co-workers in Holland in the early 1970's
Anaerobic granular sludge bed technology refers to a special kind of reactor concept for the "high rate" anaerobic treatment of wastewater.
The major objectives of the UASB process is:
Pre sedimentation anaerobic wastewater treatment and final sedimentation including sludge stabilization are essentially combined in one reactor making it most attractive high-rate wastewater treatment option.
To produce by products like Methane enriched biogas and nutrient rich sludge.
Waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The main goal is to conserve resources that are being depleted due to rising population and consumption. The document discusses India's municipal solid waste management challenges including the amounts and types of waste generated, health impacts, and management processes like collection, segregation, recycling, composting, and landfilling. It provides statistics on the amounts of waste generated and processed in India as well as the projected increases in waste if no action is taken.
BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE BY UWAMOSE MARTINUwamose MNO
This presentation discusses biogas production from agricultural waste. It begins by defining waste and biogas, noting that biogas is a renewable energy source produced from recycled waste materials. Agricultural waste includes organic and non-organic materials from farming and can account for over 30% of agricultural productivity. Examples of agricultural wastes used for biogas production are pineapple peels, plantain peels, and cassava peels. The presentation then explains that biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials like biomass, manure, and municipal waste in the absence of oxygen. It concludes by outlining some uses of biogas for heating, power generation, as a vehicle fuel, and in industry, as well
introduction to the biological treatment of waste water. Part 2 will be uploaded soon. this set of slides will explain primary treatment and activated sludge system. this is for education usage only. not for any commercial use.
Nature of agricultural waste and their impact on environmentASHISHH SHARMA
The document discusses different types of agricultural waste and their impacts on the environment. It defines agricultural waste as non-product outputs from agricultural production and processing that have less economic value than the cost of reuse or disposal. Main types are animal waste, food processing waste, and crop waste. Agricultural waste impacts the environment through water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides washing into water sources, air pollution from livestock waste, and increased disease risk. If not properly managed, crop residues can also cause fires and decrease soil quality.
This document contains information about waste sorting and recycling. It includes charts showing the types of waste people commonly place in different colored recycling bins. It also lists reasons for recycling like a cleaner environment and conserving resources. The document aims to educate about proper waste sorting.
This document discusses rotating biological contactors (RBCs), which are fixed film, aerobic biological reactors used for wastewater treatment. RBCs use rotating discs to bring wastewater into contact with oxygen and microorganisms to reduce organic matter. Key parameters that control RBC performance include organic and hydraulic loading rates, biomass levels, disc speed, dissolved oxygen, staging, temperature, and disc submergence. Design considerations for RBCs include using multiple treatment stages, corrugated discs to maximize surface area, and hydraulic retention times of 0.7-1.5 hours. RBCs have advantages of simple operation, low energy use, and process stability, but lack flexibility and can be sensitive to
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Treatment of SewageAravind Samala
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE BASED ON UASB PROCESS. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process (UASB),was developed by Lettinga and his co-workers in Holland in the early 1970's
Anaerobic granular sludge bed technology refers to a special kind of reactor concept for the "high rate" anaerobic treatment of wastewater.
The major objectives of the UASB process is:
Pre sedimentation anaerobic wastewater treatment and final sedimentation including sludge stabilization are essentially combined in one reactor making it most attractive high-rate wastewater treatment option.
To produce by products like Methane enriched biogas and nutrient rich sludge.
Waste management involves the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The main goal is to conserve resources that are being depleted due to rising population and consumption. The document discusses India's municipal solid waste management challenges including the amounts and types of waste generated, health impacts, and management processes like collection, segregation, recycling, composting, and landfilling. It provides statistics on the amounts of waste generated and processed in India as well as the projected increases in waste if no action is taken.
BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE BY UWAMOSE MARTINUwamose MNO
This presentation discusses biogas production from agricultural waste. It begins by defining waste and biogas, noting that biogas is a renewable energy source produced from recycled waste materials. Agricultural waste includes organic and non-organic materials from farming and can account for over 30% of agricultural productivity. Examples of agricultural wastes used for biogas production are pineapple peels, plantain peels, and cassava peels. The presentation then explains that biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials like biomass, manure, and municipal waste in the absence of oxygen. It concludes by outlining some uses of biogas for heating, power generation, as a vehicle fuel, and in industry, as well
introduction to the biological treatment of waste water. Part 2 will be uploaded soon. this set of slides will explain primary treatment and activated sludge system. this is for education usage only. not for any commercial use.
Nature of agricultural waste and their impact on environmentASHISHH SHARMA
The document discusses different types of agricultural waste and their impacts on the environment. It defines agricultural waste as non-product outputs from agricultural production and processing that have less economic value than the cost of reuse or disposal. Main types are animal waste, food processing waste, and crop waste. Agricultural waste impacts the environment through water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides washing into water sources, air pollution from livestock waste, and increased disease risk. If not properly managed, crop residues can also cause fires and decrease soil quality.
This document contains information about waste sorting and recycling. It includes charts showing the types of waste people commonly place in different colored recycling bins. It also lists reasons for recycling like a cleaner environment and conserving resources. The document aims to educate about proper waste sorting.
Sludge thickening is an important process in wastewater treatment that increases the concentration of solids and decreases free water. This minimizes downstream processing requirements. There are various sludge thickening methods, including gravity thickening, centrifugal thickening, flotation thickening, belt thickening, dissolved air flotation, and rotary drum thickening. Each method concentrates sludge solids using different techniques like sedimentation, centrifugal force, or filtration to remove water. Proper sludge thickening is crucial for efficiently treating solid waste from sewage.
Tertiary treatment is needed to further treat effluents beyond secondary treatment levels before discharge or reuse. It aims to remove additional contaminants like nutrients, pathogens, toxins, and dissolved solids. Common tertiary treatments include nutrient removal processes like nitrification/denitrification, ion exchange, and membrane technologies such as reverse osmosis. Phosphorus removal can be achieved through physical filtration, chemical precipitation, or biological enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Ammonia removal is typically done through air stripping or biological nitrification followed by denitrification. The document provides details on various tertiary treatment processes and their operating mechanisms.
This document presents information about bioplastics. It begins with an introduction stating that bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources and are biodegradable, providing an alternative way to reduce synthetic plastic and create a more eco-friendly environment. The production of bioplastics is discussed briefly, along with their life cycle. Bioplastics are then compared to conventional plastics, noting bioplastics are more sustainable and eco-friendly as they use less energy in production and do not harm the environment. Examples of bioplastic products currently used are provided. The advantages of bioplastics over conventional plastics are listed, such as being renewable, degrading faster, and having lower carbon and energy footprints.
Plasma gasification of solid waste into fuelDivya Gupta
The document discusses challenges and opportunities related to solid waste management. Global solid waste is projected to double by 2025, with India generating 100,000 metric tons per day. This waste can be used to generate energy. Plasma gasification is highlighted as a unique opportunity to mitigate waste challenges by converting waste into syngas and vitrified slag at very high temperatures without greenhouse gas emissions. It produces more electricity per ton of waste than other waste-to-energy methods like incineration and gasification. The document then provides details on the plasma gasification process and its advantages over other waste treatment options.
The document discusses sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for wastewater treatment. SBRs perform the stages of treatment - equalization, biological treatment, and clarification - sequentially in a single tank. Key advantages are that SBRs require less space than traditional systems using separate tanks for each stage, and can achieve high removal rates of various pollutants. The SBR process involves repeated fill, react, settle, decant, and idle phases in the single tank reactor.
The document discusses waste water treatment. It defines sewage and its classes. Sewage contains domestic and industrial waste waters. Treatment is necessary to prevent hazards and pollution. Methods include single dwelling unit treatment with septic tanks and municipal treatment processes. The municipal process involves primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological methods like activated sludge to reduce organic compounds, and sludge processing. Activated sludge treatment uses aeration of sewage to form flocs to oxidize organic matter. The sludge is further treated through anaerobic digestion or composting.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
This document discusses the treatment and disposal of textile effluents. It begins by defining effluent and sludge. It then discusses various characteristics that determine the nature of textile effluents, such as pH, temperature, suspended solids, etc. It outlines the main pollution problems in the textile industry including color, dissolved solids, toxic metals, and other organic pollutants. It also categorizes waste generated in the textile industry and describes the various processes involved in textile effluent treatment, including primary treatment techniques like screening, sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment methods like activated sludge process and aerated lagoons.
Project report on municipal solid waste management MDZAFARHASIB
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining municipal solid waste and providing an overview of the solid waste management scenario in developing nations like India. It then outlines the typical steps involved in solid waste management - collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal. Specific technologies and methods used at each step are described. The document also reviews initiatives and technologies adopted in India for solid waste management. It concludes by discussing literature on the topic and characteristics of municipal solid waste.
The document discusses anaerobic digestion, which is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. It occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The document outlines the stages and factors that affect the anaerobic digestion process, such as temperature, pH, nutrients, mixing, and seeding. Anaerobic digestion produces methane gas and reduces volatile solids in sludge while advantages include using the biogas as fuel and easier dewatering of the treated sludge. However, it also has disadvantages like needing constant supervision and being difficult to control.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
The document discusses biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. It describes how phosphorus enters wastewater from human and industrial sources. Phosphorus needs to be removed to prevent eutrophication in natural water bodies. The process relies on microorganisms called phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that uptake phosphorus under aerobic conditions. PAOs store phosphorus inside their cells under aerobic conditions. They release phosphorus from their cells and take up organic carbon sources under anaerobic conditions. Alternating anaerobic and aerobic zones in wastewater treatment systems selects for growth of PAOs, resulting in removal of phosphorus from wastewater.
The document provides an overview of moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) for wastewater treatment. It discusses the history and introduction of MBBR technology, key designing parameters such as media size and surface area, and operating parameters like retention times and loading rates. An example design for a 600 cubic meter per day MBBR wastewater treatment plant is presented, outlining the treatment process flow including aeration, settling, and disinfection. Finally, the document reviews a paper comparing the treatment performance of MBBR versus conventional activated sludge systems.
This presentation discusses textile sludge management. It will cover textile sludge, how it is produced, its characteristics, and treatment processes. The presentation also explores reuse options for textile sludge, such as incorporating it into cement and concrete as a substitute for regular aggregates, using it to manufacture bricks, and employing activated sludge processes to induce microbial growth and further treat wastewater. The conclusion emphasizes that sludge is inherently produced from wastewater treatment and that further research into additional reuse methods is needed.
Deals with the biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, Nitrification-denitrification removal of nitrogen, and Phosphate accumulating organisms and poly-hydroxibutirate in the phosphorus removal.
This document presents information on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. It discusses that the UASB technology was developed in the 1970s to treat industrial and sewage wastewater using anaerobic digestion. The key factors affecting UASB reactor performance are identified as organic loading rate, nutrients, hydraulic retention time, volatile fatty acids, operational temperature, and operational pH. Advantages of UASB reactors include high efficiency, simplicity, flexibility, low space and energy requirements, and low sludge production, while disadvantages include low pathogen/nutrient removal, long start-up times, potential for odors, and need for post-treatment.
Design of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment PlantARUN KUMAR
This document provides details on the design of a 210 million liter per day sewage treatment plant. It discusses the need for the plant to treat sewage and prevent pollution. It then describes the three main stages of sewage treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves removing solids and debris. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms to break down dissolved organic matter. Tertiary treatment further polishes the water with methods like filtration and chlorination before discharge.
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing CountriesQazi Maaz Arshad
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining waste and providing classifications of waste based on source and type. It then outlines the key steps in municipal solid waste management systems, including waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing, recovery, and disposal. Several factors that affect municipal solid waste management are also discussed. The document then provides an overview of the current scenario of municipal solid waste management in India, challenges faced, key stakeholders, and policies and initiatives implemented by the Indian government. It concludes by comparing municipal solid waste management approaches between developed, developing, and least developed countries.
This presentation describes about the various source of solid waste geeration its types and also the need for solid waste management and Hazardous Waste Management.
The document proposes a waste to energy industrial complex that would provide recycling solutions, environmental cleanup, renewable energy production, and other economic and social benefits. The complex would include a recycling sort plant and a waste to energy gasification plant that converts municipal solid waste into renewable syngas and electricity. It claims the complex could be a self-sustaining profitable operation that would create jobs and economic development while reducing pollution and landfill waste.
Household waste disposal behavior of Varanasi CityPraveensb6
this project report entitled Household waste disposal behavior of Varanasi City will tell you about the behavior towards household waste disposal of varanasi resident of Rathyatra locality
Sludge thickening is an important process in wastewater treatment that increases the concentration of solids and decreases free water. This minimizes downstream processing requirements. There are various sludge thickening methods, including gravity thickening, centrifugal thickening, flotation thickening, belt thickening, dissolved air flotation, and rotary drum thickening. Each method concentrates sludge solids using different techniques like sedimentation, centrifugal force, or filtration to remove water. Proper sludge thickening is crucial for efficiently treating solid waste from sewage.
Tertiary treatment is needed to further treat effluents beyond secondary treatment levels before discharge or reuse. It aims to remove additional contaminants like nutrients, pathogens, toxins, and dissolved solids. Common tertiary treatments include nutrient removal processes like nitrification/denitrification, ion exchange, and membrane technologies such as reverse osmosis. Phosphorus removal can be achieved through physical filtration, chemical precipitation, or biological enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Ammonia removal is typically done through air stripping or biological nitrification followed by denitrification. The document provides details on various tertiary treatment processes and their operating mechanisms.
This document presents information about bioplastics. It begins with an introduction stating that bioplastics are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources and are biodegradable, providing an alternative way to reduce synthetic plastic and create a more eco-friendly environment. The production of bioplastics is discussed briefly, along with their life cycle. Bioplastics are then compared to conventional plastics, noting bioplastics are more sustainable and eco-friendly as they use less energy in production and do not harm the environment. Examples of bioplastic products currently used are provided. The advantages of bioplastics over conventional plastics are listed, such as being renewable, degrading faster, and having lower carbon and energy footprints.
Plasma gasification of solid waste into fuelDivya Gupta
The document discusses challenges and opportunities related to solid waste management. Global solid waste is projected to double by 2025, with India generating 100,000 metric tons per day. This waste can be used to generate energy. Plasma gasification is highlighted as a unique opportunity to mitigate waste challenges by converting waste into syngas and vitrified slag at very high temperatures without greenhouse gas emissions. It produces more electricity per ton of waste than other waste-to-energy methods like incineration and gasification. The document then provides details on the plasma gasification process and its advantages over other waste treatment options.
The document discusses sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for wastewater treatment. SBRs perform the stages of treatment - equalization, biological treatment, and clarification - sequentially in a single tank. Key advantages are that SBRs require less space than traditional systems using separate tanks for each stage, and can achieve high removal rates of various pollutants. The SBR process involves repeated fill, react, settle, decant, and idle phases in the single tank reactor.
The document discusses waste water treatment. It defines sewage and its classes. Sewage contains domestic and industrial waste waters. Treatment is necessary to prevent hazards and pollution. Methods include single dwelling unit treatment with septic tanks and municipal treatment processes. The municipal process involves primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological methods like activated sludge to reduce organic compounds, and sludge processing. Activated sludge treatment uses aeration of sewage to form flocs to oxidize organic matter. The sludge is further treated through anaerobic digestion or composting.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy. Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW); construction and demolition (C&D) debris; agricultural waste, such as crop silage and livestock manure; industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills, or other facilities; and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills.
This document discusses the treatment and disposal of textile effluents. It begins by defining effluent and sludge. It then discusses various characteristics that determine the nature of textile effluents, such as pH, temperature, suspended solids, etc. It outlines the main pollution problems in the textile industry including color, dissolved solids, toxic metals, and other organic pollutants. It also categorizes waste generated in the textile industry and describes the various processes involved in textile effluent treatment, including primary treatment techniques like screening, sedimentation, and secondary biological treatment methods like activated sludge process and aerated lagoons.
Project report on municipal solid waste management MDZAFARHASIB
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining municipal solid waste and providing an overview of the solid waste management scenario in developing nations like India. It then outlines the typical steps involved in solid waste management - collection, transportation, recycling, treatment and disposal. Specific technologies and methods used at each step are described. The document also reviews initiatives and technologies adopted in India for solid waste management. It concludes by discussing literature on the topic and characteristics of municipal solid waste.
The document discusses anaerobic digestion, which is the decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen. It occurs in four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The document outlines the stages and factors that affect the anaerobic digestion process, such as temperature, pH, nutrients, mixing, and seeding. Anaerobic digestion produces methane gas and reduces volatile solids in sludge while advantages include using the biogas as fuel and easier dewatering of the treated sludge. However, it also has disadvantages like needing constant supervision and being difficult to control.
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
The document discusses biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. It describes how phosphorus enters wastewater from human and industrial sources. Phosphorus needs to be removed to prevent eutrophication in natural water bodies. The process relies on microorganisms called phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that uptake phosphorus under aerobic conditions. PAOs store phosphorus inside their cells under aerobic conditions. They release phosphorus from their cells and take up organic carbon sources under anaerobic conditions. Alternating anaerobic and aerobic zones in wastewater treatment systems selects for growth of PAOs, resulting in removal of phosphorus from wastewater.
The document provides an overview of moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) for wastewater treatment. It discusses the history and introduction of MBBR technology, key designing parameters such as media size and surface area, and operating parameters like retention times and loading rates. An example design for a 600 cubic meter per day MBBR wastewater treatment plant is presented, outlining the treatment process flow including aeration, settling, and disinfection. Finally, the document reviews a paper comparing the treatment performance of MBBR versus conventional activated sludge systems.
This presentation discusses textile sludge management. It will cover textile sludge, how it is produced, its characteristics, and treatment processes. The presentation also explores reuse options for textile sludge, such as incorporating it into cement and concrete as a substitute for regular aggregates, using it to manufacture bricks, and employing activated sludge processes to induce microbial growth and further treat wastewater. The conclusion emphasizes that sludge is inherently produced from wastewater treatment and that further research into additional reuse methods is needed.
Deals with the biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, Nitrification-denitrification removal of nitrogen, and Phosphate accumulating organisms and poly-hydroxibutirate in the phosphorus removal.
This document presents information on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. It discusses that the UASB technology was developed in the 1970s to treat industrial and sewage wastewater using anaerobic digestion. The key factors affecting UASB reactor performance are identified as organic loading rate, nutrients, hydraulic retention time, volatile fatty acids, operational temperature, and operational pH. Advantages of UASB reactors include high efficiency, simplicity, flexibility, low space and energy requirements, and low sludge production, while disadvantages include low pathogen/nutrient removal, long start-up times, potential for odors, and need for post-treatment.
Design of 210 Mld Sewage Treatment PlantARUN KUMAR
This document provides details on the design of a 210 million liter per day sewage treatment plant. It discusses the need for the plant to treat sewage and prevent pollution. It then describes the three main stages of sewage treatment - primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves removing solids and debris. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms to break down dissolved organic matter. Tertiary treatment further polishes the water with methods like filtration and chlorination before discharge.
Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing CountriesQazi Maaz Arshad
This document discusses municipal solid waste management in developing countries. It begins by defining waste and providing classifications of waste based on source and type. It then outlines the key steps in municipal solid waste management systems, including waste generation, storage, collection, transport, processing, recovery, and disposal. Several factors that affect municipal solid waste management are also discussed. The document then provides an overview of the current scenario of municipal solid waste management in India, challenges faced, key stakeholders, and policies and initiatives implemented by the Indian government. It concludes by comparing municipal solid waste management approaches between developed, developing, and least developed countries.
This presentation describes about the various source of solid waste geeration its types and also the need for solid waste management and Hazardous Waste Management.
The document proposes a waste to energy industrial complex that would provide recycling solutions, environmental cleanup, renewable energy production, and other economic and social benefits. The complex would include a recycling sort plant and a waste to energy gasification plant that converts municipal solid waste into renewable syngas and electricity. It claims the complex could be a self-sustaining profitable operation that would create jobs and economic development while reducing pollution and landfill waste.
Household waste disposal behavior of Varanasi CityPraveensb6
this project report entitled Household waste disposal behavior of Varanasi City will tell you about the behavior towards household waste disposal of varanasi resident of Rathyatra locality
The document introduces several new building construction products from UltraTech Cement including waterproofing, plastering, jointing, and grouting materials. Key features and test results showing the performance advantages of these products over traditional alternatives are provided. These include greater strength, reduced curing times, higher coverage rates, and less wastage. Product specifications, pricing, and coverage details are also included.
Hello every one,
Here we attach our project report about processing of waste plastics and convert them in to useful form of energy.
here follows a video guide of our project on youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hFbNdWyPDo
This document provides information about a student project on designing a solar energy system. It includes the names and locations of the five students in the group and their faculty guide. It then covers various canvases used in the design process, including storyboarding, AEIOU analysis, ideation, and product development. The storyboarding canvas explores potential users and activities. The AEIOU analysis outlines the environment, interactions, objects, activities, and users. The ideation canvas generates possible solutions based on activities, contexts, and people. Finally, the product development canvas details the product experience, features, functions, components, and target users.
A City with a Soul... growing smartly (CIS) | Amman InstituteAmman Institute
The document discusses Amman, Jordan's Corridor Intensification Strategy. It aims to accommodate higher density development within established corridors to complement Amman's vision of a livable city with a soul that grows smartly. The strategy's objective is to concentrate growth along major corridors in a way that enhances urban design at a human scale and transitions appropriately between neighborhoods. It analyzes corridors, proposes density increases, and outlines the development process to achieve the city's growth projections in a sustainable manner.
This document discusses worldwide consumption and waste problems and proposes a solution using LTC technology. It notes that consumption is increasing rapidly worldwide, leading to issues like increased pollution from mass production, urbanization, and energy demands. Waste is also a growing global problem, with garbage covering the planet and each person producing half a ton per year. The proposed solution is the LTC (Low Temperature Conversion) technology, which can convert any organic waste into recyclable materials and renewable energy through a thermocatalytic process without combustion at temperatures below 650 degrees Celsius. This process avoids pollution, replaces fossil fuels, reduces emissions, and increases energy production efficiency compared to conventional plants.
Waste management is an important part of any sustainable future. In this report we present our views on Sustainable Futures for India from a waste management perspective.
-- We research and present our findings on why waste management is becoming increasingly important for India.
-- Who are the stakeholders involved in waste management? What happens to our waste - lifecycle of our waste.
-- We explore global trends in waste management and present innovative uses of waste from around the world.
-- Finally, we come down to the biggest challenges that India faces in waste management.
-- We identify two key pressing issues and propose innovative solutions for the same.
Industrial waste refers to solid, liquid and gaseous emissions from industrial operations that are hazardous due to being corrosive, reactive, toxic and leading to pollution. Industrial waste can be reduced through recycling, treatment and more eco-friendly manufacturing methods. Waste management involves collecting, transporting, processing, disposing and monitoring all waste materials to reduce health and environmental impacts. Common waste management methods include landfilling, incineration, recycling, and biological reprocessing to recover organic materials. The goal of resource recovery is to delay consumption of natural resources by shifting from waste management to recycling and reusing materials.
The document discusses UNEP's 3-year project to convert waste plastics into fuel in order to address the growing problem of plastic waste. The project aims to build local capacity to identify appropriate waste plastic conversion technologies, assess feasibility, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Three cities - Nakhon Ratchasima, Phitsanulok, and Cebu Municipality - participated in pilot projects to convert waste plastics into pellets, liquid fuel, and solid fuel respectively. The project also produced guidelines on plastic waste assessment and identified appropriate conversion technologies.
Use of Waste Materials As a replacement of Coarse Aggregate in Concrete MixNitin Yadav
The document discusses the use of waste materials in concrete. It outlines the objectives of reducing waste and finding alternative materials for construction. Three waste materials are examined: e-waste, rubber tire waste, and coconut shell waste. Their properties like water absorption and specific gravity are tested. Previous research on using these wastes in concrete is summarized. Experiments are described to determine properties of materials. A concrete mix design is provided with the goal of achieving 25MPa compressive strength. The document aims to explore sustainable and economical use of waste in construction materials.
Seminar on conversion of plastic wastes into fuelsPadam Yadav
This document summarizes the process of converting plastic wastes into fuels through catalytic pyrolysis. Plastic wastes are subjected to heat in the presence of a calcium carbide catalyst. This results in the breakdown of the plastic polymers into liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Testing showed the liquid fuels obtained met standards for gasoline, diesel and kerosene. When used in a diesel engine, the plastic fuel provided similar performance to diesel fuel. The process provides a feasible way to convert the 1 billion tons of annual plastic waste generated into useful fuels while reducing environmental impacts.
The document discusses using plasma torch technology to dispose of municipal and industrial waste in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Plasma torch technology uses an ionized gas heated to extreme temperatures to break down waste on a molecular level into gases like CO, H2, and CO2 while melting inorganic waste. It would reduce waste volume and produce a stable non-toxic glass material. However, plasma torch technology is more expensive than traditional disposal methods and would require a larger financial investment and environmental permits.
Developing Solar Projects under REC Mechanism in IndiaBhargav Parmar
Instead of signing MoU, PPA, submitting performance bank guarantee etc for 25 years or participating in cut throat bidding process (project is viable only to module manufacturers for the rate it can be achieved), I suggest to develop the solar project under REC Mechanism, as for selling the power through average exchange rate and realizing the mean value of REC rate for first five years and half of the floor price for next 5 years, yields levellised rate of Rs.10.536*. [Solar Tariff in Gujarat: Rs. 9.28 for project commissioned up to 2013, Rs. 8.63 for project commissioned up to 2014 and Rs. 8.03 for project commissioned up to 2015].
Even if REC floor price is reduced by half for next 5 years and NIL thereafter, developing the project under REC and selling the power through Energy Exchange, would yield rate of Rs.9.647 which is more than maximum rate of NVVN against cost of generation not more than Rs.6.50. [NVVN is the nodal agency of NTPC for procuring solar power to meet their REC requirement. In the 1st phase NVVN finalized bid for 150 MW Solar Projects and in latest bid for 350 MW Solar Projects. In the latest NVVN bid the price offer for solar power projects were minimum Rs.7.49 and maximum Rs.9.44]
The document discusses India's national energy sector development and planning. It provides statistics on energy generation, installed capacity, and capacity addition in India from April-December 2019 and through 2027. Key points include:
- Thermal power accounts for over 70% of energy generation while renewable sources including solar, wind and biomass make up around 10%.
- India has set a target of achieving 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 including 100 GW of solar and 60 GW of wind.
- The presentation outlines various policy initiatives and transmission planning to support achieving this renewable energy target.
- Flexible operation of thermal power plants will be necessary to integrate increasing renewable energy on the grid.
CDM Potential of Renewable Energy Technologies in IndiaPallav Purohit
This document summarizes the potential for renewable energy technologies to generate carbon credits through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in India. It outlines India's estimated potential for various renewable technologies like solar, wind, biomass and small hydro. It also estimates the annual CDM potential in terms of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) that could be generated from each technology by 2020 and 2030. The document concludes that India's total estimated annual CER generation potential from renewable energy technologies could reach over 500 million tonnes per year through the CDM.
The document summarizes Morocco's national context and energy sector, including its national program for renewable energy and energy efficiency development. It outlines Morocco's goals of securing energy supply, universal access, and increasing the share of renewables to 10% by 2012. It then discusses specific renewable programs, including developing solar water heaters (SWHs) through the PROMASOL market development program. PROMASOL aims to install 100,000 m2 of SWHs over 4 years through quality certification, promotion, and financial support mechanisms like leasing. The program has helped install over 150,000 m2 of collectors to date.
This document discusses India's energy sector and initiatives to improve efficiency. It notes that India's economy has grown rapidly at around 9% annually in recent years, driving strong growth in electricity demand. To meet this demand, India plans large additions of new coal, hydro, nuclear and renewable generating capacity. Initiatives to improve existing plants include renovations to enhance efficiency, as well as policies to promote clean coal technologies, ultra-mega power projects, and increasing the share of hydro and renewable energy. The document outlines India's capacity targets through 2032 to support ongoing economic growth in a sustainable manner.
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Analysis of Boiler Performance with HBS, Variation of Boiler Loads and Excess...ijtsrd
The fundamental intention of this review is to recognize greatest energy misfortune regions in any nuclear energy plants and produce an arrangement to decrease them utilizing exergy investigation. For this examination, direct energy estimation of the general plant and decide the efficiencies and energy misfortunes of the relative multitude of important portions of the nuclear energy plant. Then, at that point, discover those regions where energy misfortunes are happening most extreme and afterward altered it for productive and compelling improvement in nuclear energy plant. The review was done at Thermal power station of Vardhman Yarns at Mandideep and evaporator segment of nuclear energy station is considered with the end area of exergy investigation. The kettle of a power plant is the best segment in taking out exergy. The outcomes shows that heater misfortunes and kettle productivity relies upon evaporator burden and level of overabundance air. The current examination show consequences of 30 mw power plant. Tests were led utilizing 0 , 20 , 30 and 40 of overabundance air and 60 , 65 , 70 , 75 , 80 , 85 , 90 , 95 , 100 evaporator loads. In the current examination kettle house gives the best outcomes at 0 abundance air with greatest heater load similar to the evaporator effectiveness 86.7 are concerned. With 0 abundance air the evaporator productivity is viewed as greatest 86.7 , which gives least hotness misfortune. Manu Sengar | Dr. Shyam Birla "Analysis of Boiler Performance with HBS, Variation of Boiler Loads and Excess Air" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49193.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/49193/analysis-of-boiler-performance-with-hbs-variation-of-boiler-loads-and-excess-air/manu-sengar
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Status of US CCS projects and data availableIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes NETL's modeling of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. It discusses NETL's analysis of CCS technology costs and performance based on their engineering models. It also reviews the results of energy system modeling using these cost and performance assumptions, with and without the success of DOE's CCS research goals. The modeling shows little CCS deployment without research success, but large-scale deployment of coal and gas CCS technologies if research goals are met to reduce costs.
The document summarizes India's solar power sector as of November 2012. It details India's total installed power capacity breakdown which includes 25,858 MW from renewable sources. Solar power capacity reached 1,044 MW, a growth from 3 MW in 2008-09. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission aims to achieve grid parity by 2022 and has set targets to install 20,000 MW of solar power by 2022. Phase 1 of the mission from 2010-2013 saw the installation of over 1,100 MW of grid solar power projects.
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ORS was established to develop waste management facilities using DRYAD technology. DRYAD is a thermophilic biomethanation process that converts municipal solid waste into energy through 3 steps. The process operates at 55°C and produces biogas for electricity generation. ORS has implemented a successful 400 TPD DRYAD project in Sholapur that generates 3MW of electricity and 60-80 TPD of organic compost. ORS is now pursuing larger projects in Bangalore and Pune and exploring opportunities in Sri Lanka and Mauritius to replicate the DRYAD technology.
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1. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT
WASTE TO ENERGY
G.K.N.S. ENERGY
PRIVATE LIMITED
8.5MW OF MSW TO POWER
PROJECT SUMMARY
TECHNOLOGY & FINANCIAL DETAILS
@
GUDUR (Village), BIBINAGAR (Mandal),
NALGONDA (Dist), ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
GKNS Energy Pvt Ltd.
Flat No. 101, GKNS Enclave, Pragathi Nagar,
Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India – 500081.
Telephone: +91 40 231 188 85, Fax: +91 40 420 151 68
E-mail: gknsenergy@gknsenergy.com URL: www.gknsenergy.com
www.gknsenergy.blog.com
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2. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
INDEX
1. Abstract
2. About Us
3. Characteristics of MSW in Indian Cities
3.1 Physical Characteristics of MSW
3.2 Chemical Characteristics of MSW
4. Technological Barrier
5. Investment Barrier
6. Methodology
7. Technology Description
8. Production Assessment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Load factor
8.3 Heat Reat
9. Utilities
10. Conversion of MSW to RDF Fluff to Power
10.1 Receipt of MSW
10.2 Homogenization
10.3 Magnetic Separation
10.4 Solar Drying
10.5 RDF Fluff
10.6 Steam Generating System
10.7 Power Generation
11. Steam Boiler Combustion Calculations
12. Extraction Turbine Characteristics
13. Estimation of Power Generation
14. Marketing
15. Conclusions
16. Financial Details
16.1 Project Financials at a Glance
16.2 Cost of Project & Means of Finance
16.3 Details of Cost of Project
16.4 Assumption for the Profitability Projections
16.5 Cost of Production of Fluff
16.6 Estimate of Cost of Production & Profitability
16.7 Balance Sheet
16.8 Cash Flow Statement
16.9 D S C R Statement
16.10 I R R Statement
16.11 Break Even Point
16.12 Depreciation Statement
16.13 Working Capital
16.14 Principal & Interest Payments – F.I
16.15 Financial Indicators
16.16 Power Generation
17. Contact Details
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3. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
ABSTRACT
The aim of this Document is to perform a technology assessment on the proposed 8.5 MW
waste to energy plant of GKNS Energy Pvt Ltd, at Gudur Village, Bibinagar Mandal, Nalgonda
District. The plant is situated in a distance of 30 km from Hyderabad. This particular project
will utilize 600 TPD of MSW allotted by GHMC to generate electricity. Apart from power
generation benefit, its operation would provide an effective means of dealing successfully with
municipal waste-handling problem, which has escalated to enormous proportions in the last few
years in twin cities threatening the prosperity of the area. This technology study covers the
areas of Plant Set-up Analysis, Combustion system and Environmental Impact Assessment.
ABOUT US
GKNS Energy privately owned Integrated Solid waste and recycling Company of passionate
innovators and thought leaders who are working strategically with global partners to foster
awareness about Green/ Sustainability, while supporting development of next generation with
this technologies and Resources that will lead to a sustainable planet for current and future
generations
CHARTERTICS OF MSW IN INDIAN CITIES
Total quantity generated in GHMC Area: 3600 tons per day and 131400 tons per annum
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MSW IN INDIAN CITIES
Cities having Paper Rubber, Glass Metals Total Inert
Population % Leather & % % Compostable %
Range (million) Synthetics /Combustible
% Matter %
0.1 -0.5 2.91 0.78 0.56 0.33 44.57 43.59
0.5 - 1.0 2.95 0.73 0.35 0.32 40.04 48.38
1.0 -2.0 4.71 0.71 0.46 0.49 38.95 44.73
2.0 -5.0 3.18 0.48 0.48 0.59 56.67 49.07
> 5.0 6.43 0.28 0.94 0.80 30.84 53.90
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4. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MSW IN INDIAN CITIES
Cities having Moisture Organic Nitrogen Phosph Potassi C/N Calorific
Population % Matter as Total orous as urn as Ratio value
Range % Nitrogen P2O5 K2O % (kcal/kg)
(million) % % % %
0.1 - 25.81 37.09 0.71 0.63 0.83 30.94 1010
0.5 19.52 25.14 0.66 0.56 0.69 21.13 901
0.5- 1.0 26.98 26.89 0.64 0.82 0.72 23.68 980
1.0-2.0 21.03 25.60 0.56 0.69 0.78 22.45 907
2.0-5.0 38.72 39.07 0.56 0.52 0.52 30.11 801
> 5.0
TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIER
The proposed project activity will be implementing a reverse acting and reciprocating
combustion grate for the first time in the country. No fossil fuel will be required for sustained
combustion.
The project proponent is taking substantial risk in implementing this technology for the first
time in the country.
Successful implementation of this technology will lead to replication of the same which will in
turn the problem of disposal MSW in the country.
INVESTMENT BARRIER
The proposed project activity involves a capital expenditure of INR 754.3 million. Considering
the debt equity ratio of 85:15, the proposed project activity requires a debt of INR 641.1
million. The capital cost of the similar capacity fossil fuel based Power Plant will be half of the
Waste to Energy Project. The project proponents face a barrier in investment.
The financial viability of this project largely depends up on central and state subsidies and
revenues received by selling CER proceeds. However, able management, ethical practices,
proven HR practices will also contributes more in enhancing the success rate of any business
establishment.
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5. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
METHODOLOGY
The method of generation assessment commences by establishing the total quantity of MSW
available for GKNS Energy Pvt. Ltd (Tones/Year) and its average calorific value. A breakdown
of the MSW in terms of the nature of the constituents.
The calorific values of the MSW synthesis components (MJ/kg) are specified values (Energy
Recovery from municipal Solid Waste in Dhaka City, Bangladesh,Md. Alam Jahangir, 2002)
used in order to calculate the calorific values of Domestic, Commercial and Industrial Waste.
The percentage of Domestic, Commercial and Industrial waste is also calculated excluding the
small portion of street sweeping. The summed product of the percentages of Domestic,
Commercial and Industrial waste times the Calorific values of Domestic, Commercial and
Industrial Waste provides the Average calorific value of waste generated in Hyderabad (MJ/kg).
The Calorific Value of waste generated in Hyderabad is converted in kWh/tone in order to
evaluate the Specific Energy output per ton of waste at a conventional thermal efficiency 35%
(kWh/tone). Finally, the Power Potential (MW) for a plant sourcing from the MSW Grate
burning utilization is estimated.
In order to estimate the daily and annual combustible quantity of MSW in relation to a load
factor range from 65% to 85% the standardized values of Btu/kg of MSW according to their
synthesis are introduced and an average value (Btu/kg) is calculated. The selection of the
average Btu/kg value designates the random collection of MSW that takes place in the feeding
area before the combustor after which burning occurs.
The burning process that leads to utilization of the MSW is completed in 60 minutes. At this
stage the values of Btu/hr of a water-walled combustor for a load factor ranging between 65%
and 85% are introduced. Dividing these to the average Btu/kg value of MSW leads to the
establishment of the daily and annual quantity of MSW utilized in the combustor. Thermax
Bobcox Will Cox Limited, who is leading manufacturers of water-walled rotary combustors,
provided the Btu/hr values. The annual production of kWh follows, estimating levels of energy
generated from the MSW plant for the ranging load factor parameter, which includes the actual
load factor for the examined site. Finally the Heat Rate is calculated and acts as a verification
tool for the validity of calculations.
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6. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
The reverse acting reciprocating grate technology used for the proposed project activity is a
state of an art technology and is being implemented for an Integrated Waste Management
Project. Implementation of the proposed project activity would help in promotion and
replication of similar technology in other areas of the country.
The two-segment reciprocating stroke system, which considers the characteristics of municipal
solid waste such as lower heat value and higher water content, owns advantages of being
applied to a broad heat value, having a good load adjusting capacity and operation performance
and highly automatic. These technologies can efficiently combust RDF fluff without the support
of any other fossil fuel and also lead to sustained combustion.
Preparation of Waste Input Material:
All “hard” materials such as stones, glass, metals, ceramics and the like, have to be removed.
The incoming waste which arrives at the plant with moisture of 60-65% has to be dried to
residual moisture of less than 17%.
The waste is dumped into the receiving area and then picked up by a Payloader equipped with a
crusher shovel. A coarse grinding mechanism built into the shovel opens plastic bags and
reduces the particles to <50 mm. Oversize parts such as bicycle frames, refrigerators, etc.
remain in the shovel and can be simply tilted out.
The pre-shredded material passes a magnetic separator as well as an Eddy-current separator and
is subsequently sent through our proprietary autoclave system where it is broken down to fluff.
PRODUCTION ASSESSMENT
INTRODUCTION:
The Production Assessment process aims to identify and satisfy three areas of research.
Initially, the Power Potential sourcing from the RDF grade II burning utilization at RDF Power
Project is forecasted. At a second stage, the evaluation of the daily and annual combustible
quantity of MSW is calculated in relation to the MSW combustion plants’ load ranging factor.
Finally, the evaluation of annual kWh production is performed taking into account the
examined plant’s actual load factor parameter. The concurrent evaluation of the heat flow rate
(Btu/kWh) acts as a verification method to the calculations certifying their validity.
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7. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
LOAD FACTOR:
The plant load factor is defined as the ratio of Actual Operational Capacity to the Optimal
Operating Capacity. In the particular MSW plant the Optimal Operating Capacity is 11 MW
and the Actual Operational Capacity is accounted in the range between 65% to 75% PLF. Load
Factor = Actual Operational Capacity / Optimal Operating.
HEAT RATE:
The Heat Rate is the method of evaluating the Energy Efficiency of a plant. Energy Efficiency,
in general, measures the amount of primary energy from the raw fuel needed to produce a
specified amount of delivered energy. The Heat Rate is the amount of energy (Btu) in the fuel
needed to produce one kilowatt-hour (kWh) of electricity. The lower the heat rate the more
energy efficient the plant is. Heat rate is not applicable for wind and solar plants, since they
don’t use fuel in the traditional sense of the word. In case of the current study, the Heat Rate for
electricity production of one kilowatt-hour is given with a value of 3412 Btu/kWh. Other
average fuel conversion factors are listed below:
Source Average Fuel Conversion Factors
Electricity 3,412 Btu/kWh
Fuel Oil 138,700 Btu/gallon
Natural Gas 1,030 Btu/cubic foot
LPG/Propane 95,500 Btu/gallon
Coal 24,580,000 Btu/ton
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8. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
EQEIPPED WITH THE FOLLOWING UTILITES
• Electrical system.
• Emergency power generating unit.
• Air supply system.
• Re-circulated flue-gas system.
• Compressed air system.
• Hydraulic system.
• Water cooling system.
• Oil cooling system.
• Leach ate from MSW Receiving Yard and Fuel Storage Pit will be collected in Neutralization
Tank for COD and BOD as per local Norms.
CONVERSION OF MSW TO RDF FLUFF
RECEIPT OF MSW:
GKNS Energy Will collect daily 600 TPD from GMCH Dumping Sites to plant having a
distance of 38 KM with the help of Tipper trucks or Lorries that will bring the MSW will be
weighed on the weighbridge station at the plant before they are unloaded in the MSW
Receiving Yard of the plant. MSW from the MSW Receiving Yard will be lifted by Grab Crane
and put on the Inclined Feeding Belt Conveyor. The MSW feeding by Grab crane is also
expected to homogenize the MSW prior to feeding and will be considered as an alternative.
Herbal disinfectant-cum-deodorant will be sprayed on the MSW to reduce mal-odor and repel
insects and birds.
HOMOGENIZATION:
Inclined Feeding Belt Conveyor will feed MSW into a Rotary Screen-I to de-lump and to
remove dust, sand, earth and other inert materials of less than 40 mm particle size. Dust, sand,
earth and other inert materials separated in this process will be extracted and transferred to a
Composting Yard through a Compost Transfer Belt Conveyor. Rotary Screen-I will deliver
MSW on a Horizontal Sorting Conveyor Belt to separate big objects by manual activity, which
may spoil the downstream equipments like machinery parts, lead acid batteries, stones, tires,etc.
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9. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
The big objects that are separated will be picked up and dropped through gravity – chutes on the
ground for on-ward disposal. Large sized inert and noncombustible objects like boulders,
construction debris, large trees cuttings, etc. will be lifted manually and disposed to designated
landfill sites.
The Horizontal Sorting Conveyor will deliver MSW to Rotary Screen-II. Rotary Screen-II will
separate MSW into two fraction: Fraction#1 RDF fluff – = 100 mm.
Fraction # 2 RDF fluff will fall on the Belt Conveyor and will be delivered to the Fuel Storage
Pit For feeding into the boiler.
MAGNETIC SEPARATION:
Fraction#1 RDF fluff will be transferred from Solar Drying Yard to Magnetic Separation Unit
for removal of ferrous components from the garbage for recycling. RDF fluff from Magnetic
Separation Unit will fall on the Belt Conveyor and will go to Fuel Storage Pit for feeding into
boiler.
Flue-gas cleaning system:
•The flue-gas enters the flue-gas cleaning system downstream of the HRSG. The plant is
equipped with a dry flue-gas cleaning system consisting of a bag-house filter, a storage silo for
lime and activated carbon and a filter dust silo
•Lime and activated carbon is injected at the inlet of the bag house filter
•The lime absorbs acid components in the flue-gas, while activated carbon adsorbs dioxin, TOC
and heavy metals.
SOLAR DRY:
MSW in the country has been generally found to have high moisture content even during non
rainy days and requires drying to produce fuel with reasonable heating value. Fraction#1 RDF
fluff will be transferred by Extraction and Transfer Belt conveyor to the Intermediate Storage
Yard and will be dried in the Solar Drying Yard.
RDF FLUFF:
It will be combusted in the boiler on reverse acting reciprocating grate to generate steam.
Following are the boiler specification of boilers to be used:
Steam Generation 56 TPH
Pressure 40 ata. Temperature 400oC + 5oC
Steam generated in boilers will be fed to the single extraction condensing turbo generator.
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10. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
The uncontrolled extraction from the turbine at 5.4 ata will give approximately 6.87 TPH of
steam at a temperature of 180°C. This steam will be entirely used for heating up the feed water
in the thermal deaerator. In addition to this steam, the flash steam recovered from the boiler
blow down tank can be used in the deaerator. The flash steam from the continuous blow down
tank, equivalent to 0.237 TPH will be led into the deaerator for supplementing the steam
supplied from the turbine extraction for deaeration. Balance of steam will be supplied to the
turbine, a quantity of 52.6 TPH of steam, being the difference between input and extracted
steam quantities will be exhausted to the surface condenser of the power turbine. Condensate
from the condensate tank of surface condenser will be pumped to the feed water system by the
condensate extraction pumps. In addition to the above quantity, the condensate from the gland
steam condenser and the ejector condensers amounting to a total approximate quantity of 0.476
TPH will be added to the feed water system through the condensate tank the power project, after
meeting its in house consumption, will export to Grid.
Control and monitoring system
• the plant is equipped with a separate proprietary control-and-monitoring-system
• the system performs automatic control of the process during normal operating conditions and
gives the opportunity to monitor the different process sections through the man-machine
interface. All information is available for the operator via a screen
• the system is designed for remote control and monitoring of the plant. Safety and security is
paramount in all aspects of the design
• Logging of process parameters, including emissions monitoring parameters, is controlled in a
separate data logging system
• Safety is taken care of in a separate and independent emergency shutdown system
• The emissions to air such as dust, CO, HCl, Hg, TOC, SO2, NOx, O2, H2O and CO2 are
continuously monitored and displayed.
STEAM GENERATING SYSTEM:
The steam generating system for the power plant will consist of Two (2) No. Reverse acting and
reciprocating type grate fired boiler of capacity 28 TPH with outlet steam parameters of 40 ata,
400 Deg.C. The boiler shall be semi-outdoor unit and shall be of single drum, natural
circulation, balanced draft, and membrane wall radiant furnace design with two-(2) stage super
heaters and inter stage de-super heater. The main and design fuel will be MSW to RDF
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11. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
POWER GENERATION SYSTEM:
The power generation plant will support combustion of RDF fluff. It will include receiving and
feeding system, refuse incineration, waste heat utilization, flue gas treatment, automatic control
system, electrical equipment, ash disposal system, water supply and drainage system and
compressed air system. The power project will install two boilers and one extraction cum
condensing turbo generator for power generation. The project will optimize power generation
with one stage of feed water heating. Extraction of steam and its usage in the Deaerator for feed
water heating will improve the efficiency of the plant.
STEAM BOILER COMBUSTION CALCULATIONS
Units: MKS Fuel Type: Solid
Carbon 22.07 S02 0.029
Hydrogen 1.52 O2 8.864
Nitrogen 0.83 N2 67.968
Oxygen 10.79 C02 8.634
Sulphur 0.20 H2O 14.504
Ash 29.60 Gross Calorific Value 2004.900
Moisture 35.00 Net Calorific Value 1726.300
Excess Air 100.00 Unit Wet Air 5.324
Unit Wet Gas 6.028
Unit Dry Gas 5.471
MKs Units: Solid Fuel - % Weight; Gas composition - % Volume;
Calorific Value – Kcal / Kg; Unit Air / Gas- Kg/Kg of Fuel
The average results obtained from dulongs formula and fire cad stimulation software are
reproduced as under:
As per dulong formula the result is = 7699.19375 MJ/KG
= 1840.15 Kcal/kg
As per FIRE CAD = 2004.90
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12. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
The average of two values has taken for Power Potential Assessment
(1840.15+2004.90)/2 = 1922.52
Net Calorific Value of the fuel = 1538.01 Kcal/Kg
Total Quantity of Waste available for the project (W) tones
Net Calorific Value (NCV) in Kcal/Kg NCV
Energy Recovery Potential (KWH) NCV x W x 1000/860 = NCV x W x 1.16
Power Generation Potential (in KW) = 1.16 x NCV X W/24 = 0.048 X NCV x W
Conversation Efficiency (in percentage) 25%
Net Power Generation Potential (KW) = 0.012 x NCV x W
Case - 1
Quantity of MSW = 600 tones
Net Calorific Value = 11508 Kcal/kg
Conversation efficiency = 25%
The Power Generation Potential in the above case shall be = 8285.8 KW
= 8.28. in MW
In all the above cases, for computation purpose we have taken conversion efficiency as 25%
only in order to validate power potential conservatively. The coal based power projects will
work with a conversion efficiency of 45% to 48%. We are in an opinion the power generating
potential of this project not in question.
EXTRACTION TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS
The turbine casing is horizontally split. Two materials have been specified for the high-
pressure section: low-alloy steel for intermediate steam pressure and temperature applications
and medium-alloy steel for high steam pressure and temperature applications. The shaft is made
of forged steel. Two types of shaft material have been specified: low-alloy steel for low-
pressure applications and high- alloy steel (13% chromium steel) for high-pressure applications.
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13. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
The front and rear sections of the turbine are identical. The intermediate section has been
designed to accommodate intermediate pressure valves. Cylindrical moving blades of reaction
stage(s) have ‘T’ roots and integral shrouds. Two materials are employed for the construction of
the moving blades: 13% chromium steel with molybdenum and vanadium is applied for
temperatures over 350 °C and 13% chromium steel is used for lower temperatures. The
reaction stage fixed blades are cantilevered in the blade carriers and held together by a riveted
shroud or inserted in the blade carriers as complete diaphragms. They are made of 13%
chromium steel. There is an emergency stop valve (Push-to-Close type), which protects the
turbo- unit against the un-wanted effects of over-speed. The valve’s response time is set at 50
milliseconds and possesses a high reliability factor. It is installed on each live steam inlet flange
and is mounted directly on the casing, thus minimizing the steam volume that continues to
expand through the turbine after valve closure. The steam extraction can be performed by
bleeding or controlled by one or more intermediate pressure controls. Tilting-pad journal
bearings are used in general. Double acting, tilting-pad thrust bearings are installed with a thrust
equalizing device. Both journal and thrust bearings are fitted with thermo-elements for
temperature detection and monitoring. Labyrinth-type end seals are applied. Lubrication and
control oil systems have a common reservoir, pumps, filters and coolers.
ESTIMATION OF POWER GENERATION
Based on the documents furnished by GKNS Energy Pvt. Ltd, it is observed that the project has
an allotted quantity of 600 tones MSW per day. We have tried to elevate power generation
potential as under. The gross calorific value of MSW computation is based on the ultimate
analysis available with us in our date base after analyzing numerous samples:
Percentage
Carbon % by wt 22.07
Hydrogen % by wt 1.52
Oxygen % by wt 10.79
Sulphur % by wt 0.20
Nitrogen % by wt 0.83
Ash % by wt 29.6
Moisture % by wt 35
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14. EXECUTIVE PROJECT REPORT GKNS ENERGY PVT LTD. 8.5MW – MSW BASED POWER PLANT
To determine the higher heating value (GCV) of an organic waste, the following dulong
formula can be used.
GCV in kj/kg = 337C +1419(H – 1/8O) + 93S
Where C, H, O, and S are mass percentage of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.
The 8 O accounts for the hydrogen in the bound water in the dry combustible material. The
equation assumes that the entire O in the waste is in the form of bound water.
Substituting the values of elemental analysis in the formula, result arrived is 7699.194 Kj/Kg
and in terms of Kcal/kg will be 1840.15.
MARKETING
We recommend that the company need to enter into a power purchase agreement with The Tata
Power Trading Company Limited a wholly own subsidiary of TATA Power Limited for
purchasing power from this project @ Rs.5.00/- per unit. It is noted from the Power Purchase
Agreements concluded by the other companies with M/s.Tata Power Trading Company
Limited, it has been agreed by Tata’s that they would share profit earned by selling projects
power at 70:30 ratio, i.e., 70% to the project and 30% for the power buyer. According to Tata’s
the net realization to the proposed project may be anywhere between Rs.5.00 to Rs5.20 per unit.
This escalated revenue will contribute to certain extent to the viability of the project along with
CDM revenues.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the study and review we have the following comments.
The performance of the project is a function of success of proposed two-segment reverse acting
and reciprocating grate which the company proposes to import.
In India no such projects are under operation with the above grate technology. However we
endorse the above grate has been proven successful in many countries.
This project stands viable with government support and CDM revenues. The proposed project
activity will lead to GHG emission reduction in the following manner.
Avoidance of methane emission which would otherwise happen due to anaerobic
decomposition of MSW in the existing waste disposal site. Power exported from the proposed
project activity will replace fossil fuel based power from the grid.
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