A series of a graphical monologue on hydrology, hydropower, hydraulics and water quality issues. The first issue tries to highlight the role and significance of water filters in the creation of sustainable and healthy human society.The issue depicts the way you can select the best filter for your self-use. Tries to teach you the most popular two techniques of decision making which can be used to make objective decisions when you have many options. The major impurities of water can be removed by the filters but you have to use different filters or combination of filters at different locations as no two locations have the same quality of water. Learn how to distinguish.
Presentation on stormwater management design and planning by Robert A. Cummings, PE, CFM to the Montachusett Regional Planning Commission in September 2011.
Presentation on stormwater management design and planning by Robert A. Cummings, PE, CFM to the Montachusett Regional Planning Commission in September 2011.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAMIRABARANI RIVER ENCROACHED BY WAT...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation explains the analysis of water quality in which the Eichhornia crassipes lives further from many different samples the water was analyzed by my friend Mr. Esakki Raja
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Sewage and its treatment - experience from setting up STPs PRABHASH GOKARN
Growing population has resulted in a steep increase in demand for fresh water coupled with increased contamination from untreated waste water. Along with steps taken to clean our polluted rivers and streams, laws for disposal of waste water are becoming stricter, resulting in an urgent need for setting up facilities for treatment of sewage. There are several treatment options, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Drawing from our experience in setting up and running sewage treatment plants across various locations involving multiple technologies, this paper describes most of the popular technologies adopted for sewage treatment and the possible reasons for their selection.
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water , either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem .
The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other
land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants , adapted to the unique hydric soil.
Impact of E-Waste Recycling on Water and Soilhacyard
E-waste is globally associated with environmental contamination and serious health
issues due to its chemical constituents. In India, large volumes of such waste is
handled in the informal sector and recycled without any environmental safeguards.
However, there is a paucity of data and evidence to correlate the activities of this
sector and its impacts on the mediums of water and soil. This study has attempted
to establish a relationship between the activities and its impacts. The fi nal fi ndings
of the study suggest the following:
1. The areas of Loni and Mandoli, both on the outskirts of Delhi, support extensive
e-waste recycling.
2. Both sites discharge their effl uents into open lands in the absence of drains.
3. They also dispose of their solid waste in open lands, while most residual matter
is disposed by open burning.
4. The effl uents discharged at Mandoli are acidic, with very low pH values and high
levels of heavy metals. The levels of heavy metals and other physical param-
eters are much beyond the accepted limits for effl uents as provided by Indian
standards.
5. These effl uents, heavy in pollutants, are being directly discharged into soil, thus
impacting the soil.
6. The water quality at Loni is better as compared to Mandoli. There is a wide vari-
ation in the levels of zinc and nickel, though within the standards for drinking
water, suggesting change in water quality at various locations. High mercury
levels in one of the samples are a reason for concern. This result throws up seri-
ous questions on the use of this water for drinking purposes and the need for
further intensive studies.
7.
Soil results at both sites confi rm changes in soil parameters as compared to
the respective control samples and also if compared to standards from other
countries. The levels of heavy metals in soil are much higher in the Mandoli area
as compared to Loni. Some of the metals found in the soil are the input materi-
als or residues discharged into soil .There is clear evidence of changes in soil
characteristics at both recycling sites and this directly relates to the activities
and input materials of the waste recycling sector.
The report clearly indicates changes in soil quality in the recycling areas and this
change is attributable to the recycling activities being conducted in these areas.
The water quality at both sites also demonstrates some impacts of pollution but
this requires further investigation. The study could not assess health impacts on the
population engaged in recycling activities or living in the neighbourhood, but this
needs to be investigated.
Learn about the filters that you can use to remove urban pollutants.,The urban water is mainly infested by harmful agents like bacteria and other pathogens,micro-organisms etc Such type of water also has the potential to be infected by viral or bacteria information.
A filter can be used to treat urban as well as rural water. The most common contaminants of rural surface water are impurities released from the fertilizers and pesticides used for unhindered growth of crops and plants . The surface runoff, after a flush get mixed with nitrate,sulfate and some other inorganic and also organic micro-constituents which are present in the cultivators watershed and may have been consumed by the crop itself. However without the runoff, it could have never reached the surface water sources like rivers and lakes. To know how to select a filter for rural water, a presentation was prepared which can be accessed from here.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAMIRABARANI RIVER ENCROACHED BY WAT...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation explains the analysis of water quality in which the Eichhornia crassipes lives further from many different samples the water was analyzed by my friend Mr. Esakki Raja
There is an intrinsic connection between biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation. With appropriate technologies, wastewater can be treated to produce fit-for-purpose water with recovery of nutrients to enhance biodiversity conservation in terms of flora and fauna. This project highlights a pilot subsurface flow Constructed Wetland unit in order to identify its performance in treating domestic wastewater and in recovering nutrients.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Tanzania.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/integrated-constructed-wetland-wastewater-treatment-rainwater-harvesting-nutrient-recovery
Sewage and its treatment - experience from setting up STPs PRABHASH GOKARN
Growing population has resulted in a steep increase in demand for fresh water coupled with increased contamination from untreated waste water. Along with steps taken to clean our polluted rivers and streams, laws for disposal of waste water are becoming stricter, resulting in an urgent need for setting up facilities for treatment of sewage. There are several treatment options, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Drawing from our experience in setting up and running sewage treatment plants across various locations involving multiple technologies, this paper describes most of the popular technologies adopted for sewage treatment and the possible reasons for their selection.
A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water , either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem .
The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other
land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants , adapted to the unique hydric soil.
Impact of E-Waste Recycling on Water and Soilhacyard
E-waste is globally associated with environmental contamination and serious health
issues due to its chemical constituents. In India, large volumes of such waste is
handled in the informal sector and recycled without any environmental safeguards.
However, there is a paucity of data and evidence to correlate the activities of this
sector and its impacts on the mediums of water and soil. This study has attempted
to establish a relationship between the activities and its impacts. The fi nal fi ndings
of the study suggest the following:
1. The areas of Loni and Mandoli, both on the outskirts of Delhi, support extensive
e-waste recycling.
2. Both sites discharge their effl uents into open lands in the absence of drains.
3. They also dispose of their solid waste in open lands, while most residual matter
is disposed by open burning.
4. The effl uents discharged at Mandoli are acidic, with very low pH values and high
levels of heavy metals. The levels of heavy metals and other physical param-
eters are much beyond the accepted limits for effl uents as provided by Indian
standards.
5. These effl uents, heavy in pollutants, are being directly discharged into soil, thus
impacting the soil.
6. The water quality at Loni is better as compared to Mandoli. There is a wide vari-
ation in the levels of zinc and nickel, though within the standards for drinking
water, suggesting change in water quality at various locations. High mercury
levels in one of the samples are a reason for concern. This result throws up seri-
ous questions on the use of this water for drinking purposes and the need for
further intensive studies.
7.
Soil results at both sites confi rm changes in soil parameters as compared to
the respective control samples and also if compared to standards from other
countries. The levels of heavy metals in soil are much higher in the Mandoli area
as compared to Loni. Some of the metals found in the soil are the input materi-
als or residues discharged into soil .There is clear evidence of changes in soil
characteristics at both recycling sites and this directly relates to the activities
and input materials of the waste recycling sector.
The report clearly indicates changes in soil quality in the recycling areas and this
change is attributable to the recycling activities being conducted in these areas.
The water quality at both sites also demonstrates some impacts of pollution but
this requires further investigation. The study could not assess health impacts on the
population engaged in recycling activities or living in the neighbourhood, but this
needs to be investigated.
Learn about the filters that you can use to remove urban pollutants.,The urban water is mainly infested by harmful agents like bacteria and other pathogens,micro-organisms etc Such type of water also has the potential to be infected by viral or bacteria information.
A filter can be used to treat urban as well as rural water. The most common contaminants of rural surface water are impurities released from the fertilizers and pesticides used for unhindered growth of crops and plants . The surface runoff, after a flush get mixed with nitrate,sulfate and some other inorganic and also organic micro-constituents which are present in the cultivators watershed and may have been consumed by the crop itself. However without the runoff, it could have never reached the surface water sources like rivers and lakes. To know how to select a filter for rural water, a presentation was prepared which can be accessed from here.
“Study The Different Parameters of Sewage Treatment With UASB & SBR Technolog...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Every community produces both liquid and solid wastes and air emissions. The liquid wastewastewater-is
essentially the water supply of the community after it has been used in a variety of applications.
From the standpoint of sources of generation, wastewater may be defined as a combination of the liquid or
water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments, together
with such groundwater, surfacewater and stromwater as may be present. This waste water through sewer comes
to the sewage treatment plant so that parameters are reduced and treated wastewater be disposed into water or
land. For treating the sewage UASB( UP FLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET) and SBR(SEQUENCING
BATCH REACTOR) technologies are mostly used.
All the parameters of these samples were analyzed using standard methods prescribed in “Standard methods for
examination of water and wastewater”. It was observed that pH & temperature values at outlet by both the
processes are almost same. Reading were taking on two consecutive days and value of Biochemical Oxygen
Demand by UASB process was 32, 32mg/l and by SBR process was 11, 16mg/l. Chemical oxygen Demand by
UASB process was 112, 96mg/l and by SBR process was 32, 34mg/l. Total Suspended Solids by UASB process
was 58, 44mg/l and by SBR process was 10, 12mg/l. Both the processes were used for treating the wastewater
and the SBR process showed better results as comparative to UASB.
Recycling of water water into drinking waterAshutosh Singh
How to convert waste water into drinking water. There are some technology are given and the time line of projects.
If any one wants it's synopsis report contact me on 9628656548 whatsapp
Introduction to Ant Colony Optimization TechniquesMrinmoy Majumder
Ant Colony Optimization is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the foraging behavior of ants. It involves simulating the way ants communicate and cooperate to find the shortest path between their nest and a food source.
History of Ant Colony Optimization
Ant Colony Optimization was first introduced by Marco Dorigo in the early 1990s, drawing inspiration from the pheromone trails that ants use to communicate with each other. Since then, it has been successfully applied to various optimization problems in computer science and engineering. It has proven to be particularly useful in solving routing problems, such as the traveling salesman problem.
Ant Colony Optimisation has been used in a wide range of applications, including routing optimisation, scheduling problems, and vehicle routing. By mimicking the collaborative and decentralised nature of ant colonies, this algorithm has proven to be effective in finding optimal solutions to complex problems.
For example, in routing optimisation, Ant Colony optimisation can be used to find the most efficient path for data packets to travel through a network by simulating how ants find the shortest path to a food source. This can help improve network efficiency and reduce congestion. Additionally, in vehicle routing applications, the algorithm can be used to optimise delivery routes for multiple vehicles by mimicking how ants communicate and coordinate with each other to efficiently explore and exploit different routes. This can ultimately lead to cost savings and faster delivery times.
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Seven Metaheuristics to Learn for your Next Data Science Project
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Introduction to Model Development for Prediction, Simulation, and Optimization.
https://imojo.in/1DJDUzm
Ten Ideas to open startups in smart agriculture.pptxMrinmoy Majumder
Smart agriculture, also known as precision agriculture, refers to the integration of advanced technologies and data analytics in agricultural practices to enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. It involves the use of sensors, drones, satellite imagery, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices to collect real-time data on soil conditions, weather patterns, crop growth, and livestock health. By analyzing this data, farmers can make informed decisions regarding irrigation schedules, fertilizer application, pest control measures, and overall resource management. This transformative approach to farming not only maximizes yields but also minimizes environmental impact by optimizing resource utilization and reducing waste.
Startups play a crucial role in the agricultural sector by driving innovation and introducing new technologies that can revolutionize farming practices. These startups bring fresh ideas and solutions to address the challenges faced by farmers, such as increasing productivity, reducing costs, and ensuring sustainable practices. With their agility and entrepreneurial spirit, startups can quickly adapt to market demands and collaborate with farmers to develop customized solutions that meet their specific needs. Additionally, startups can also create job opportunities in rural areas and contribute to economic growth in the agricultural sector.
The purpose of this essay is to explore the role of startups in revolutionizing farming practices and the potential benefits they bring to the agricultural sector. By introducing new technologies and innovative solutions, startups can help farmers overcome challenges and achieve greater productivity while promoting sustainability. Additionally, the essay aims to highlight how startups can contribute to rural development by creating job opportunities and driving economic growth in farming communities.
When was the first bottled drinking water sold.pptxMrinmoy Majumder
Archimedes introduced fluid mechanics around 250 BC, stating the conservation of mass within a control volume for constant-density fluids. Isaac Newton described fluid viscosity in his 1687 Principia. Leonardo da Vinci studied fluid dynamics at Plato's Academy. The Reynolds theory explains the interaction between mass and viscosity in fluid mechanics.
Archimedes introduced fluid mechanics, an ancient Greek concept, around 250 BC. The first law of fluid mechanics, the conservation of mass, states that mass is conserved within a control volume for constant-density fluids. In his 1687 Principia, Isaac Newton, an ancient Greek, described fluid viscosity for the first time. Fluid dynamics can be traced back to Leonardo da Vinci, who studied at Plato's Academy. The Reynolds theory of fluid mechanics explains how mass and viscosity interact.
Subscribe to hydrogeek.substack.net to receive more such information
Vulnerability Analysis of Wetlands under Changed Climate Scenarios with the h...Mrinmoy Majumder
Casestudy on Vulnerability Analysis of Wetlands under Changed Climate Scenarios with the help Water Cycle and Poly-Neural Networks.
Select the factors from literature and stakeholders survey to identify the most significant factors.
Separate these into two groups :
i)One group is for Reliability Enhancing Factors(R)
ii)Another group is for Risk Enhancing Factors(r)
Find the weightage of importance of each factors of each group with respect the impact of climate change on them. Use the Analytical Hierarchy Process Multi Criteria Decision Making method to determine the weightage. Here Climate Variables like Rainfall and Evapotranspiration can be selected as the criteria and all the factors as the alternative. Determine the weightage one group at a time.
Now place the sum of the value of the Reliability Enhancement Factors, (each multiplied with their weightage of importance) in Numerator and the sum of the value of Risk Enhancing Factor (each multiplied with their weightage of importance) in the Denominator.
To get the complete instructions enroll for the internshp at energyinstyle.website
1. The significance of addressing water and sanitation issues in developing countries: Explore how recent special issue calls for papers on water and sanitation reflect the urgent need to address these challenges in developing countries, where access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities is limited.
2. Examining innovative solutions:
3.Analyze the recent special issue calls for papers on water and sanitation to understand the emphasis on exploring innovative approaches and technologies that can improve access to clean water and sanitation facilities in developing countries.
4. Highlighting the impact on health and well-being: Shed light on the detrimental effects of inadequate water and sanitation on the health and well-being of individuals in developing countries. The special issue calls for papers aim to draw attention to the urgent need for action in order to prevent diseases and improve overall quality of life.
5. Encouraging collaboration and knowledge sharing: Emphasize the importance of collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in finding sustainable solutions to water and sanitation challenges. The special issue calls for papers provide a platform for sharing knowledge, experiences, and best practices, fostering a global dialogue on addressing these pressing issues.
6. Promoting sustainable development goals: Discuss how the special issue calls for papers align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
7.Emerging technologies for improving water quality: Discuss the latest research trends highlighted in the most recent special issue calls for papers, focusing on innovative technologies that aim to enhance water treatment processes and ensure better-quality drinking water for communities worldwide.
8. Sustainable approaches
Special Issues are available in different journals
1. Develop a smart irrigation system that utilizes sensors and data analytics to optimize water usage in agricultural fields, reducing water waste and improving crop yields.
2. Create a platform that connects farmers with precision agriculture technologies, such as drones and satellite imagery, to provide real-time monitoring and analysis of crop health and productivity.
3. Design a mobile application that enables farmers to remotely monitor and control their farm operations, including temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels in greenhouse environments.
4. Build an automated livestock monitoring system
In agricultural fields, data analytics is being used to optimise water usage, reduce waste, and increase crop yields. This technology is being combined with precision agriculture technologies to enable farmers to remotely monitor and control their farm operations.
But this article is not about the above ideas of starting startups but something more innovative is discussed.
Explore the latest advancements in hydro and energy informatics with seven ne...Mrinmoy Majumder
These special issue calls provide a unique opportunity for researchers and practitioners to contribute their work and contribute to the growing body of knowledge in hydro and energy informatics. Don't miss out on this chance to showcase your research and make a significant impact in these rapidly evolving fields. Discover cutting-edge research in hydro and energy informatics through seven exciting special issue calls by leading academic journals in the field. These special issue calls offer a platform for experts to share their innovative findings and insights, fostering collaboration and pushing the boundaries of hydro and energy informatics. Embrace this opportunity to stay at the forefront of advancements and contribute to shaping the future of these dynamic disciplines.
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An introductory explanation regarding the water cycle algorihtm.Complete tutorial can be found at www.baiatra.ws.The Water Cycle Algorithm is a nature-inspired optimization algorithm that mimics the movement and transformation of water in the Earth's hydrological cycle. It is based on the principles of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. This algorithm has gained popularity in solving complex optimization problems due to its ability to efficiently explore and exploit search spaces.
This algorithm is another famous metaheuristics or nature-based optimization technique proposed by Ali Sadollah in the year of 2015.
This video is a part of the BOT Membership available at :
https://innovates.gumroad.com/l/optimization_techniques
Also, you can subscribe to me at hydrogeek@substack,
Participate in completing the course on Optimization at baipatra.ws or an internship on energyinstyle.website
What is the difference between Free and Paid Subscriber of HydroGeek Newslett...Mrinmoy Majumder
Free subscribers can only access Hydro Geek content for two weeks after it has been posted.Paid Subscribers do not have these limitations. Free subscribers are unable to leave comments on any of the posts, but paid subscribers can. The Restricted Post with premium content (posted just once per week) cannot be read by Free Subscribers. Paid Subscribers are permitted to notify our subscribers of their opportunities once per month.Free Subscribers lack this authorization, while Founding Members are permitted to post announcements twice a month. Paid subscribers also get a flat 25% discount on new publications like journals, books, and reports.
Ten Most Recognizable Case Studies of Using Outlier.pptxMrinmoy Majumder
Outlier detection is a method used to identify outliers in data, such as power consumption in non-residential buildings, online leakage detection in water distribution systems, and efficient water quality prediction systems.
It is also used in healthcare fraud, coastal water temperature data, and monitoring water quality data.
The method has been applied in various case studies, such as a survey, healthcare fraud, and fault detection for circulating water pumps.
It is also used in acoustic feature-based leakage event detection for large-scale water distribution networks.
Five Ideas for opening startups in Virtual and Green WaterMrinmoy Majumder
Start-ups can offer services for identifying ideal locations for virtual and green water harvesting tanks. Real-time monitoring of water levels is provided, ensuring optimal water management. Water classifiers, developed using water quality sensors, separate green water from virtual water, ensuring automatic detection of water use. Leak detection in irrigation pipelines or water tanks can save thousands of dollars and prevent major disasters. Non-linear AI-based computer models can predict the availability of virtual and green water, ensuring the watershed is well-stocked. These services can help optimize water management and reduce costs associated with traditional water sources.
The National Sea Grant College Program and the Water Power Technologies Office announced projects in Alaska, Guam, and Hawaiʻi that will examine how the adoption of ocean renewable energy could support sustainable energy systems."
"For island and remote communities in the United States, developing resilient electricity infrastructure and energy systems can be fraught with challenges. These locations often rely on expensive, unreliable energy systems that are vulnerable to volatile energy supplies and costs, natural disasters, and impacts from climate change. That’s why the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Sea Grant College Program, in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office, is supporting three projects in Alaska, Guam, and Hawaiʻi that will examine how adoption of ocean renewable energy could support sustainable energy systems. "
"Analysis by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) shows that over 45 percent of districts in India have undergone concerning changes to landscape."
"Cities, in particular, have witnessed disrupting natural drainage patterns and encroachment on vital water bodies such as lakes and ponds that were originally intended to absorb stormwater. For instance, Hyderabad, home to 400 lakes and 48 flood-abso..."
Groundwater is nature's insurance...World Bank Report
"As “nature’s insurance,” groundwater protects food security, reduces poverty, and boosts resilient economic growth, but the resource is threatened by overexploitation and pollution. High-level political action is needed to prioritize groundwater and align the private and social costs of its use. A new World Bank report considers the economic value of groundwater, the costs of misusing it, and the opportunities to leverage it more effectively."
"Revolutionary new Swiss 'water battery' will be one of Europe's main renewable sources of energy"
A Swiss company has built what is being called a giant water battery deep under the Alps that provides an energy storage capacity equivalent to 400,000 electric car batteries. It could be a game-changer.
Click to visit Energy in Style for more info about the News
Latest Jobs and Scholarship Opportunities
Professor in Food, Water, Energy Nexus
Northeastern University’s College of Arts, Media and Design (CAMD) invites applications for open-rank, tenured or tenure-track positions in the thematic area of Food, Water, Energy Nexus.
South Africa Evaluator (Water, Energy, and/or Agriculture Sectors)
"Dexis is recruiting for an evaluator based in the South Central African region, with experience in the water, energy, and/or food sectors to be part of the WE4F Evaluation Team. This opportunity is a short-term technical assistance (STTA) consultant position and is contingent on USAID approval."
PhD Opportunity // Energy-Water-Nexus - Development of a modelling framework for integrated energy and water planning in water-scarce countries
The Inst
What is next in AI ML Modeling of Water Resource Development.pdfMrinmoy Majumder
In recent years like all the other fields of studies, the application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI&ML) on water resource development projects has increased manifold.
For example :
Sukanya, S., and Sabu Joseph. "Climate change impacts on water resources: An overview." Visualization Techniques for Climate Change with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (2023): 55-76.
Kommadi, Bhagvan. "AI and ML Applications: 5G and 6G." (2023).
Joseph, Kiran, Ashok K. Sharma, Rudi van Staden, P. L. P. Wasantha, Jason Cotton, and Sharna Small. "Application of Software and Hardware-Based Technologies in Leaks and Burst Detection in Water Pipe Networks: A Literature Review." Water 15, no. 11 (2023): 2046.
Yurtsever, Mustafa, and E. M. E. Ç. Murat. "Potable Water Quality Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms for Better Sustainability." Ege Academic Review 23, no. 2 (2023): 265-278.
However, the uncertainty involved in Hydrologic/Hydraulic or Water Quality Parameters is very hard to simulate, and even with the advent of such cognitive algorithms accuracy and reliability of the models nevertheless lack substance. In this field of study, there is still much to be done. Some interesting objectives can be :
Very Short Term Course on MAUT in Water Resource Management.pdfMrinmoy Majumder
What is MAUT?
“Multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) combines a class of psychological measurement models and scaling procedures which can be applied to the evaluation of alternatives which have multiple value relevant attributes.”Von Winterfeldt and Fischer (1975).
Some example applications of MAUT in Water Resource Management?
Feeny, David, William Furlong, George W. Torrance, Charles H. Goldsmith, Zenglong Zhu, Sonja DePauw, Margaret Denton, and Michael Boyle. "Multiattribute and single-attribute utility functions for the health utilities index mark 3 system." Medical care 40, no. 2 (2002): 113-128.
Zheng, Yong, and David Xuejun Wang. "Hybrid Multi-Criteria Preference Ranking by Subsorting." arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.11233 (2023).
Lopes, Yuri Gama, and Adiel Teixeira de Almeida. "Assessment of synergies for selecting a project portfolio in the petroleum industry based on a multi-attribute utility function." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 126 (2015): 131-140.
Anand, Adarsh, Mohini Agarwal, Deepti Aggrawal, Laurie Hughes, Parisa Maroufkhani, and Yogesh K. Dwivedi. "Successive generation introduction time for high technological products: an analysis based on different multi-attribute utility functions." Environment, Development and Sustainability (2022): 1-18.
Latest Jobs, Scholarship Opportunities and CFPs in.pptxMrinmoy Majumder
Welcome to another edition of the Hydro Geek Newsletter. In this edition, I have collected some Jobs, Scholarship opportunities, and CFPs in the field of Hydroinformatics Engineering. The list is given next.
Latest Job Opportunites
Landscape Architect@ LOCUS Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
“Looking for passionate landscape architects for multiple typologies across scale, for masterplans, with an eye for aesthetics, functionality, cost, sustainability. Good knowledge of planting, materials, and finishes is required. Should be able to understand and produce design development drawings and detailed working drawings for landscape design and execution. Willingness to commit for longer durations will be an added advantage. Good work ethic, creative and desirous of fitting in a learning environment dealing with multi-scale architectural and planning projects meeting international standards. Send resume and portfolio to future@studiolocus.com.”
Click here to apply.
M. Tech - Entry Level Graduate Engineer at ATKINS @Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
ATKINS is hiring MTech Graduates passing out in 2023 for working in the field of water and environment at Atkins offices in Bangalore, Gurgaon & Mumbai, IN.The job role involves the Design of treatment plants, rivers, Dam and Maritime, Pipelines, and Water retaining structures; Modelling related to water and water infrastructure (storm, wastewater, water); Flood risk assessment, Flood alleviation, Water Quality modeling and related activities. Must have Civil Engg in B.Tech.
Click here to apply
GIS Expert for REWARD Program of Sambodhi Research and Communications@Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
“This role provides coordinates with partner organizations like the World Bank, the Watershed Development Department (DSCWD), and the Government of Odisha for analyzing and interpreting the pixel-level satellite imagery and GIS data. S/he has to develop and compute indices of vegetation density and photosynthetic activities like NDVI, LAI, FAPAR as well as moisture (LSWI). S/he also has to support the PMU and partners in devising a sampling strategy for baseline based on listing data. The candidate must have worked on innovative techniques for analyzing and interpreting the GIS data (change detection technique). We are looking for candidates with experience working with the government/s on similar assignments in the past.”
Click here to apply
Seven Techniques that you will learn when you enrol forMTech in Hydroinformat...Mrinmoy Majumder
Hydro informatics is a subject that deals with the application of Data Science and ICT to Water Resource Development. The Master’s course is a two years interdisciplinary degree where Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, etc. can apply. Admission is through CCMT 2023 and DASA 2023.
You will learn the following techniques after completion of the course :
Multi-Criteria Decision Making Techniques like AHP, ANP, ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, etc.
Water Related Instruments like River Surveyor, Micro ADV, Multi-Parameter Water Quality Sensor
Decision Tree Algorithms
Geographical Information System and Image Processing
Optimization Techniques including Bio-Inspired Optimization Techniques
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) including Polynomial Neural Networks
Internet of Things
and their applications in Water Resource Development.
The course also includes one-year real-life project opportunities.
The popularity of AI, machine learning, and other data science technologies has encouraged many aspiring entrepreneurs to launch businesses in these fields.
Water and data science can help to launch successful startups.
Five Case Studies. The detailed newsletter can be accessed at https://hydrogeek.substack.com/
Five Example Application of Hydroinformatics for Optimal Management of Ground...Mrinmoy Majumder
Significant advancements in water research, as well as new observational and computational capabilities and infrastructures (e.g., MOSES, TERENO, VISLAB, JUWELS), present an opportunity to develop the next generation of smart, data- and model-driven water monitoring systems. Software tools are intended to aid scientists worldwide in the analysis of larger and more complex systems, as well as in the exploration of hydrological extreme scenarios and their consequences.
Hydroinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that employs simulations, data science, and decision-making systems to create novel approaches to effectively, sustainably, and equitably manage water in a variety of scenarios.
Groundwater resource management in water supply areas is now an essential task in order to minimize anthropogenic interference and ensure the long-term use of available water.
Below five articles shows the way hydro informatics was used in the optimal management of groundwater :
Click the link for the full article : https://open.substack.com/pub/hydrogeek/p/five-innovative-applications-of-hydroinformatics?r=c8bxy&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...
Hydro Geek Volume 1 Issue 1
1. Hydro-GEEK Issue 1 Vol 1
A series of graphical monologue on hydrology,
hydro power, hydraulics and water quality issues
Founding Editor : Dr.Mrinmoy Majumder
Blog : https://hydroideas.blogspot.com/
Six types of filters mostly
used in purifying water for
city dwellers
2. Content
• 1) Six types of filters mostly used in purifying water for city dwellers
• 2) Five most common contaminants in rural water and how to remove them?
• 3) How to identify the filter for purifying raw water?
• 4) Tutorial: Analytical Hierarchy Process
• 5) Tutorial: Analytical Network Process
• 6) Smart Use of Water and Energy in Domestic Households
• 7) Tools: Simple Decision Maker by AHP
• 8) Recent Jobs in Water Quality Engineering
4. Different Types of Filters
• Broadly filters can be classified into six types :
• Physical Filters : “filtering by gravity”
• Ion Exchange : “filtering by exchanging bad ions with good ions”
• Activated Carbon : “filtering by trapping impurities within pores of carbon material”
• Reverse Osmosis : “filtering by reversing the process of osmosis thus separating
the impurities and water by semipermeable membrane”
• Distillation : “filtering by boiling”
• UV Light : “filtering by lights of ultra-violet frequency”
• A brief description, strength and weakness of the filters are explained in the next slides.
12. Water Pollutants in Urban Areas
• Sediment, nutrients, oxygen-demanding substances, road salts, heavy metals,
petroleum hydrocarbons, pathogenic bacteria, and viruses.
• Suspended sediments constitute the largest mass of pollutant loadings to
receiving waters from urban areas
• Emerging Organic Compounds : Hormones, antibiotics, surfactants, endocrine
disruptors, human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, X-ray contrast media,
pesticides and metabolites, disinfection-by-products, algal toxins and taste-
and-odour compounds(Pal et.al.,2014)
13. Some tips and tricks while buying water filters
• In urban areas generally water is supplied from surface or waste water treatment
plants. At the treatment plant the suspended sediments are already reduced by
different high end filtration procedures. The toxic chemicals and other harmful
infectious compounds were removed at the treatment plant by chlorination
process and then after disinfection the water is supplied to the consumers.
• Thus first of all the supplied water will have high concentration of Chlorine due to
the conduction of chlorination at the treatment plant for disinfecting the treated
water before supplying.
• Water may also get contaminated with organic compounds like micro-bacterium
(thus increasing the Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD)) or by the presence of
inorganic pollutants like microplastics (that will aggravate the Chemical Oxygen
Demand(COD)) in the pipelines through which water is supplied to your
household. There is also a high chance of heavy metal presence.
• There is also a probability of high concentration of Calcium and Magnesium ions
(which is responsible for hardness) in the treated water if required treatment for
reducing hardness is not available in the treatment plants.
14. Some tips and tricks while buying water filters
• For such cases a four stage filter will be required having one activated carbon
to remove the chlorine and other organic pollutants followed by ion exchange
to remove the hardness.
• At the third stage a reverse osmosis filter can be used to reduce the
concentration of inorganic pollutants including heavy metals.
• In the last stage a UV light can be utilized to remove the remaining
concentration of organic pollutants which will mainly consist of micro-
organisms.
• However such configuration will attract high amount of operation as well as
maintenance cost. That means such filter configurations will not be
economically viable for middle income group of consumers.
15. Some tips and tricks while buying water filters
• A cheaper alternative can be a three stage filter having a physical filter in the
first part to remove the suspended solids which will include most of the
inorganic pollutants.
• The second stage can include activated carbon which can adsorb most of the
organic pollutants including chlorine and lastly an ion exchange filter which will
remove the hardness of water.
• Such arrangement will be cheaper but the quality of the treated water will not
be as good as from the earlier configuration of filters.
• But you can avoid the additional requirement of electricity consumption and
waste water removal produced at the end of RO process
16. Some tips and tricks while buying water filters
• If you stay in a location where the water is heavy (i.e.presence of Calcium or Magnesium
ions) then go for a filter configuration with activated carbon filter in the first stage, ion
exchange in the second and physical filter in the last stage.
• This configuration will remove most of the hardness of water during the medium stage and
the salt which will be produced by the medium stage as a by-product of ion exchange filter,
can be removed by the physical filter at the last stage.
• Off course if you have high budget then you can go for ion exchange at first stage followed
by reverse osmosis(RO) filter in the second stage and Ultraviolet(UV) light in the last
stage. In this type of configurations, the ion exchange will remove hardness of the water
and then the reverse osmosis filter will remove the sodium as well as other inorganic
contaminants like sodium, chloride, copper, chromium, and lead; may reduce arsenic,
fluoride, radium, sulphate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate, and phosphorous etc.
also (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2015).
• Lastly, the UV light will kill the micro-bacteriums which can seep through the semi-
permeable membrane of the RO filter.
18. Contaminants in Rural Water
• In rural areas, sources of diffuse water pollution include: run-off from
agricultural land containing substances including pest control products, animal
medicines, slurry, sewage sludge and manure. run-off and leaching from
contaminated land. silt and dust from mining, quarrying, construction and
demolition.
• “….much of the pollution originates from animal wastes and commercial
fertilisers. To a lesser extent, groundwater contamination also occurs in this
sector as a result of inadequate percolation at septic tanks and from leaching
of water soluble plant nutrients from the soil.”…. (Department of the
Environment, Community and Local Government.Ireland,2020)
• Infectious diseases caused by bacteria like E Coli and parasites like
Cryptosporidium are the most significant health risk indicators associated with
contaminated drinking water mainly found in rural water.
19. Tips and Tricks
• In rural areas as described earlier (slide 25) water is generally collected from
surface water sources like lakes, ponds or rivers and there will be high chance of
contamination by both organic and inorganic pollutants which can be present in the
fertilizers and pesticides used in the agricultural fields for cultivation.
• In some location where ground water is extracted and used, probability of
concentration of heavy metals will be more compared to the water collected from
surface water sources.
• As the soil in the agricultural fields are loosely bound, soil particles can be carried
away by the surface runoff after a spell of rainfall which will also contaminate the
surface water source by increasing the Total Suspended Solids in the water body.
• Rural Water may also contain hardness.
20. Some tips and tricks while buying water filters
• In such areas activated carbon followed by ion exchange and if you have high
budget for procuring filters, then you can use RO at the last stage. Activate
Carbon filter will remove the suspended soil particles, Volatile Organic
Compounds(VOC), herbicides, pesticides, chlorines and some other inorganic
chemicals. In a study conducted by Abdulrazak et.al.(2016) activated carbon
filter was found to be able to remove heavy metals like Cadmium, Copper,
Nickel, and Lead from waste water.
• The remaining inorganic pollutants like sulphates and nitrates which was
dissolved due to the contamination from fertilizers and pesticides including
hardness of the water can be removed by the ion exchange filter.
21. Some tips and tricks while buying water filters
• RO filter will remove the remaining micro-organisms as both activated carbon
and ion-exchange filter can not remove micro-organic pollutants.
• However if you want to reduce your electricity consumption and avoid using
additional infrastructure for managing the waste water which is produced as a
by-product at the end of RO process then RO stage can be replaced by UV
lights which consume less electricity and also does not require any additional
waste water management procedure.
• On the other hand UV lights can remove the remaining amount of
microorganic pollutants after filtration by the ion exchange filter.
22. References
• Abdulrazak, Sani, K. Hussaini, and H. M. Sani. "Evaluation of removal efficiency of
heavy metals by low-cost activated carbon prepared from African palm fruit." Applied
Water Science 7, no. 6 (2017): 3151-3155.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment
Technologies for Household Use." (2015).
• Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government,2020,Urban
and Rural Water Pollution, Retrieved from http://www.askaboutireland.ie/enfo/irelands-
environment/water/water-pollution/urban-and-rural-water-pol/
• Pal, Amrita, Yiliang He, Martin Jekel, Martin Reinhard, and Karina Yew-Hoong Gin.
"Emerging contaminants of public health significance as water quality indicator
compounds in the urban water cycle." Environment international 71 (2014): 46-62.
26. How to select the best water filter ?
• Step 1 : Go to https://tinyurl.com/y4g2slld. This is the link to a “Simple Decision
Maker by AHP” Webware which will help to select the best filter(to be more
precise : filter configurations) with the help of some criteria and following the
most famous decision making method : Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP). For
more details about AHP go to :
https://learnmetaheuristics.blogspot.com/2019/06/simple-decision-making-tool-following.html
• Step 2 : Select the set of criteria based on which you will identify the best filter
among the available options (Go to Slide No.10).
• Step 3 : For example, let four different types of filter configurations are
available for procurement. The table in the next slide depicts the cost of
purchase, type of filter, number of stages, maintenance cost and frequency and
contaminant removal efficiency of the available filter configurations.
27. Name of Filter
Configurations*
Cost of
procurement
(INR)
Type of filter Number of
Stages
Cost of
Maintenance
(INR/six month)
Frequency of
Maintenance(pe
r year)
Contaminant
Removal
Efficiency (%)
Filter A 2500 Activated Carbon 2 100 3 55
Filter B 3500 Activated Carbon
+ UV Light
2 125 2 65
Filter C 7500 Activated Carbon
+ Ion Exchange
+ UV Light
4 250 2 75
Filter D 15000 Activated Carbon
+ Reverse
Osmosis + UV
Light
5 500 1 85
*Number of different types of filters are arranged to create one filter configuration which is sold to consumers. Normally a filter
configuration have more than one stage(Stage means one type of filter). In this example only those configurations which have minimum
2 stages are considered. Same type of filter can also be used in more than one stage.
Note : This example is for demonstration purpose only.
28. Now try to rank the filter configurations based on its characteristics represented by the selected criteria. It is better
to represent Type of filter and number of stages by a single criteria :Number of Stages(as it depend on both type
and number of stages) and Cost and frequency of maintenance as : Cost of Maintenance(cost will depend on cost
per maintenance as well as number of times maintenance is required per year).
Name of Filter
Configurations*
Cost of
procurement
(INR) /Rank
Number of Stages /Rank Cost of Maintenance /Rank Contaminant
Removal Efficiency
(%) /Rank
Filter A 2500/ 01 Activated Carbon 2 / 03 100 3 / 02 55 / 04
Filter B 3500 / 02 Activated Carbon +
UV Light
2 / 03 125 2 / 01 65 / 03
Filter C 7500 / 03 Activated Carbon +
Ion Exchange + UV
Light
4 / 02 250 2 / 03 75 / 02
Filter D 15000 / 04 Activated Carbon +
Reverse Osmosis +
UV Light
5 / 01 500 1 / 03 85 / 01
29. How the filter configurations were ranked ?
• For Cost of Procurement and Cost of Maintenance, more the cost less will be
preference to buy as all the consumers tries to look for cheaper alternatives
having low cost and requirement of maintenance. That is why while ranking the
filter configuration with respect to the cost of procurement and maintenance more
the cost of the configuration less rank was awarded. The configurations were
sorted in such a manner that the costliest configuration received the worst rank or
preference.
• For Number of Stages criteria, as more the number of stages more contaminant
can be removed. That is why more the number of stagers higher rank of
preference was awarded to the configuration
• For Contaminant Removal Efficiency, more the removal efficiency of the
configuration more preference will be given and thus highest rank of preference
was awarded to the configuration which have maximum contaminant removal
efficiency.
30. How to find the best filter configuration by
Simple Decision Maker Webware ?
• When the link is opened the Home page will delineate the procedure to be followed. First
of all convert the ranks to “Complement of Normalized Rank” by following the instruction in
the home page of the software.
• For the present example, we have four alternatives. So rank assigned to the alternatives
will be converted to its normalized rank by :
𝑥
4 + 1
where x is the rank assigned to the alternative.
and Complement of Normalized Rank will be calculated by :
{1 -
𝑥
4+1
}
31. Complement to Normalized Rank
Name of Filter
Configurations*
Cost of
procurement
(INR) /Rank
Number of Stages /Rank Cost of Maintenance
/Rank
Contaminant Removal
Efficiency (%) /Rank
Filter A 0.8 Activated Carbon 0.4 100 0.6 0.2
Filter B 0.6 Activated Carbon + UV Light 0.4 125 0.8 0.4
Filter C
0.4
Activated Carbon + Ion Exchange +
UV Light
0.6
250
0.4 0.6
Filter D
0.2
Activated Carbon + Reverse Osmosis
+ UV Light
0.8
500
0.4 0.8
32. Assigning Rank of Preference to the Criteria
• Now a Complement to Normalized Rank of Preference to the Criteria is
required to be assigned.
• For this example : Contaminant Removal Efficiency(CRE) will be the most
important criteria followed by Cost of Maintenance(M), Cost of
Procurement(P) and lastly the Number of Stages(S)(See Slide 10).
• Accordingly the Complement to Normalized Rank of Preference was
calculated and found to be equal to
• CRE : 0.8 > M : 0.6 > P : 0.4 > S : 0.2.
• After these values were entered in the place of Criteria go to AHP page to
find the results.
• For this example Filter A becomes the best filter due to very low cost of
maintenance and procurement. Filter D, although it has the best CRE but
due to high cost of procurement and maintenance it become the least
preferred alternative.
33. Assign Rank Window in Simple
Decision Maker
PLACE OF CRITERIA
PLACE OF ALTERNATIVE
34. AHP window of Simple Decision Maker Webware
PLACE OF RESULT
45. FIGURE SHOWING THE EXCEL SHEET USED FOR THE EXAMPLE PROBLEM
PAGE 2
RETURN
46. Analytic Network Process
Dr. Mrinmoy Majumder
Course Name : Intro to Multi Criteria Decision Making Methods
Lecture No.06 out of 15
https://opticlasses.teachable.com
Follow me on :
RG : Mrinmoy Majumder
Twitter : kuttu80
Founding Honorary Editor
http://www.baipatra.ws
http://www.energyinstyle.website
47. What is Analytic Network Process
• The analytic network process (ANP) is a more general form of the
analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
• Used as a multi-criteria decision analysis method.
• AHP structures a decision problem into a hierarchy with a goal,
decision criteria, and alternatives where as the ANP structures it as a
network.
49. Example of
ANP
Decision Goal : To buy a car
Criteria : Cost and Speed
Alternatives : Mercedes Benz(M),
Jaguar(J), Toyota(T)
Aggregation Methods to be used :
Analytic Network Process
50. Please note:
• Step 1 to 4 : AHP Process (same
as AHP method)
• Step 5 to 8 : ANP Process
51. Step 1
• Compare each criteria with the other with respect to goal of the
decision problem
Goal : Buy a
car
Cost Speed Geometric
Mean(GM)
Normalized
Geometric
Mean(GM/S
um(GM)
Weightage
of Criteria
Cost 1 2/1
1.414
1.414/2.1
21 0.667
Speed 1/2 1
0.707
0.707/2.1
21 0.333
Rank of Criteria as per their significance : Cost : 1st Rank, Speed : 2nd Rank
52. Step 2
• Compare each alternative with every other alternatives with respect
to criteria
Criteria : Cost M J T Geometric
Mean
Normalized
GM= GM/sum
of all GM
M 1 3/2 3/1 1.651 0.500
J 2/3 1 2/1 1.101 0.333
T 1/3 1/2 1 0.550 0.167
Rank of Alternative as per their significance with respect to cost: M : 1st Rank, J : 2nd Rank, T : 3rd Rank
You can also directly use the numerical equivalent of the ranks(say R)
53. Numerical Equivalent of Ranks ( R )
• R
• = {1 – Rank of alternative or criteria / (n +1) }
• here n is total number of alternatives or criteria
54. Step 3
• Compare each alternative with every other alternatives with respect
to criteria
Criteria : Speed M J T Geometric
Mean (GM)
Normalized
Geometric
Mean
M(3) 1 1/3 1/2
0.550 0.167
J(1) 3/1 1 3/2
1.651 0.500
T(2) 2/1 2/3 1
1.101 0.333
Rank of Alternative as per their significance with respect to speed: J : 1st Rank, T : 2nd Rank, M : 3rd Rank
55. Step 4
• Now multiply the weightage of the Criteria with the weightage of the
alternative for that criteria and calculate the row wise average. Normalize
the average to find the weight of significance of the alternatives :
Cost
(Weight of
significance) :
0.667
Speed
(Weight. of
significance) :
0.333
Average Normalized
Average
M 0.667x0.500 0.333x0.167
0.195 0.389
J 0.667x0.333 0.333x0.500
0.194 0.389
T 0.667x0.167 0.333x0.333
0.111 0.222
END OF AHP
56. Step 5 : Start of ANP
• Compare each criteria with the other with respect to the alternatives
Alternative :
Mercedes
Benz
Cost Speed Geometric
Mean(GM)
Normalized
Geometric
Mean(GM/S
um(GM)
Weightage
of Criteria
Cost 1 2/1
1.414
1.414/2.1
21 0.667
Speed 1/2 1
0.707
0.707/2.1
21 0.333
Check the rank and numerical equivalent of rank for Mercedes with respect to Cost and Speed. Then use
the same numerical equivalent of the rank at the time of comparison. For example while comparing Cost
and speed for M, use Rc / RS
RC and RS is the R of M for Cost and Speed criteria respectively
57. Step 6
• Compare each alternative with every other alternatives with respect
to criteria
Alternative :
Jaguar
Cost Speed Geometric
Mean(GM)
Normalized
Geometric
Mean(GM/Sum
(GM)
Weightage of
Criteria
Cost 1 1/2
0.707
0.707/2.1
21 0.333
Speed 2/1 1
1.414
1.414/2.1
21
0.667
Check the rank and numerical equivalent of rank for J with respect to Cost and Speed. Then use the same
numerical equivalent of the rank at the time of comparison. For example while comparing Cost and speed
for J, use Rc / RS
RC and RS is the R of J for Cost and Speed criteria respectively
58. Step 7
• Compare each alternative with every other alternatives with respect
to criteria
Alternative :
Toyota
Cost Speed Geometric
Mean(GM)
Normalized
Geometric
Mean(GM/Sum
(GM)
Weightage of
Criteria
Cost 1 1/2
0.707
0.707/2.1
21 0.333
Speed 2/1 1
1.414
1.414/2.1
21
0.667
Check the rank and numerical equivalent of rank for Toyota with respect to Cost and Speed. Then use the
same numerical equivalent of the rank at the time of comparison. For example while comparing Cost and
speed for T, use Rc / RS
RC and RS is the R of T for Cost and Speed criteria respectively
59. Step 8
• Now multiply the weightage of the Alternatives with the weightage of
the Criteria for that alternative and average. Normalize the average to
find the updated weights of Criteria
M
(Weight of significance as
estimated in the last step
of AHP) : 0.389
J (Weight of significance
as estimated in the last
step of AHP) : 0.389
T(Weight of
significance as
estimated in the last
step of AHP) : 0.222
Average
Normalized
Average
Cost 0.389x0.667 0.389x0.333
0.222x0.333 0.154 0.462
Speed 0.389x0.333 0.389x0.667
0.222x0.667 0.179 0.538
The weightage of importance depicted in the last column shows the updated weights of the criteria. The entire
process of AHP is repeated with the updated weights of criteria. If the difference between the existing weights
of the alternatives and the new weights of alternatives is more than 0.0001 then the ANP process is again
repeated followed by the AHP process and so on until the difference of new and old weight does not exceed
0.0001.
61. How water is utilized in domestic
households ?
• Washing and Cleaning
• FlushingToilets
• Bathing
• Cooking
• Gardening
“Most high-efficiency washers use only 15 to 30 gallons
(56.8 to 113.6 L) of water to wash the same amount of
clothes as older washers (29 to 45 gallons per load (109.7 to
170 L).” in USA.
In the US “Older toilets can use 3.5, 5, or even up to 7
gallons of water with every flush. Federal plumbing
standards now specify that new toilets can only use up to
1.6 gallons per flush (GPF), and there are high efficiency
toilets that use up to 1.28 GPF.”
Indian Standards : Maximum amount of water allowed to be
used by a person per day : “Bathing: 55 litres; Toilet
flushing: 30 litres; Washing of clothes: 20 litres; Washing the
house: 10 litres; Washing utensils: 10 litres; Cooking: 5
litres; Drinking: 5 litres”.
In USA, estimated use of water per person per day is about
80-100 gallons whereas in India the standard(IS 1172 ) is
135L/35.66 gallons per person but actual use varies widely.
62. Groundwater
based
Households
(GWS)
• The required amount of water is
withdrawn by electric pumps or
tube wells from underground
aquifers
• Water may be “heavy and hard”
• Can be contaminated
• Presence of Iron and Fluorine
sometimes Arsenic
• Scarcity : When adjacent water
table is decreased during summer
63. Surface Water Based Households
(SWS)
Withdraws water from surface water sources like
rivers, lakes, ponds etc. with the help of electric
pumps and pipelines/canals which brings the
water from the source to consumers. More the
length of the pipelines more will be energy
utilized by the pump
May be contaminated with coliform and
algae : the concentration of the algae or
bacteria depends on the amount of dissolved
oxygen.
Presence of “Iron/Fluorine/Arsenic/Oil and
Grease/Suspended as well as dissolved
matters”
64. Consumes Municipal/Treated Water
(MS)
• Uses submersible pumps to withdraw water.
• Supplied by the municipality after treatment.
• As purified, minimum chance of contamination.
• Reduced amount of heavy metal concentration.
• Minor amount of dissolved and/or suspended solids.
• Increased amount of dissolved oxygen.
• Free of Oil and Grease.
• Expensive.
• Infrequently supplied in some places.
• Sometimes taste and colour of the supplied water becomes untenable.
• Amount of chlorine may be more compared to the surface or ground water sources.
65. Consumes Water from Surface Water Treatment
Plant(SWTP)
• House hold is fed by the treated water from SWTP .
• May have greater amount of chlorine.
• Turbidity may be high which make the transparency low.
• Chance of contamination during supply and in the supply lines.
• Dissolved oxygen will be high which may effect the taste of the
water.
• Expensive due to the treatment process, so wastage of water will
effect the bill paid by the consumer.
66. Consumes Water from Waste Water Treatment
Plant(WWTP)
• The house hold is fed by treated water from WWTP.
• Such water have a higher chance of contamination compared to
other sources
• Probability of the presence of chemical compounds will be more.
• Dissolved oxygen may not be as high as the water received from
other sources which may effect the taste and quality of the
water
• Presence of faecal coliform and bacteria will be more compared
to the supply received from the SWTP
• Highly Expensive, more than SWTP, for the advanced treatment
process adopted for purification of the waste water, so wastage
of water will effect the bill paid by the consumer
67. Consumes Water from Treated Rain Water
• Water is withdrawn from the rain water harvesting tank or
recharge pits.
• Contamination chance is high and depend on the tank and
supply lines used.
• Chance of contamination during supply and in the supply
lines.
• Suspended solids and turbidity will be high compared to
SWTP but lower compared to WWTP.
• Cheap but quality is .doubtful and will depend upon the
treatment mechanism adopted by the system.
• Quantity that can be treated and supplied for consumption
is uncertain and depend upon the amount and frequency of
rainfall along with the volume of the storage tank.
68. Contaminants
• SWTP
• Aluminium, Arsenic, Asbestos,
• Barium, Beryllium, Boron,
• Cadmium, Cobalt, Copper, Cyanides,
• Iron
• Lead, Mercury
• Nickel, Nitrogen
• Selenium, Silver.
• WWTP
• Non-regulated trace organic ECs including pharmaceuticals
• Illicit drugs
• Personal care products
• SWS
• sludge, brine disposal from the petroleum industry, mine wastes, deep-well disposal of liquid
wastes, animal feedlot wastes, ...
• GWS
• Nitrates, Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products
69. Problems
• Physical : Scarcity of Water : Most of the water supplied to a household
is actually wasted. The practice of recycling is not widely observed and
also avoided due to misconceptions related to the quality of the water.
Sometimes due to head difference between the source and consumers
water flow gets reversed and phenomena like water hammering occurs
which have the capacity to damage the pipelines.
• Chemical : Poor quality of water. The concentration of Dissolved Oxygen
depend upon the presence of dissolved and suspended solids specially
the bio-degradable products. As a result the taste and visibility of the
supplied water get affected most of the times
• Biological : The supplied water is often contaminated by organic wastes
released from other households which leads to the presence of various
types of microorganism. Tests show that contaminants affect the health
of the consumers and many time is the sole reason for health related
disasters.
70. Major Problem
• Scarcity of Water : Both amount and
frequency of supply is unreliable and
irregular
• Degradation in the quality of supplied
water
• Another problem which is an indirect
problem of the previous two problems is :
• Wastage of electrical energy in pumping
• To maintain supply, water has to be pumped
frequently
• Degraded quality of water can corrode the
internal materials of the pump(if submerged)
• Which will lead to a reduction in pumping
efficiency
Solution
Water has to be conserved at least at
the side of the consumers
Different types of water filter can be
used to treat the supplied water.
72. Time
• Frequent Use : The water consumption is frequent and
practiced at an regular interval.
• Example :
• Washing and Cleaning
• Flushing Toilets
• Bathing
• Cooking
• Infrequent Use : The consumption of water is irregular. It
happens at an interval of one or more days.
• Example:
• Water used in Gardening
73. Type
• Drinking : For consumption by the residents of the household
• Washing : For washing the clothes
• Cleaning : For cleaning the car/floor/utensil etc.
• Cooking : For cooking the foods
• Gardening : For watering the garden
• Other uses
74. Location of Water Used within a
Household
Washing and Cleaning, Bathing ,Flushing Toilets etc.Bathrooms
CookingKitchens
GardeningGarden Tank
Multi - Purpose
Ceiling or Ground
water Tank
Other
75. Idea to conserve water :
• Use a holding tank in every locations where water is used.
• The volume of the tank must equal to 1.5 times the amount of
water (per day) required at that location.
• A sensor to detect water level can be placed there to measure the
water level of the tank and a minimum depth can be earmarked
so that once the level crosses this mark the tank will be refilled
76. Idea to conserve water :
(CONTD.)
• The tanks will be attached to the main supply and from the tank
water may be distributed to the taps, toilets etc. of that location
only.
• The replenishment of the tank may also be monitored and some
cutting off threshold may be implemented to prevent over use.
• During the lean period of water supply the tank will conserve the
water
77. Idea to conserve water contd. :
• A tank is generally located in the roof top in a house from where the water is supplied
to each of the location of water use.
• All the sub-tanks mentioned previously can be connected to this main tank .
• A level detecting sensor can be used here also, for automatic replenishment of tank
and also to prevent over withdrawal of water, if a cutting off threshold is implemented
in this aspect.
• Once the threshold is crossed, further replenishment of the tank will be prevented if
not manually overridden or if the duration of refill is over.
• The volume of the tank must also be equal to the 1.5 times the total volume of all the
sub-tanks.
• The 0.5 times is kept as a free body or buffer within which the water use generally
varies even during the time of uncertainty. The previous data for water use can be
utilized to detect the amount of water required by the household(Standard in India is
135l per person per day).
• This type of arrangement can save sufficient amount of water which is generally
flushed out after use.
• Here the use of water is also monitored by the implementation of water level
detectors. This type of monitoring help to avoid unnecessary use of water and
conserve the supplied water for later use.
78. What about quality of water ?
• Instead of using a water purification unit in the kitchen or
bathrooms the same may be installed at the outlet of the main
tank.
• This will ensure that the water will be first treated and then
disbursed to different location of water use.
• But the pumps are mainly effected from direct contact of the
supplied water.
79. What about quality of water ?
(CONTD.)
• That is why, if a filtration unit is used at the inlet nozzle through
which water is supplied to a household by the municipality, then
the treated water will only reach the pumping arrangement and
as it will be devoid of corrosive agents, it will not rust the pump
and its internal materials.
• The same arrangement may be implemented in the inlet from the
well or outlet of a rain water harvesting tank if the water is taken
from groundwater or surface water sources or from the rain water
tank.
• The treatment unit at the inlet may not be highly sophisticated
but it must ensure the removal or reduction of the
concentration of heavy metals, dissolved and suspended solids.
81. What s next ?
• Water is conserved at a level required to maintain the disbursement of
supply among the different location of the water use.
• As the water level is monitored the use of pump will be minimum, only
during the replenishment.
• The number of times of replenishment is also monitored. Overuse of the
pump will be prevented as a result of the monitoring.
• The water is supplied as per the need of the location of different water
use. The wastage will be minimum as water can be used only if required.
• The treatment unit at the inlet of the tank or towards the pump unit will
ensure that suspended matters and corrosive agents can be filtered
before supplying the water to the pumps.
• The economic liability of sensors and treatment unit will be much lesser
compared to the conventional arrangement of water if only the cost of
pumping and repumping is considered.
82. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Data and texts were collected from the following sources for which I want to show my gratitude :
• A review on emerging contaminants in wastewaters and the environment: Current knowledge,
understudied areas and recommendations for future monitoring
• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135414006307
• ClothesWasher | Home WaterWorks
• www.home-water-works.org/indoor-use/clothes-washer
• Toilet | Conserve H2O - RegionalWater Providers Consortium
• www.conserveh2o.org/toilet-water-use
• How much water does an urban citizen need? by S.Vishwanath on Feb 15,2013
• http://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/how-much-water-does-an-urban-
citizen-need/article4393634.ece
• How much water does the average person use at home per day?
• https://water.usgs.gov/edu/qa-home-percapita.html
84. Recent Jobs in
Water Quality
Engineering
• SUEZ International is looking for Global Supplier Quality System Analyst in
Bangalore,Karnataka,India Link for More Details : https://g.co/kgs/ob4EX7
• Organization : https://www.suezwatertechnologies.com/
• AECOM India Private Limited requires Consultant (Environment & Water
Quality) in J&K in India. Link for More Details : https://g.co/kgs/7pZRoi
• Organization : http://www.aecom.com/
• Toruise.com is in the search for a Water Quality Analyst in Mumbai,
Maharashtra, India. Link for More Details : https://g.co/kgs/pRN29v
• Organization : http://www.toruise.com
• ESRI India requires GIS Industry Solutions Manager Water to be located at
India.Link for More Details : https://www.timesjobs.com/job-detail/gis-industry-
solutions-manager-water-esri-india-10-to-13-yrs-jobid-
L5HiKrkC09BzpSvf__PLUS__uAgZw==
• Organization : https://www.esri.in/en-in/home
• United Nations Human Settlements Programme offers home based
employment as a Wastewater and Water Quality Data Technical Specialist.
Link for More Details : https://careers.un.org/lbw/jobdetail.aspx?id=146806
• Organization : https://careers.un.org/