Los días 20 y 21 de mayo de 2014, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Microorganismos beneficiosos para la agricultura y la protección de la biosfera' dentro de su programa de Ciencias de la Vida y de la Materia.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time, while climate change refers to significant long-term shifts in weather patterns. The document discusses several lines of evidence for rapid climate change, including rising global temperatures and CO2 levels from ice core data. It also outlines theories for what causes climate change such as changes in Earth's orbit, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, and variations in solar activity. The impacts of climate change include rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, and threatened plant and animal species.
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
This is the fourth lesson titled 'Attributions of climate change' of the course ' Climate Change and Global environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.
The Earth’s climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events—like heavy rainstorms and record-high temperatures, are already taking place. One important way to track and communicate the causes and effects of climate change is
through the use of indicators. An indicator represents the state or trend of certain environmental or societal conditions over a given area and a specified period of time. This lesson highlights all those indicators for a better understanding of climate change.
Climate Change Paper - CO2 or Crop Irrigation?Keith_Shotbolt
Describes all important observations of climate change and assesses the possible effects of increased CO2, human activity energy consumption, and large-scale crop irrigation.
Global warming is part of natural climate cycles according to the document. It argues that the Earth's climate is primarily influenced by solar activity and fluctuations in the sun's irradiance. The document provides several lines of evidence from historical temperature and greenhouse gas records, as well as studies on plankton and agriculture, to support its view that global warming poses no significant risks and may provide economic benefits from increased growing seasons and rainfall. However, it does not consider the potential long-term consequences of rising sea levels or more severe storms.
The document provides information about climate change and global warming. It defines key terms like weather, climate and greenhouse gases. It discusses the evidence that climate change is caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases. It also notes some of the observed impacts of climate change, such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. Finally, it discusses some actions that can be taken to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
The year 2014 tied with 2010 as the warmest year on record for the last century. The melting of Greenland, mountain glaciers, and thermal expansion is raising sea levels four times faster than in 1900. Sea level rises of 2 to 6 feet are predicted by the end of the century. Flood highs from hurricanes Sandy and Katrina were ~ 10 feet.
The article “Treading Water” in the February 2015 "National Geographic" tells how Dutch Docklands LLC sees profit not loss from rising sea levels. They are building floating homes in Miami, FL. A floating classroom could assure ASPEC’s long-term future. It would provide a place to meet in the event of flooding by the 10-foot ocean surges that accompany hurricanes.
Dr. Carr describes how increasing greenhouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels, trap the radiation that is warming our planet. Advances in non-carbon emitting energy sources can reduce global warming. Solar PV panels are now generating electricity at $0.07/kWhr, less than the national utility average of $0.12kWhr. Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than atmospheric temperature, as 90% of our planet’s heat content is in our oceans.
You can learn more at www.RiskyBusiness.org.
Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time, while climate change refers to significant long-term shifts in weather patterns. The document discusses several lines of evidence for rapid climate change, including rising global temperatures and CO2 levels from ice core data. It also outlines theories for what causes climate change such as changes in Earth's orbit, the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere, and variations in solar activity. The impacts of climate change include rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, and threatened plant and animal species.
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
This is the fourth lesson titled 'Attributions of climate change' of the course ' Climate Change and Global environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.
The Earth’s climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events—like heavy rainstorms and record-high temperatures, are already taking place. One important way to track and communicate the causes and effects of climate change is
through the use of indicators. An indicator represents the state or trend of certain environmental or societal conditions over a given area and a specified period of time. This lesson highlights all those indicators for a better understanding of climate change.
Climate Change Paper - CO2 or Crop Irrigation?Keith_Shotbolt
Describes all important observations of climate change and assesses the possible effects of increased CO2, human activity energy consumption, and large-scale crop irrigation.
Global warming is part of natural climate cycles according to the document. It argues that the Earth's climate is primarily influenced by solar activity and fluctuations in the sun's irradiance. The document provides several lines of evidence from historical temperature and greenhouse gas records, as well as studies on plankton and agriculture, to support its view that global warming poses no significant risks and may provide economic benefits from increased growing seasons and rainfall. However, it does not consider the potential long-term consequences of rising sea levels or more severe storms.
The document provides information about climate change and global warming. It defines key terms like weather, climate and greenhouse gases. It discusses the evidence that climate change is caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels and releasing greenhouse gases. It also notes some of the observed impacts of climate change, such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. Finally, it discusses some actions that can be taken to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
This is the third lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global Environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
The document discusses the topic of climate change, past, present, and future. It provides an overview of the factors that control climate, including land surface properties, oceans, greenhouse gases, and solar radiation. It describes how the climate has varied in the past due to natural factors like variations in Earth's orbit and composition of the atmosphere. It then discusses evidence that warming trends over the last few decades are likely due to human activities like fossil fuel burning. Models predict that future climate change may have significant impacts.
The document discusses the science of climate change. It begins by defining climate change and distinguishing it from weather fluctuations. It then addresses seven key questions:
1) Climate change is a long-term change in weather patterns due to factors like greenhouse gases.
2) Earth's climate has varied greatly in the past, and small influences can cause climate sensitivity.
3) Instrumental records show global warming over the past century along with other environmental changes.
4) Human greenhouse gas emissions are the main driver of recent climate change.
5) Models indicate further warming this century without emissions cuts.
6) Impacts of climate change include more extreme weather, sea level rise, and disruptions
Climate models use mathematical equations and global grids to simulate and predict climate conditions based on physical principles and observational data. They show reasonable agreement with past climate trends and are used to project future climate change under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. However, uncertainties remain regarding some processes like cloud formation. Current models estimate global warming of 0.3-1.7°C by 2100 under a low emission scenario and 2.6-4.8°C under high emissions, with greater warming over land and in polar regions. The models also predict more hot days and heat waves along with rising sea levels.
This lecture discusses the basics of climate change including:
1) The key factors that influence Earth's climate system and how human activity has impacted atmospheric composition and global warming.
2) Methods used by climate scientists to study past and present climate trends through direct observation and proxy indicators.
3) The potential future impacts of climate change and ways to respond to rising temperatures and other changes.
This document discusses evidence that human activities like agriculture and deforestation first altered atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide in pre-industrial centuries. Natural explanations for observed changes in greenhouse gas cycles have been ruled out. Instead, rice irrigation and extensive land clearing in places like Europe, China, and India beginning around 8,000 years ago likely emitted enough carbon to increase atmospheric concentrations. While gradual, this early anthropogenic warming was already large enough to potentially stop a glaciation in northeastern Canada during the last millennium. The document concludes that human emissions significantly impacted greenhouse gas levels and climate long before the Industrial Era.
Few global trends have been as controversial as climate change and the Earth’s warming. The Earth has gone through many shifts in cooling and warming driven by natural factors like the sun’s energy or variations in its orbit, but the trend scientists have seen over the past 50 years is unmistakable.
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere that would otherwise escape to space. This occurs when fossil fuels are burned, releasing CO2. Effects of global warming include melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and disruption of habitats. The Kyoto Protocol committed developed countries to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, though impacts are already being felt globally through changes in water availability, food security, and energy access. Estimates indicate the Earth's average surface temperature has risen about 0.9°C from pre-industrial levels due to increased CO2 in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels.
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Futuregeomillie
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
Climate is defined as the general weather patterns of a region, including variables such as temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation. The climate of the world is changing rapidly due to both natural factors like variations in the sun's output, continental drift and volcanic eruptions, as well as man-made factors like increased greenhouse gas emissions from sources such as vehicle exhaust, oil refineries and forest fires. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing global warming and leading to problems such as more droughts and floods, less ice and snow, extreme weather, and rising sea levels. Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow the impacts of climate change.
Describes latest observations of climate by satellites and ground stations and assesses them relative to the possible causes of 'greenhouse gases', world energy use, and latent heat transfer by crop irrigation.
Climate change is evidenced by trends in global temperature and precipitation patterns over time. These changes reflect gradual shifts in climatic patterns driven by natural systems like the carbon cycle, hydrological cycle, and atmospheric circulation. Projections of future climate are based on trends from the past and climate modeling, and indicate further changes to these natural systems and elements like global temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events due to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an overview of climate change, including definitions, evidence, causes, impacts, and ways to control it. It begins by defining climate change and distinguishing it from weather change. It then outlines various physical evidence of climate change, such as rising global temperatures and sea levels. Major causes of climate change discussed include greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Impacts described are more extreme weather, rising seas, species extinction, and effects on countries like Pakistan. The document concludes by discussing approaches to address climate change through mitigation, adaptation, and climate engineering.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It describes the major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It explains that while greenhouse gases occur naturally, human activities like burning fossil fuels have substantially increased their levels since the Industrial Revolution. The document also outlines the role of greenhouse gases and water vapor in the greenhouse effect, sources of anthropogenic emissions, how long gases remain in the atmosphere, their global warming potential, and some related effects.
This document discusses the relationship between solar variation and climatic changes. It introduces that the sun provides the energy that drives Earth's climate and any changes in the sun's output can affect the climate. It then covers topics like how solar variation is measured, records of past solar activity, the relationship between solar activity and historical climate changes like the Little Ice Age, and conclusions that the climate appears to be highly sensitive even to small changes in solar irradiance.
This document summarizes information about past, present, and projected future climate change from various scientific studies. It discusses how paleoclimatology uses natural proxy records like tree rings, ice cores, and pollen to estimate past temperatures back to years before instrumental records. Instrumental records from 1850 onward show global warming of 0.8°C since that time. Proxy records also indicate similar warming of 1.1°C since the 1700s. Future projections from the IPCC estimate further warming this century depending on scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions, with increases ranging from just over 1°C to almost 4°C.
The IMF warns that human fortunes will “evaporate like water under a relentless sun” if climate change is not checked. “It’s nice for people to talk about two degrees,” says Bill Gates, a philanthropist and investor. “But we don’t even have the commitments that are going to keep us below four degrees of warming.”
Alarmist?
On the contrary - my review has changed my world view and it's not a comfortable feeling.
But you know what's funny ? I mean odd not humourous - this site only allows me to file this paper under 'science'!
The money view - between “5 and 20 per cent of global GDP every year now and forever"
- The document provides an overview of past, present, and future climate, including what controls climate, evidence from ice cores of past climate cycles, historical temperature records, and predictions from climate models.
- Climate models predict a temperature increase between 1.1-6.4°C and sea level rise of 0.18-0.54m by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios, with major impacts such as more extreme weather.
- While not perfect, climate models have been improved and simulate past climate well, giving confidence in their predictions of significant future warming and impacts from increasing greenhouse gases if emissions are not reduced.
The document discusses climate change and its causes according to research by Team Norvergence. It finds that the planet's climate has cycled throughout history, but the global temperature has increased 1 degree Celsius in the last 120 years. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have raised greenhouse gas levels exponentially compared to natural levels, influencing the climate. The influence of human emissions on climate change is now overwhelming and causing effects like ocean acidification.
This is the third lesson of the course ' Climate Change and Global Environment' conducted at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
The document discusses the topic of climate change, past, present, and future. It provides an overview of the factors that control climate, including land surface properties, oceans, greenhouse gases, and solar radiation. It describes how the climate has varied in the past due to natural factors like variations in Earth's orbit and composition of the atmosphere. It then discusses evidence that warming trends over the last few decades are likely due to human activities like fossil fuel burning. Models predict that future climate change may have significant impacts.
The document discusses the science of climate change. It begins by defining climate change and distinguishing it from weather fluctuations. It then addresses seven key questions:
1) Climate change is a long-term change in weather patterns due to factors like greenhouse gases.
2) Earth's climate has varied greatly in the past, and small influences can cause climate sensitivity.
3) Instrumental records show global warming over the past century along with other environmental changes.
4) Human greenhouse gas emissions are the main driver of recent climate change.
5) Models indicate further warming this century without emissions cuts.
6) Impacts of climate change include more extreme weather, sea level rise, and disruptions
Climate models use mathematical equations and global grids to simulate and predict climate conditions based on physical principles and observational data. They show reasonable agreement with past climate trends and are used to project future climate change under different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. However, uncertainties remain regarding some processes like cloud formation. Current models estimate global warming of 0.3-1.7°C by 2100 under a low emission scenario and 2.6-4.8°C under high emissions, with greater warming over land and in polar regions. The models also predict more hot days and heat waves along with rising sea levels.
This lecture discusses the basics of climate change including:
1) The key factors that influence Earth's climate system and how human activity has impacted atmospheric composition and global warming.
2) Methods used by climate scientists to study past and present climate trends through direct observation and proxy indicators.
3) The potential future impacts of climate change and ways to respond to rising temperatures and other changes.
This document discusses evidence that human activities like agriculture and deforestation first altered atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide in pre-industrial centuries. Natural explanations for observed changes in greenhouse gas cycles have been ruled out. Instead, rice irrigation and extensive land clearing in places like Europe, China, and India beginning around 8,000 years ago likely emitted enough carbon to increase atmospheric concentrations. While gradual, this early anthropogenic warming was already large enough to potentially stop a glaciation in northeastern Canada during the last millennium. The document concludes that human emissions significantly impacted greenhouse gas levels and climate long before the Industrial Era.
Few global trends have been as controversial as climate change and the Earth’s warming. The Earth has gone through many shifts in cooling and warming driven by natural factors like the sun’s energy or variations in its orbit, but the trend scientists have seen over the past 50 years is unmistakable.
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in the atmosphere that would otherwise escape to space. This occurs when fossil fuels are burned, releasing CO2. Effects of global warming include melting glaciers and ice sheets, rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and disruption of habitats. The Kyoto Protocol committed developed countries to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, though impacts are already being felt globally through changes in water availability, food security, and energy access. Estimates indicate the Earth's average surface temperature has risen about 0.9°C from pre-industrial levels due to increased CO2 in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels.
Climate: Climatic Change - Evidence, Cycles and The Futuregeomillie
A PowerPoint used in class to cover the key forms of evidence you need to know for the Exam. Key Questions are likely to be focused on how we can gain information of past climatic change, and how it can be used to predict future, and I would expect you to be able to comment on the usefulness of the different types. For instance, Ice cores are highly accurate and quantifiable evidence, but gaining them is expensive, and only gives a climatic record for the site at which the snow formed. However, they do provide the longest record of change.
Climate is defined as the general weather patterns of a region, including variables such as temperature, humidity, wind and precipitation. The climate of the world is changing rapidly due to both natural factors like variations in the sun's output, continental drift and volcanic eruptions, as well as man-made factors like increased greenhouse gas emissions from sources such as vehicle exhaust, oil refineries and forest fires. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing global warming and leading to problems such as more droughts and floods, less ice and snow, extreme weather, and rising sea levels. Urgent action is needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and slow the impacts of climate change.
Describes latest observations of climate by satellites and ground stations and assesses them relative to the possible causes of 'greenhouse gases', world energy use, and latent heat transfer by crop irrigation.
Climate change is evidenced by trends in global temperature and precipitation patterns over time. These changes reflect gradual shifts in climatic patterns driven by natural systems like the carbon cycle, hydrological cycle, and atmospheric circulation. Projections of future climate are based on trends from the past and climate modeling, and indicate further changes to these natural systems and elements like global temperatures, sea levels, and extreme weather events due to human-caused greenhouse gas emissions.
This document provides an overview of climate change, including definitions, evidence, causes, impacts, and ways to control it. It begins by defining climate change and distinguishing it from weather change. It then outlines various physical evidence of climate change, such as rising global temperatures and sea levels. Major causes of climate change discussed include greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Impacts described are more extreme weather, rising seas, species extinction, and effects on countries like Pakistan. The document concludes by discussing approaches to address climate change through mitigation, adaptation, and climate engineering.
This document discusses greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect. It describes the major greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. It explains that while greenhouse gases occur naturally, human activities like burning fossil fuels have substantially increased their levels since the Industrial Revolution. The document also outlines the role of greenhouse gases and water vapor in the greenhouse effect, sources of anthropogenic emissions, how long gases remain in the atmosphere, their global warming potential, and some related effects.
This document discusses the relationship between solar variation and climatic changes. It introduces that the sun provides the energy that drives Earth's climate and any changes in the sun's output can affect the climate. It then covers topics like how solar variation is measured, records of past solar activity, the relationship between solar activity and historical climate changes like the Little Ice Age, and conclusions that the climate appears to be highly sensitive even to small changes in solar irradiance.
This document summarizes information about past, present, and projected future climate change from various scientific studies. It discusses how paleoclimatology uses natural proxy records like tree rings, ice cores, and pollen to estimate past temperatures back to years before instrumental records. Instrumental records from 1850 onward show global warming of 0.8°C since that time. Proxy records also indicate similar warming of 1.1°C since the 1700s. Future projections from the IPCC estimate further warming this century depending on scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions, with increases ranging from just over 1°C to almost 4°C.
The IMF warns that human fortunes will “evaporate like water under a relentless sun” if climate change is not checked. “It’s nice for people to talk about two degrees,” says Bill Gates, a philanthropist and investor. “But we don’t even have the commitments that are going to keep us below four degrees of warming.”
Alarmist?
On the contrary - my review has changed my world view and it's not a comfortable feeling.
But you know what's funny ? I mean odd not humourous - this site only allows me to file this paper under 'science'!
The money view - between “5 and 20 per cent of global GDP every year now and forever"
- The document provides an overview of past, present, and future climate, including what controls climate, evidence from ice cores of past climate cycles, historical temperature records, and predictions from climate models.
- Climate models predict a temperature increase between 1.1-6.4°C and sea level rise of 0.18-0.54m by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios, with major impacts such as more extreme weather.
- While not perfect, climate models have been improved and simulate past climate well, giving confidence in their predictions of significant future warming and impacts from increasing greenhouse gases if emissions are not reduced.
The document discusses climate change and its causes according to research by Team Norvergence. It finds that the planet's climate has cycled throughout history, but the global temperature has increased 1 degree Celsius in the last 120 years. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have raised greenhouse gas levels exponentially compared to natural levels, influencing the climate. The influence of human emissions on climate change is now overwhelming and causing effects like ocean acidification.
The document provides an introduction to climate change, covering the science of climate change including the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases, climate change impacts, and climate change policies and response measures. It discusses the natural greenhouse effect, the key greenhouse gases, and how increased greenhouse gases are leading to global warming and climate change impacts. It also briefly outlines climate change modeling and projections for future temperature and precipitation changes, as well as some potential impacts of climate change.
Climate change is caused by a small 1 degree Fahrenheit increase in average global temperature over the past century. This minor change has had major environmental impacts like longer droughts and more intense hurricanes. The main cause is greenhouse gas emissions, particularly from the burning of fossil fuels which increased atmospheric CO2 levels. While volcanoes and natural processes emit some CO2, human outputs dwarf these natural contributions and are the primary driver of current climate change. Effects include worsening weather, sea level rise, and threats to water supplies. Solutions require transitioning to renewable energy and adapting to the changes already occurring.
This document discusses global warming and its causes and effects. It defines global warming as a long-term rise in Earth's temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases from human activity since the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing temperatures to be about 33°C warmer than they would be otherwise. Aerosols from volcanoes and pollution can have a cooling effect by reflecting sunlight, but models show they cannot account for current warming. Effects of global warming include sea level rise, extreme weather, ecosystem changes, and ocean acidification. While impacts are already occurring, the document argues renewable energy can provide most energy needs and avoid the worst effects of climate change if adopted more widely.
1) The document discusses various causes of global climate change including changes in Earth's orbit and solar radiation, albedo effects, and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane.
2) Evidence of past climate changes is seen in temperature and carbon dioxide variations from ice cores, glacial activity, sea levels, and vegetation changes.
3) The author argues that climate change is a natural phenomenon and that the role of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions in current warming is limited and uncertain.
Key messages from the AR5 WGI with focus on Saudi Arabia and the regionJesbin Baidya
The document discusses future climate change in Southeast Asia and extreme events according to the IPCC. It notes that human influences on the climate system are clear based on multiple lines of evidence. If greenhouse gas emissions continue, warming and changes will affect all parts of the climate system. Limiting climate change will require substantial reductions in emissions. The region will likely see increased warming, changes in precipitation patterns including more variable rainfall, and more frequent extreme weather events.
The freeze-thaw threshold of 0°C is crucial in polar regions. Large changes in physical, biological, and human systems occur when temperature crosses this threshold. Therefore, any climate change that shifts the freeze-thaw line, whether in space or time, will bring about important impacts
This document summarizes the science of climate change and global warming. It discusses how human activities have increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere through fossil fuel combustion and land use changes. It explains how increased greenhouse gases trap more heat in the lower atmosphere and warm the planet through the greenhouse effect. Observations show global temperatures have risen over 1°F in the last century, glaciers are retreating, and other indicators match projections of human-caused climate change rather than natural fluctuations alone. The document establishes the scientific consensus that human emissions are the dominant cause of recent global warming.
IPCC from AR5 to AR6 - WGI Perspectives - by Panmao Zhai, Co-Chair of WGIipcc-media
This document summarizes the key changes from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) to the upcoming Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) on climate change. It notes that AR5 had 14 chapters and over 1,500 pages, but did not adequately cover regional projections or linkages to impacts. The proposed outline for AR6 features 12 chapters that place greater emphasis on regional climate change, short-lived climate pollutants, and connections across working groups. The goal is to provide more detailed and policy-relevant information to inform adaptation and mitigation efforts.
Effect of Global Warming on Soil Organic CarbonAmruta Raut
Global warming is causing soils to release carbon into the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important carbon pool that is sensitive to climate factors like temperature and precipitation. As temperatures rise due to global warming, it increases microbial decomposition of SOC, releasing more carbon dioxide. However, implementing strategies to sequester carbon in soils, like cover cropping, adding amendments, and reducing tillage, could help mitigate climate change by storing carbon long-term in SOC pools. Careful management of SOC is vital for protecting this important carbon sink and regulating greenhouse gas levels.
The document discusses global warming and its causes, evidence, and potential impacts. It also outlines strategies to mitigate and adapt to global warming effects, including the Kyoto Protocol which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Key technologies discussed are carbon capture and storage from large industrial sources, with geological storage seen as a promising option to help address the global challenge of climate change.
Over millions of years, species become adapted to survive in the conditions in which they live. A stable climate supports this process and allows living things to thrive. If the climate changes quickly, organisms don’t have enough time to adapt to new conditions and may no longer be able to survive.
The True Science of Climate Change - April 2023 r3.pdfKeith_Shotbolt
This Study reviews the sciences of Earth's atmospheric circulation, the Greenhouse Effect and the Water Cycle. It includes observations by 15 leading authorities, and concludes that increased atmospheric water vapour from crop irrigation is by far the main cause of observed changes to climate. Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, still less than 1 part in 2,000 (0.05%), has had no identifiable influence on world temperatures, polar sea ice extents, and glaciers.
The document discusses both sides of the debate around human-induced climate change and global warming. It provides information from proponents of anthropogenic global warming as well as skeptics who argue that natural factors play a larger role. A variety of data and studies are presented looking at solar activity, cosmic rays, greenhouse gases and their potential impacts on global temperature and climate change over historical time scales.
The document summarizes research on understanding carbon dynamics in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems. It finds that the Arctic is experiencing widespread plant community and land cover changes, with wet sites changing more than dry sites. These changes can increase vegetation greenness as measured by NDVI, both by increasing plant biomass and through changes in surface water. While there is variability, climate change is creating more positive carbon feedbacks through effects like permafrost thaw and increased microbial respiration. Improving methods to scale ecosystem changes over time and integrating trace gas measurements is needed to better understand if the Arctic will become a carbon source.
The document discusses climate change impacts in the Arctic region and proposes the Arctic Climate Action Registry (ACAR) as a way to incentivize reductions of short-lived climate pollutants like black carbon, methane, and tropospheric ozone that disproportionately affect the Arctic. ACAR would certify projects that reduce these emissions and slow Arctic warming, using standardized metrics. The strategy is to stimulate projects across sectors like shipping, forestry, and aviation that could help mitigate warming trends in the Arctic and globally within the decade.
This document summarizes research on managing grasslands to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration. It finds that:
1) Grasslands store large amounts of carbon in soils, and practices like applying livestock manure or compost can significantly increase soil carbon storage for decades or more, offsetting greenhouse gas emissions.
2) Managing half of California's grasslands to increase soil carbon by 0.5 metric tons per hectare per year could offset 21 million metric tons of CO2 equivalents annually.
3) Projects demonstrating increased soil carbon through compost and manure in California grasslands show the potential for agriculture and soil management to meaningfully contribute to climate change mitigation.
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El jueves 17 de mayo del 2018 se organizó una Mesa Redonda en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las subidas de tipos en la era Trump y la nueva globalización.
El miércoles 16 de mayo del 2018 celebramos una Jornada en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las nuevas fronteras de investigación sobre la distribución comercial y el comportamiento del consumidor.
El miércoles 16 de mayo del 2018 celebramos una Jornada en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre las nuevas fronteras de investigación sobre la distribución comercial y el comportamiento del consumidor.
Juan Carlos López-Gutiérrez - Unidad de Anomalías Vasculares, Hospital Unive...Fundación Ramón Areces
El jueves y viernes 10 y 11 de mayo del 2018 realizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un Simposio Internacional, en el cual se trató el tema del mosaicismo somático en malformaciones vasculares.
Víctor Martínez-Glez. - Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM). I...Fundación Ramón Areces
El jueves y viernes 10 y 11 de mayo del 2018 realizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un Simposio Internacional, en el cual se trató el tema del mosaicismo somático en malformaciones vasculares.
Rudolf Happle - Dermatología, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg...Fundación Ramón Areces
El jueves y viernes 10 y 11 de mayo del 2018 realizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un Simposio Internacional, en el cual se trató el tema del mosaicismo somático en malformaciones vasculares.
Rafael Doménech - Responsable de Análisis Macroeconómico, BBVA Research. Fundación Ramón Areces
El martes 8 de mayo de 2018 realizamos una conferencia en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el futuro de las pensiones: una visión global.
El martes 8 de mayo de 2018 realizamos una conferencia en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el futuro de las pensiones: una visión global.
El martes 8 de mayo de 2018 realizamos una conferencia en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el futuro de las pensiones: una visión global.
Nicholas Barr - Profesor de Economía Pública, London School of Economics. Fundación Ramón Areces
El martes 8 de mayo de 2018 realizamos una conferencia en la Fundación Ramón Areces, en la cual se habló sobre el futuro de las pensiones: una visión global.
El viernes 27 de abril del 2018 se celebró en la Fundación Ramón Areces una Jornada sobre física , en la cual se trataron diversos temas como: Los materiales mecanocalóricos, magnetísmo, biofísica, la energía oscura y instrumentación astronómica.
El viernes 20 de abril organizamos una Jornada sobre la ciencia en el corazón de Europa, en colaboración con Científicos Españoles en Bélgica (CEBE) y realizada en la Fundación Ramón Areces.
Marta Olivares - Investigadora Postdoctoral en Université catholique de Louva...Fundación Ramón Areces
El viernes 20 de abril organizamos una Jornada sobre la ciencia en el corazón de Europa, en colaboración con Científicos Españoles en Bélgica (CEBE) y realizada en la Fundación Ramón Areces.
El viernes 20 de abril organizamos una Jornada sobre la ciencia en el corazón de Europa, en colaboración con Científicos Españoles en Bélgica (CEBE) y realizada en la Fundación Ramón Areces.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Raymond Desjardins - Impacto de la agricultura sobre el cambio climático
1. The Impact of Agriculture on
Climate Change
Raymond L. Desjardins, D. Worth, W. Smith, B. Grant, A. VanderZaag, X. Verge,
J. Dyer, A. Betts, H. Letailleur, E. Pattey, B. G. McConkey, C. Monreal
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Ottawa, ON Canada
Presented at the Symposium on Beneficial Microbes for
Agriculture and Biosphere Protection
Madrid, Spain May 20- 21, 2014
2. 2
Outline
•The Earth’s global radiation budget
•Anthropogenic influence on past GHG concentration
•Impact of land use on climate radiative forcing
•Potential impact of agriculture on future radiative forcing
•Summary
•The Earth’s global radiation budget
•Anthropogenic influence on past GHG concentration
•Impact of land use on climate radiative forcing
•Potential impact of agriculture on future radiative forcing
•Summary
3. 3
Surface Energy Budget
Atmosphere
Land
Sensible
Heat Flux
(H)
Latent
Heat Flux
(LE)
Incoming
Shortwave
Radiation
(S )
Reflected
Shortwave
Radiation
(S )
Incoming
Longwave
Radiation
(L )
Outgoing
Longwave
Radiation
(L )
Net Radiation (Rn) = S - S + L - L
Albedo (α) =
S
SRn = LE + H + GRn = LE + H + G
Ground
Heat Flux
(G)
5. 5
Greenhouse gas and Climate Change
What does “Radiative Forcing” mean?
• Earth receives approximately 341 W m-2
of solar energy (mean over seasons)
• ~30% reflected away (average Earth albedo of 0.3), remaining 239 W m-2
absorbed
• Surface emits 396 W m-2
as long-wave radiation, 90% is absorbed & re-
emitted by atmospheric greenhouse gases, 239 W m-2
emerges from the top
of the atmosphere
• Radiative forcing is the net change in radiation as the result of a change
imposed upon the Earth-Atmosphere system
• Consequence: 1 W m-2
extra forcing → ~0.5° mean air temp increase
• A change in albedo of ≈ 0.5% results in a change in radiative forcing equal to
1.7 W m-2
• Earth receives approximately 341 W m-2
of solar energy (mean over seasons)
• ~30% reflected away (average Earth albedo of 0.3), remaining 239 W m-2
absorbed
• Surface emits 396 W m-2
as long-wave radiation, 90% is absorbed & re-
emitted by atmospheric greenhouse gases, 239 W m-2
emerges from the top
of the atmosphere
• Radiative forcing is the net change in radiation as the result of a change
imposed upon the Earth-Atmosphere system
• Consequence: 1 W m-2
extra forcing → ~0.5° mean air temp increase
• A change in albedo of ≈ 0.5% results in a change in radiative forcing equal to
1.7 W m-2
6. Reflected by
Surface
Absorbed by
Atmosphere
Reflected by
Clouds and
Atmosphere
Reflected Shorwave
Radiation
Back
Radiation
Greenhouse
Gases
Atmospheric
Window
Incoming Shortwave
Radiation
Outgoing
Longwave
Radiation
Earth’s global mean annual energy balance (W m-2
)
101.9
100.0
78
75
341.3
340.2
238.5
239.7
356
398
161
165
23
23
79
74.7
Absorbed by
Surface
Surface
Radiation
Absorbed by
Surface
Modified from Trenberth et al. (2009)
Trenberth et al. (2009)
Stephens et al. (2012)
Estimates By:
100 =
100 =
Surface
Imbalance
+ 0.9
+ 0.6
Emitted by
Atmosphere
80
88
17
24
Latent
Heat
Sensible
Heat
396
398
333
345.6
7. The impact of a change in the surface albedo on the energy
budget and on air temperature (Betts, Desjardins et al. 2014)
RnSnow-free = RnSnow-covered - 50 Wm-2
Soil
Snowpack
Fall-winter snow transition
Soil
Shortwave
radiation
Longwave
radiation
Increased
Albedo:
69% of
impact
Decreased
incoming
longwave
radiation: 31%
of impact
8. The impact of a change in the surface albedo on the energy
budget and on air temperature
We recently estimated that with the fall-winter snow transition in the
Canadian Prairies, the net radiation at the surface is reduced by 50
Wm-2
, with 69% coming from the reduced net shortwave flux, resulting
from the increased surface albedo and a small increase in effective
cloud albedo, and 31% from reduced incoming long wave radiation.
This difference in net radiation is enough to reduce the air temperature
near the surface by approximately 11 ˚C.
We also showed that for every 10% decrease in days with snow cover
over the Canadian Prairies, the mean October to April air temperature
is warmer by 1.4 C
We recently estimated that with the fall-winter snow transition in the
Canadian Prairies, the net radiation at the surface is reduced by 50
Wm-2
, with 69% coming from the reduced net shortwave flux, resulting
from the increased surface albedo and a small increase in effective
cloud albedo, and 31% from reduced incoming long wave radiation.
This difference in net radiation is enough to reduce the air temperature
near the surface by approximately 11 ˚C.
We also showed that for every 10% decrease in days with snow cover
over the Canadian Prairies, the mean October to April air temperature
is warmer by 1.4 C
Source: Betts, A.K., R. Desjardins, D. Worth, S. Wang and J. Li (2014), Coupling of winter climate transitions to
snow and clouds over the Prairies. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 1118-1139, doi:10.1002/2013JD021168.
9. 9
Outline
•The Earth’s global radiation budget
•Anthropogenic influence on past CO2 & CH4 concentrations
•Impact of land use on climate radiative forcing
•Potential impact of agriculture on future climate radiative forcing
•Summary
•The Earth’s global radiation budget
•Anthropogenic influence on past CO2 & CH4 concentrations
•Impact of land use on climate radiative forcing
•Potential impact of agriculture on future climate radiative forcing
•Summary
10. 10
Development of Anthropogenic Climate Change
Hypothesis
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, 1920’s, argued that living beings
could collectively reshape the planet, similar to physical forces
Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky, 1920’s, argued that living beings
could collectively reshape the planet, similar to physical forces
Guy Stewart Callandar, 1938, linked increasing surface
temperature between 1890 and 1938 to increasing atmospheric
CO2
Guy Stewart Callandar, 1938, linked increasing surface
temperature between 1890 and 1938 to increasing atmospheric
CO2
Svante Arrhenius, 1896, argued that a doubling of atmospheric
CO2 could bring about a global increase in temperature
amounting to 5-6 ºC
Svante Arrhenius, 1896, argued that a doubling of atmospheric
CO2 could bring about a global increase in temperature
amounting to 5-6 ºC
John Tyndall, 1859, discovered the absorptive properties of
water vapour and carbon dioxide
John Tyndall, 1859, discovered the absorptive properties of
water vapour and carbon dioxide
11. 11
Source: Ruddiman (2003)
Prehistoric Trend in Atmospheric CH4 Shows
Evidence of Anthropogenic Influence
Historic trend in atmospheric CH4
concentration and insolation at
30 ºN, consistent with orbital
monsoon theory
Historic trend in atmospheric CH4
concentration and insolation at
30 ºN, consistent with orbital
monsoon theory
In the past 7,500 years, this
coherent relationship broke
down, and insolation decreased
towards a minima, whereas CH4
increased. Ruddiman (2003)
postulated that this anomalous
increase in CH4 is related to the
development of ‘wet rice’ farming
in China and India
In the past 7,500 years, this
coherent relationship broke
down, and insolation decreased
towards a minima, whereas CH4
increased. Ruddiman (2003)
postulated that this anomalous
increase in CH4 is related to the
development of ‘wet rice’ farming
in China and India
250 ppb increase in CH4
attributed to early rice farming
250 ppb increase in CH4
attributed to early rice farming
13. 13
Prehistoric Trend in Atmospheric CO2 Shows
Evidence of Anthropogenic Influence
Source: Ruddiman (2003)
An anomalous increase of 40 ppm in
the historic atmospheric CO2
concentration was observed.
An anomalous increase of 40 ppm in
the historic atmospheric CO2
concentration was observed.
Natural explanations for the
increase in CO2 such as natural
biomass loss and a change in ocean
carbonate chemistry were refuted
and it was argued that forest
clearance in Eurasia accounted for
the anomalous increase in CO2
concentration (224- 245 Gt C).
Natural explanations for the
increase in CO2 such as natural
biomass loss and a change in ocean
carbonate chemistry were refuted
and it was argued that forest
clearance in Eurasia accounted for
the anomalous increase in CO2
concentration (224- 245 Gt C).
15. 15
Outline
•The Earth’s global radiation budget
•Anthropogenic influence on past CO2 & CH4 concentrations
•Impact of land use on climate radiative forcing
•Potential impact of agriculture on future radiative forcing
•Summary
•The Earth’s global radiation budget
•Anthropogenic influence on past CO2 & CH4 concentrations
•Impact of land use on climate radiative forcing
•Potential impact of agriculture on future radiative forcing
•Summary
17. 17
Radiative forcing and albedo
In recognition of the linkage between climate and surface
albedo, the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC identified
change in surface albedo, associated with land use change,
among the key factors influencing climate radiative forcing,
amounting to about -0.15 Wm-2
.
The IPCC also identified the radiative forcing of albedo due to
land use change as having a low level of scientific
understanding.
In recognition of the linkage between climate and surface
albedo, the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC identified
change in surface albedo, associated with land use change,
among the key factors influencing climate radiative forcing,
amounting to about -0.15 Wm-2
.
The IPCC also identified the radiative forcing of albedo due to
land use change as having a low level of scientific
understanding.
18. 18
1950 - “natural”
1950 forcing relative to
“natural”
global mean: -0.18 Wm-2
Global Change in Albedo due to Land-Use
Change
Source: Betts et al. (2007)
1990 - “natural”
1990 forcing relative to
“natural”
global mean: -0.24 Wm-2
As a result of the land use change, northern mid-latitude
agricultural regions are simulated to be about 1-2 ºC cooler in
winter and spring as compared to the their natural state.
As a result of the land use change, northern mid-latitude
agricultural regions are simulated to be about 1-2 ºC cooler in
winter and spring as compared to the their natural state.
19. 19
Differences in net radiation between forest and grasslands
Conifer – Grass: Rnet
Mean annual difference
= 14 Wm-2
Deciduous – Grass: Rnet
Mean annual difference
= 2 Wm-2
Source: Betts, Desjardins et al. 2007
22. 22
Contribution of Agriculture to GHG Concentration
Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth’s land surface
Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and
nitrous oxide emissions- It can be a source or sink of carbon dioxide
Agricultural lands occupy 37% of the earth’s land surface
Agriculture accounts for 52 and 84% of global anthropogenic methane and
nitrous oxide emissions- It can be a source or sink of carbon dioxide
Global
Direct farming
activities
13-15% of Global
GHG Emissions
Direct farming
activities + land
use change
18-32% of Global
GHG Emissions
Source: US EPA (2006); FAO (2006); Bellarby et al (2008)
23. Global GHG emissions
• It is estimated that between 1750 to 1970
emissions of CO2 from agricultural soils are about
equal to the fossil fuel emissions during that time
• Current global GHG emissions are about 49 Gt
CO2e y-1
, 74% of which are CO2, 16% CH4 and
10% N2O
• CO2concentration is increasing at 2 ppmv y-1
that
is 6 Pg C y-1
or 6 Gt C y-1
or 22 Gt CO2 y-1
23
24. 24
Impact of Present-Day Agriculture on Deforestation
• Forests account for 25% of the land area 75% of C in
vegetation and 40% of carbon in soil
• Deforestation produces 5.9 Gt CO2 y-1
, 17% of annual
anthropogenic GHG emissions
• CO2 is released from organic matter decomposition
where soil C is metabolized by soil microorganisms to
CH4 and CO2 and is released to the atmosphere.
• Tropical deforestation takes place mainly for large-scale
agriculture
25. Soil C Change in Agricultural Soils (Lal 2003)
• Area of arable land 1,369 Mha
• Permanent pasture 3,460 Mha
• Permanent crops 132 Mha
• Most croplands have lost 30 – 40 Mg C/ha
• It is estimated that agricultural soils have lost
66-90 Pg C
• Global soil C sequestration potential 0.4 - 0.8
Pg C y-1
• Potential 30-60 Pg C over the next 25-50
years
25
26. Anthropogenic Global Methane Sources-
Beneficial Microbes (2010)
Source: Global Carbon Project 2013; Figure based on Kirschke et al. 2013
Juniper, T. 2013 What has nature ever done for us? Profile books, 324pp.
28. • Decay of organic matter by microbes in
soil release reactive N
• Biological N fixation- N fixing bacteria
into reactive N
• Application of inorganic fertilizer
28
Sources of Nitrous Oxide
29. Substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emission
intensities of Canadian agricultural products
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
GHGemissionsperkilogramofmilkorliveweight
producedordozeneggs
1981 1986 1991
1996 2001 2006
Source: Dyer et al (2008); Vergé et al (2008); Vergé et al (2009a; 2009b)
Milk
-26%
Beef
-56%
Pork
-56%
Poultry -
broiler meat
-19%
Poultry - eggs
-8%
Improved breeds, adoption of BMPs such as no-tillage and increased feeding of
leguminous crops have led to a reduction in emissions intensity dairy, beef and
pork production in Canada.
Improved breeds, adoption of BMPs such as no-tillage and increased feeding of
leguminous crops have led to a reduction in emissions intensity dairy, beef and
pork production in Canada.
30. Carbon footprint of animal products per unit
of protein
Source: Dyer, Desjardins et al (2010)
One of the primary functions of
animal products is to provide protein
for growth. Therefore, expressing the
carbon footprint per unit of protein is
one way to compare emissions
between animal types.
32. 32
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Perennial crops Summerfallow No-Tillage
Area(millionha)
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Perennial crops Summerfallow No-Tillage
Area(millionha)
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
What is the impact of a decrease in area under summerfallow on the
air temperature on the Canadian Prairies?
What is the impact of a decrease in area under summerfallow on the
air temperature on the Canadian Prairies?
Trends in Agricultural Management Practices in Canada
33. 33
Rn
Bare Soil
Vegetated Surface
Rn
zi=2-3 km
zi=0.5 km
G G
H LE
H LE
Effects of Leaving the Land Surface Bare for a
Summer on the Energy Budget
Source: Gameda et al. (2007)
Bare
Soil
Vegetated
LE - +
H + -
G + -
zi + -
34. 34
Impact of Summerfallow on Climate: Mean
Daily Maimum Air Temperature
1951-1975: Increasing
levels of summerfallow
8.7 Mha-11.4 Mha
T max increasing over
time
1951-1975: Increasing
levels of summerfallow
8.7 Mha-11.4 Mha
T max increasing over
time
1976-2000: Declining
levels of summerfallow
11.4 Mha-5.4 Mha
T max decreasing over
time
1976-2000: Declining
levels of summerfallow
11.4 Mha-5.4 Mha
T max decreasing over
time
Source: Gameda et al 2007
On the Canadian prairies, the elimination of 6 Mha of
summerfallow has been associated with a period of time when
June 15 to July 15 mean daily maximum temperature has
decreased, likely due to a decrease in the sensible heat flux and
an increase in evapotranspiration. This analysis shows that
reduction of summer fallowing has caused a reduction in
maximum air temperature of 1.7 C per decade during the
mid- June to mid-July period.
On the Canadian prairies, the elimination of 6 Mha of
summerfallow has been associated with a period of time when
June 15 to July 15 mean daily maximum temperature has
decreased, likely due to a decrease in the sensible heat flux and
an increase in evapotranspiration. This analysis shows that
reduction of summer fallowing has caused a reduction in
maximum air temperature of 1.7 C per decade during the
mid- June to mid-July period.
35. 35
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Perennial crops Summerfallow No-Tillage
Area(millionha)
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Perennial crops Summerfallow No-Tillage
Area(millionha)
1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
What are the combined biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts
of a decrease in area of summerfallow in the Canadian Prairies in
terms of climate radiative forcing?
What are the combined biogeochemical and biogeophysical impacts
of a decrease in area of summerfallow in the Canadian Prairies in
terms of climate radiative forcing?
Trends in Agricultural Management Practices in Canada
36. 36
How to calculate net reflected shortwave radiation?
Absorbed shortwave radiation in Wm−2
(a) is estimated as:Absorbed shortwave radiation in Wm−2
(a) is estimated as:
)()1( IIa αβα +−=
aINRS −=
where I is the incoming shortwave flux (Wm−2
),
α is the albedo, and
β is a coefficient to correct for the atmospheric absorption of
reflected short wave flux
The net reflected shortwave radiation can be calculated as
follows:
where I is the incoming shortwave flux (Wm−2
),
α is the albedo, and
β is a coefficient to correct for the atmospheric absorption of
reflected short wave flux
The net reflected shortwave radiation can be calculated as
follows:
where NRS is the net reflected shortwave radiation (Wm−2
)where NRS is the net reflected shortwave radiation (Wm−2
)
37. 37
where Ar is the area of the region of interest and Ae is the
Earth’s surface area, and subscript 1 and 2 refers to the
different land cover types
The equivalent radiative forcing of carbon can be determined using
following equation (Betts 2000)
where Ar is the area of the region of interest and Ae is the
Earth’s surface area, and subscript 1 and 2 refers to the
different land cover types
The equivalent radiative forcing of carbon can be determined using
following equation (Betts 2000)
erR AANRSNRS /)( 21 −=δ
where C0 is the atmospheric CO2 concentration (397 ppmv),
and ΔC is the change in atmospheric CO2 concentration
where C0 is the atmospheric CO2 concentration (397 ppmv),
and ΔC is the change in atmospheric CO2 concentration
)/1(35.5 0CCLnRFC ∆+=
The differences in reflected shortwave radiation for various land
cover types affect the local radiation budget. This effect on
global radiative forcing can be estimated for a given region of
interest by
The differences in reflected shortwave radiation for various land
cover types affect the local radiation budget. This effect on
global radiative forcing can be estimated for a given region of
interest by
How is a change in soil carbon related to a change in albedo?
38. 38
For the reduction in summerfallowing in the province of Saskatchewan for the period between 1971 and
2006, we estimated a net radiative forcing of -0.160 mWm−2
of which 67% of this effect was due to a
change in albedo and the remainder to soil C sequestration
39. 39
Agricultural Practice Biogeophysical
effect
Biogeochemical
effect
Net Effect
Reduced tillage + _ _ _ − −
Afforestation + + _ _ _ _
Deforestation − − + + + +
Plant forage crops − − − − −
Irrigation − − + −
Biochar + − − −
Leaf albedo bio-
geoengineering
− − − −
Biofuel − − + −
Synchronize N availability
to N use by crops
− − − −
Reduced fallow - -- − − − − −
Plant fall crops − − − −
Leave long stubble for
snow trapping
− − − −
Biophysical and Biochemical Forcing of
Agricultural Management Practices
40. 40
Outline
•The Earth’s global radiation budget
•Anthropogenic influence on past GHG concentration
•Impact of land use on climate radiative forcing
•Potential impact of agriculture on future radiative forcing
•Summary
•The Earth’s global radiation budget
•Anthropogenic influence on past GHG concentration
•Impact of land use on climate radiative forcing
•Potential impact of agriculture on future radiative forcing
•Summary
41. Source: Lal (2003); Verge et al. 2007
Carbon Sequestration in Agricultural Soils
Carbon sequestration is the process of removing carbon from the
atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir.
Global potential for carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is estimated at
30-60 Pg C over the next 50 years, through the adoption of BMPs and
restoration of degraded soils. Impact of climate change
Carbon sequestration is the process of removing carbon from the
atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir.
Global potential for carbon sequestration in agricultural soils is estimated at
30-60 Pg C over the next 50 years, through the adoption of BMPs and
restoration of degraded soils. Impact of climate change
However, carbon sequestration is dependent upon the continuation of the
management practice and the climatic conditions under which it was
sequestered. Carbon sequestration is a reversible process.
However, carbon sequestration is dependent upon the continuation of the
management practice and the climatic conditions under which it was
sequestered. Carbon sequestration is a reversible process.
Recent estimates of projected climate change suggest that in the future
Canadian agricultural soils could be a source of carbon, amounting to 53-
160 Mt C, depending on the climate change scenario.
Recent estimates of projected climate change suggest that in the future
Canadian agricultural soils could be a source of carbon, amounting to 53-
160 Mt C, depending on the climate change scenario.
42. 42
Biodigestion of Animal Wastes and Crop
Residues
Current estimates of the maximum annual methane production potential
from the biodigestion of animal manure in Canada (≈ 2.3 × 109
m3
) have the
energetic equivalent of 1% of annual fossil energy demand.
Current estimates of the maximum annual methane production potential
from the biodigestion of animal manure in Canada (≈ 2.3 × 109
m3
) have the
energetic equivalent of 1% of annual fossil energy demand.
Source: Levin et al. (2007)
However, current technical and economic factors limit the total energy
production from these sources to much less than the maximum potential.
However, current technical and economic factors limit the total energy
production from these sources to much less than the maximum potential.
43. 43
Bioenergy
Thousands of biodigesters are being built all over the
world.
Thousands of biodigesters are being built all over the
world.
Is this a way to ensure the sustainability of agricultural
production?
Is this a way to ensure the sustainability of agricultural
production?
44. 44
Production of Ethanol from Corn
Ethanol production, especially from corn, has received
considerable attention in the popular and scientific literature.
Ethanol production, especially from corn, has received
considerable attention in the popular and scientific literature.
Current life cycle analysis estimates that corn ethanol production reduces GHG
emissions by ≈ 10-20%, relative to conventional gasoline. However, if emissions
from land use change are considered (which is necessary to produce food that
has been diverted for fuel), emissions are greater for ethanol production than for
gasoline production.
Current life cycle analysis estimates that corn ethanol production reduces GHG
emissions by ≈ 10-20%, relative to conventional gasoline. However, if emissions
from land use change are considered (which is necessary to produce food that
has been diverted for fuel), emissions are greater for ethanol production than for
gasoline production.
Source: Farrell et al. (2006); Searchinger et al. (2008)
Development of cellulosic ethanol
offers the potential to significantly
reduce GHG emissions as
compared to gasoline.
Development of cellulosic ethanol
offers the potential to significantly
reduce GHG emissions as
compared to gasoline.
45. 45
Bioenergy
•Low carbon energy biofuels, bioenergy
e.g. ethanol biofuel production in the US
•Low carbon energy biofuels, bioenergy
e.g. ethanol biofuel production in the US
The target in the US for
2020 is 144 billion
liters/year, 60% is to come
from non-grain sources.
This means that 48 Mha
will be required. This
should cause the most
rapid change in land use
in US history.
The target in the US for
2020 is 144 billion
liters/year, 60% is to come
from non-grain sources.
This means that 48 Mha
will be required. This
should cause the most
rapid change in land use
in US history.
Sinclair 2009
46. The meat consumption in the world in 2010
46
Consumption of meat in 2010: 286.2 million tonnes
Consumption rate has increased constantly for 50 years: 2.3% for the past
decade
Consumption of meat in 2010: 286.2 million tonnes
Consumption rate has increased constantly for 50 years: 2.3% for the past
decade
Beef
Pork
Poultry
FranceAgrimer 2011, FAO 2010
South America
Central America
North America
Global repartition (%)
Europe
Asia
OceaniaAfrica
47. Substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emission
intensities of Canadian agricultural products
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
GHGemissionsperkilogramofliveweight
produced
1981 1986 1991
1996 2001 2006
Source: Dyer et al (2008); Vergé et al (2008); Vergé et al (2009a; 2009b)
Beef
-56%
Pork
-56%
Poultry -
broiler meat
-19%
48. Change in beef, pork and poultry consumption
48
Source: FAO, 2010
Considering the GHG emissions for each type of meat production, the
GHG emissions in 2010 were about 3.7 Gt CO2e.
By 2040 the GHG emissions due to meat consumption would be about
5.1 Gt CO2e if the growth rate remains the same. Hence, even if the
beef consumption is decreasing, it still does not offset the increase in
GHG emissions due to the predicted increase in population.
Considering the GHG emissions for each type of meat production, the
GHG emissions in 2010 were about 3.7 Gt CO2e.
By 2040 the GHG emissions due to meat consumption would be about
5.1 Gt CO2e if the growth rate remains the same. Hence, even if the
beef consumption is decreasing, it still does not offset the increase in
GHG emissions due to the predicted increase in population.
49. 49
Crop Bioengineering
Recent research has estimated that if the albedo of global croplands could
be increased by 0.04, then a global cooling of approximately 0.1 ºC could
be achieved, with regional cooling in the continental northern hemisphere of
1 ºC during the summer months.
Recent research has estimated that if the albedo of global croplands could
be increased by 0.04, then a global cooling of approximately 0.1 ºC could
be achieved, with regional cooling in the continental northern hemisphere of
1 ºC during the summer months.
Source: Ridgwell et al. (2009)
50. 50
How can we assess the impact of agricultural
land management on biophysical forcing?
1. Identify fields with known crop type and management, estimate annual
albedo from satellite imagery and scale up to national scale using
crop/management distribution
1. Identify fields with known crop type and management, estimate annual
albedo from satellite imagery and scale up to national scale using
crop/management distribution
Canada
Spring wheat, no till
Barley, min till
Summerfallow
51. Synchronizing the Release of Fertilizer-N with Crop Uptake
Improving nitrogen use efficiency by crops
(Use Chemical Signals from Root Exudates
for N release on crop demand C. Monreal)
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6 Crop N uptake
INF-N release
0
25
50
100
75
Growing season (# of days)
CropNUptake(kgN/ha/day)
Rootexudatecontent(micrograms/ml)
Root exudate
52. 52
Microorganisms and climate change
It is unclear
whether changes in
microbial processes
lead to a net
positive or negative
feedback for GHG
emissions.
It is unclear
whether changes in
microbial processes
lead to a net
positive or negative
feedback for GHG
emissions.
•Microbial processes have a central role in the global fluxes of carbon
dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide and are likely to respond rapidly to
climate change.
•There are millions of microorganisms (nematodes, microbes, etc.) in every
teaspoonful of soil. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which
they regulate GHG fluxes from agricultural sources.
•It is a tantalizing prospect for mitigating climate change for the future.
•Microbial processes have a central role in the global fluxes of carbon
dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide and are likely to respond rapidly to
climate change.
•There are millions of microorganisms (nematodes, microbes, etc.) in every
teaspoonful of soil. It is important to understand the mechanisms by which
they regulate GHG fluxes from agricultural sources.
•It is a tantalizing prospect for mitigating climate change for the future.
53. 53
Key Points
•Agriculture is significantly altering the Earth’s energy budget and climate
in a variety of ways
•Because of the large spatial extent and intensive management,
agriculture has contributed and continues to contribute to climate change
through both biogeochemical and biogeophysical mechanisms
•The main role of agriculture is to produce food and presently food
production accounts for about 15-20% of the GHG emissions
•The potential exist in agriculture to reduce GHG emissions and increase
soil carbon sequestration
•The potential impact of soil C sequestration is large but finite and climate
change is likely to make sequestering C very difficult
•Microorganisms play a very important role in the biogeochemical
mecanisms
• Can mankind harness microbial process to help manage climate
change?
•Agriculture is significantly altering the Earth’s energy budget and climate
in a variety of ways
•Because of the large spatial extent and intensive management,
agriculture has contributed and continues to contribute to climate change
through both biogeochemical and biogeophysical mechanisms
•The main role of agriculture is to produce food and presently food
production accounts for about 15-20% of the GHG emissions
•The potential exist in agriculture to reduce GHG emissions and increase
soil carbon sequestration
•The potential impact of soil C sequestration is large but finite and climate
change is likely to make sequestering C very difficult
•Microorganisms play a very important role in the biogeochemical
mecanisms
• Can mankind harness microbial process to help manage climate
change?
54. 54
References
Betts, A. K., Desjardins, R. L. and D. Worth 2007. Impact of agriculture, forest and cloud feedback on the surface energy
budget in BOREAS. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142:156-169.
Betts, R. A., Falloon, P. D., Goldewijk, K. K. and N. Ramankutty. 2007. Biogeophysical effects of land use on climate:
Model simulations of radiative forcing and large-scale temperature change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
142:216-233.
Betts, A.K., R. Desjardins, D. Worth, S. Wang and J. Li 2014. Coupling of winter climate transitions to snow and clouds
over the Prairies. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 1118-1139, doi:10.1002/2013JD021168.
Desjardins, R.L., J.C. Keng and K. Haugen-Kozyra. (editors) 1999. Proceedings on the international workshop on reducing
nitrous oxide emissions from agroecosystems. Banff, Alberta, Mar 3-5. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch;
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Conservation and Development Branch. 256 pp.
Desjardins, R.L., Sivakumar, M.V.K. and C. de Kimpe 2007. The contribution of agriculture to the state of climate:
Workshop summary and recommendations. Agric. and Forest Meteorology. 142: 314-324.
Desjardins, R.L. 2010. The impact of agriculture on climate change. In the proceedings of the North American
Biotechnology Conference (NABC) 21. Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. pp 29- 39.
Dyer, J.A., X.P.C. Vergé, R.L. Desjardins and D.E. Worth 2010. The protein-based GHG emission intensity for livestock
products in Canada. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 34(6):618-629. Doi:10.1080/10440046.2010.493376.
Gameda, S., Qian, B., Campbell, C. and R.L. Desjardins 2007. Climatic trends associated with summerfallow in the
Canadian Prairies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142:170-185.
Hutchinson, J.J., Campbell, C.A., and R.L. Desjardins 2007. Some perspectives on carbon sequestration in agriculture.
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142: 288- 302.
Juniper, T. 2013. What has nature ever done for us? Profile books, 324pp.
Betts, A. K., Desjardins, R. L. and D. Worth 2007. Impact of agriculture, forest and cloud feedback on the surface energy
budget in BOREAS. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142:156-169.
Betts, R. A., Falloon, P. D., Goldewijk, K. K. and N. Ramankutty. 2007. Biogeophysical effects of land use on climate:
Model simulations of radiative forcing and large-scale temperature change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
142:216-233.
Betts, A.K., R. Desjardins, D. Worth, S. Wang and J. Li 2014. Coupling of winter climate transitions to snow and clouds
over the Prairies. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 1118-1139, doi:10.1002/2013JD021168.
Desjardins, R.L., J.C. Keng and K. Haugen-Kozyra. (editors) 1999. Proceedings on the international workshop on reducing
nitrous oxide emissions from agroecosystems. Banff, Alberta, Mar 3-5. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Branch;
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Conservation and Development Branch. 256 pp.
Desjardins, R.L., Sivakumar, M.V.K. and C. de Kimpe 2007. The contribution of agriculture to the state of climate:
Workshop summary and recommendations. Agric. and Forest Meteorology. 142: 314-324.
Desjardins, R.L. 2010. The impact of agriculture on climate change. In the proceedings of the North American
Biotechnology Conference (NABC) 21. Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. pp 29- 39.
Dyer, J.A., X.P.C. Vergé, R.L. Desjardins and D.E. Worth 2010. The protein-based GHG emission intensity for livestock
products in Canada. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. 34(6):618-629. Doi:10.1080/10440046.2010.493376.
Gameda, S., Qian, B., Campbell, C. and R.L. Desjardins 2007. Climatic trends associated with summerfallow in the
Canadian Prairies. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142:170-185.
Hutchinson, J.J., Campbell, C.A., and R.L. Desjardins 2007. Some perspectives on carbon sequestration in agriculture.
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142: 288- 302.
Juniper, T. 2013. What has nature ever done for us? Profile books, 324pp.
55. 55
References
Lal, R. 2003. Global potential of soil carbon sequestration to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Critical Reviews in Plant
Sciences 22:151-184.
Ridgwell, A., Singarayer, J. S., Hetherington, A. M. and P.J. Valdes 2009. Tackling regional climate change by leaf albedo
bio-geoengineering. Current Biology 19:146-150.
Ruddiman, W. F. 2003. The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago. Climatic Change 61:261-293.
Searchinger, T., Heimlick, R., Houghton, R. A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., Tokgoz, S., Hayes, D. and T. H. Yu 2008.
Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science
319:1238-1240.
Sinclair, T. R. 2009. Taking measure of biofuel limits. American Scientist 97.5: 400-407.
Smith, W. N., Grant, B. B., Desjardins, R. L., Qian, B., Hutchinson, J. J. and S. Gameda 2009. Potential impact of climate
change on carbon in agricultural soils in Canada 2000-2099. Climatic Change 93:319-333.
Stehfest, E., Bouwman, L., van Vuuren, D. P., den Elzen, M. G. J., Eickhout, B. and Kabat, P. 2009. Climate benefits of
changing diet. Climatic Change In press:DOI 10.1007/s10584-008-9534-6.
Stephens, G.L.. Campbell, G.G. and Vonder Haar, T.H. 2012. Earth radiation budgets, J, . Geophys. Res., 86(C10),9739-
9760.
Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T. and Kiehl, J. 2009. Earth's global energy budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society 90(3):311-323.
Vergé, X.P.C., de Kimpe, C. and R.L. Desjardins, 2007. Agricultural production, greenhouse gas emissions and
mitigation potential. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142: 255- 269.
Vergé, X.P.C., Dyer, J.A., Desjardins, R.L., and Worth, D. 2008. Greenhouse gas emissions from the Canadian Beef Industry. Agricultural Systems.
98 (2): 126-134.
Vergé, X.P.C., Dyer, J.A., Worth, D.E., Smith, W.N., Desjardins, R.L., and B.G. McConkey. 2012. A greenhouse gas and
soil carbon model for estimating the carbon footprint of livestock production in Canada. Animals, 2: 437-454;
doi:10.3390/ani2030437.
Lal, R. 2003. Global potential of soil carbon sequestration to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Critical Reviews in Plant
Sciences 22:151-184.
Ridgwell, A., Singarayer, J. S., Hetherington, A. M. and P.J. Valdes 2009. Tackling regional climate change by leaf albedo
bio-geoengineering. Current Biology 19:146-150.
Ruddiman, W. F. 2003. The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago. Climatic Change 61:261-293.
Searchinger, T., Heimlick, R., Houghton, R. A., Dong, F., Elobeid, A., Fabiosa, J., Tokgoz, S., Hayes, D. and T. H. Yu 2008.
Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases through emissions from land-use change. Science
319:1238-1240.
Sinclair, T. R. 2009. Taking measure of biofuel limits. American Scientist 97.5: 400-407.
Smith, W. N., Grant, B. B., Desjardins, R. L., Qian, B., Hutchinson, J. J. and S. Gameda 2009. Potential impact of climate
change on carbon in agricultural soils in Canada 2000-2099. Climatic Change 93:319-333.
Stehfest, E., Bouwman, L., van Vuuren, D. P., den Elzen, M. G. J., Eickhout, B. and Kabat, P. 2009. Climate benefits of
changing diet. Climatic Change In press:DOI 10.1007/s10584-008-9534-6.
Stephens, G.L.. Campbell, G.G. and Vonder Haar, T.H. 2012. Earth radiation budgets, J, . Geophys. Res., 86(C10),9739-
9760.
Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T. and Kiehl, J. 2009. Earth's global energy budget. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society 90(3):311-323.
Vergé, X.P.C., de Kimpe, C. and R.L. Desjardins, 2007. Agricultural production, greenhouse gas emissions and
mitigation potential. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142: 255- 269.
Vergé, X.P.C., Dyer, J.A., Desjardins, R.L., and Worth, D. 2008. Greenhouse gas emissions from the Canadian Beef Industry. Agricultural Systems.
98 (2): 126-134.
Vergé, X.P.C., Dyer, J.A., Worth, D.E., Smith, W.N., Desjardins, R.L., and B.G. McConkey. 2012. A greenhouse gas and
soil carbon model for estimating the carbon footprint of livestock production in Canada. Animals, 2: 437-454;
doi:10.3390/ani2030437.
Editor's Notes
In Canada, poultry production emits only 47% as much GHG per unit of LW as pork and only 10% as beef.
Difference between the countries: the growth has stopped in developed countries and is increasing by about 1.4% in the developing countries.
Beef: constant or decreasing
Pork: Increasing in Asia (the total meat consumption has increased by 4% during the last decades), and in some European countries
Poultry: Increasing with a rate of more than 2% each year.