4. How much water availability
Article:-Wastewater reuse: key to securing India's water future ,june 2013
5. World-wide water consumptionWorld-wide water consumption
http://www.cseindia.org/dte supplement/industry20040215/agriculture.htm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
world low and middle
income countries
high income countries
persentage(%)
agriculture industrial use agricultureDOMESTICIndustrial use
6. “A combination of one or more of
domestic effluent consisting of blackwater
(excreta, urine and faecal sludge) and
greywater (kitchen and bathing
wastewater)”.
What is wastewater?
Wastewater, is any water that has been adversely affected in quality
by anthropogenic influence. Municipal wastewater is usually conveyed in a combined
sewer or sanitary sewer, and treated at a wastewater treatment plant. It may of two
category
Industrial wastewater covers
contaminated anthropogenic industrial or
commercial activities prior to its release
into the environment or its re-use.
7. Major cities generate 38,354 million litres per day (MLD).only 30.73% is treated as
either primary or secondary level
Wastewater water generation in India
Liter per capita perday
in million
8. Wastewater production is rising
0
5E+09
1E+10
2015 2050
total population urban population
0
50
100
population
growth
persent
population
growth
urban
population
growth
%
2015 2050
10. Thinking to the long term
Quantity
Quality
Biodiversity
Quantity
Biodiversity Quality
11. Many of the wastewater treatment and
collection facilities are now old and worn, and
require further improvement, repair or
replacement to maintain their useful life;
The character and quantity of contaminants
presenting problems today are far more
complex than those that presented challenges in
the past;
Population growth is taxing many existing
wastewater treatment systems and creating a
need for new plants;
Farm runoff and increasing urbanization
provide additional sources of pollution not
controlled by wastewater treatment; and
One third of new development is served by
decentralized systems (e.g., septic systems) as
population migrates further from metropolitan
areas.
Some of the key challenges faced by wastewater
treatment
12. Wastewater Treatment Statistics
high income cocuntries
49%
upper middle countries
26%
lower middle countries
19%
low income countries
6%
Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use Toshio Satoa, Manzoor Qadirb, c, d, , , Sadahiro
Yamamotoe, Tsuneyoshi Endoe, Ahmad Zahoora, Agricultural Water Management Volume 130, December 2013, Pages 1–13
13. Industrial Sector Annual Consumption
of water (Million
Cubic meter)
Annual waste water
discharge (Million
Cubic meter)
Proportion of water
consumed in
Industry
(%)
Thermal power plants 35157.4 27000.9 87.87
Engineering 2019.9 1551.3 5.05
Pulp and paper 905.8 695.7 2.26
Textiles 829.8 737.3 2.07
Steel 516.6 396.8 1.29
Sugar 194.9 149.7 0.49
Fertilizers 73.5 65.4 0.18
Others (Dairy,
Tannery etc.)
314.2 241.2 0.78
Total 40012.0 30729.2 100
Trends of water used by different industrial sectors in
India
Estimated by CSE Based the waste water discharge data published by CPCB in water quality in India (status and trend(1990-2001)
22. Integrated Approaches for Wastewater
Treatment
•Treatment of
Wastewater
• Energy production
• Valuable Products
- Protein
- Antioxidants
-Glycerine
-Biofertilizers
-Biogas Production
-Algal Biodiesel Production
- Biohydrogen Production
25. Biogas potential from different industrial
wastewaters
Energy recovery
potential from
different waste
water in (MWeq)
26. Substrates Advantages and Disadvantages
Brewery and Winery
Sugar processing
Starch (barley, corn, potato, wheat, tapioca)
Waste from textile industry
Food processing
Bakery plant
Pulp and paper
Dairy
Slaughterhouse
Petrochemical waste
Advantages:
•The technology is cheaper and much simpler.
•Any biodegradable matter can be used as
substrate
• Dilute waste materials (2-10% solids) can
be used as substrate.
• Organic pollutants are removed.
• Anaerobic digestion inactivates pathogens
and parasites, and is quite effective in
reducing the incidence of water-borne
diseases.
Disadvantages:
•Biogas contains some gases as impurities,
which are corrosive to the metal parts of
internal combustion engines.
•Environmental conditions affects the
production rate .
28. Hydrogen has been identified as a clean energy carrier and is
found to be one potential alternative to fossil fuel, can be
potentially harvested from waste water.
Utilization of wastewater as fermentable substrate and
feasibility to operate with mixed culture at ambient
temperature and pressure make this process less energy
intensive and more environmental friendly.
Biohydrogen: Future Energy Source for
Society
30. Metabolic Process Organism Advantages Hydrogen yield
(mmolH2 l-1h-1)
Product
Direct
biophotolysis
Green algae Can produce H2
directly from water
0.07 H2, O2
Indirect
biophotolysis
Cyanobacteria Can produce H2
directly from water
0.36 H2, O2
Photofermentation Phototrophic
bacteria
A wide variety of
spectral light energy
can be used by
bacteria
0.16 H2,CO2
Dark fermentation Fermentative
bacteria
A wide variety of
carbon source can be
used as substrate
65-75 H2,CO2,
VFA
Biological Hydrogen Production
Processes
30
31. Biohydrogen production form organic wastes by Continuous
Dark Fermentation
G bala Chander, Namita Khanna, Debrata Das. Chapter 6, Biohydrogen Production From Organic Waste , Elseivier Publication , June 2013
32. Table : Pollutants reduction in Dairy wastewater with biohydrogen
production
Parameters Concentrations
25% 50% 75% 100%
Initial Final R* Initial Final R* Initial Final R* Initial Final R*
pH 5.5 4.2 23 5.5 4.2 23 5.5 4.2 23 5.5 4.2 23
Chloride 96.25 4.2 48 192.5 73.21 61 228.75 93.5 59 385 83.65 78
Nitrate 16.6 3.91 76 33.25 8.12 75 49.85 15.23 69 66.4 16.12 75
Nitrite 0.25 - 100 0.5 - 100 0.7 - 100 0.94 - 100
Ammonium 6 4.67 22 12 - 32 18 12.96 28 24 21.11 12
Phosphate 5.25 2.12 59 10.5 2.64 74 16 2.73 82 21 2.8 86
Sulphate 34.25 - - 68.5 30.26 55 102.7 38.3 62 137 77.32 43
COD 2800 280 90 5600 1689 96 8400 3000 97 11200 4200 80
Except pH all parameters are in mg/L, R*= Reduction in %
Richa Kothari, Virendra Kumar, S.K.Tyagi, Dual benefits from dairy wastewater using E.aerogens in pollutant reduction and biohydrogen production: a
cost-effective approach, International Journal of Applied Energy , 2015 (Submitted)
32
33. Substrates Advantages and Disadvantages
Food processing industries
Chemical industries
Paper mill industries
Distillery industries
Sugar industry
Advantages
•Efficient technology.
•Less costly than other hydrogen production processes.
•All types of organic wastes can be used as feed stocks.
•No input of energy required.
•Process is feasible at atmospheric condition and at
mesophilic temperature.
•Produced hydrogen can be used in fuel cell for direct
electricity generation.
Disadvantages
•The yield of H2 from any other processes is low for
commercial application.
•Lack of the appropriate bioreactor design for H2
production, interspecies H2 transfer in non sterile
conditions and separation/purification of H2
• Insufficient knowledge on the metabolism of H2
producing bacteria and the levels of H2 concentration
tolerance of these bacteria.
•A lack of understanding on the improvement of
economics of the process by integration of H2 production
with other processes
38. Algal growth potential in wastewater for
biodiesel production
Logan Christenson, Ronald Sims ,Research review paper Production and harvesting of microalgae for wastewater
treatment, biofuels, and bioproducts, Biotechnology Advances 29 (2011) 686–702
39. Integrated approach for removal of pollutant
in wastewater by using algal strains
Algal biofuel production and mitigation potential in India H. N. Chanakya & Durga Madhab Mahapatra & R. Sarada
& R. Abith, Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change (2013) 18:113–136
40. Dairy industrywastewater as substrate using various algal strain
Chlorella pyrenodosa chlamydomonas polypropyreniodeum
41. Wastewater Advantages and Disadvantages
Food processing industries
Distillery industries
Sugar industry
Municipal wastewater
Textile industry
Tannery industry
Advantages
•Production of biodiesel from biomass can provide non-
polluting and environment friendly source of energy
•Microalgae, third generation feedstock and are suitable
agent for conversion to biodiesel as they synthesize TAGs
(triglycerides).
• A great source carbon sequestration approach.
• Effective in mitigate concentration of CO2, if algal biomass
is used as feedstock.
Disadvantages
•Transesterification process is complicated as effective
catalysts are not available.
•Initial cost is high.
•Algae have higher biomass productivity than the crop plant
in terms of land area required for biomass generation and
lower cost of growth.
44. • It has been reported that irrigation with sewage or sewage
mixed with industrial effluents results in saving of 25 to 50
per cent of N and P fertilizer and leads to 15-27 % higher
crop productivity, over the normal waters (Anonymous,
2004).
• It is estimated that in India about 73,000 ha of (Strauss and
Blumenthal, 1990) per-urban agriculture is subject to
wastewater irrigation.
• It has been estimated that in India sewage waters can
annually irrigate about 1 Mha (Sengupta, 2008) to 1.5 M-ha
of land area and have a potential to contribute about one
million tonnes of nutrients and 130 million man-days of
employment (Minhas and Samra, 2004).
45. Aquaculture:
The East Kolkata sewage fisheries are the largest
single wastewater use system in aquaculture in the
world.
Agroforestry:
In the villages near Hubli-Dharwad in
Karnataka (India), plantation trees viz., sapota,
guava, coconut, mango, areca nut, teak, neem,
banana, ramphal, curry leaf, pomegranate, lemon,
galimara, mulberry, etc. are irrigated with
wastewater.
46. Wise and immediate investment will generate multiple future benefits
1. Reduce the volume and
extent of water pollution
through preventative
practices;
2. Treat polluted water using
appropriate technologies and
techniques for return to the
environment;
3. Where feasible safely reuse
and recycle wastewater
thereby conserving water
and nutrients;
4. Provide a platform for the
development of innovative
technologies and
management practices.
47. Tackle immediate consequences
1. Countries must adopt a multi-sectoral approach to
wastewater management as a matter of urgency,
incorporating principles of ecosystem-based
management from the watersheds into the sea,
connecting sectors that will reap immediate benefits
from better wastewater management.
2. Planning processes should provide an enabling
environment for innovation, including at the
community level but require government oversight
and public management.
3. Innovative financing of appropriate wastewater
infrastructure should incorporate design, construction,
operation, maintenance, upgrading and/or
decommissioning. Financing should take account of
the fact that there are important livelihood
opportunities in improving wastewater treatment
processes, whilst the private sector can have an
important role in operational efficiency under
appropriate public guidance.
48. Skill Development for Better Future
Our engagement in skill development sector was triggered by the increasing demand
of productive manpower for the jobs created as a result of our Clusters Initiative.
49. Improved sanitation and wastewater management are central to
poverty reduction and improved human health
If proper water and wastewater management scaled
up appropriately they will generate social,
economic and environmental dividends far
exceeding original investments for years to come.
50. Course University/Institute Country Website
1 Certificate in
Environmental Studies
Indira Gandhi National
Open University (IGNOU)
India (Delhi) http://www.ignou
.ac.in/
2 Certificate Course in
Environmental Awareness
University of Delhi India (Delhi) http://www.du.ac.
in
3 Certificate Course in
Environmental Studies,
Short Term Courses in
Senior Colleges
Rayat Shikshan Sanstha India http://www.rayats
hikshan.edu/
4 Certificate in
Environmental Studies
Fakir Mohan Autonomous
College
India (Odissa) http://fmcollege.n
ic.in/
6 Domestic wastewater
treatment and reuse
Anil Agarwal Environment
Training Institute
India (Delhi) http://www.aaeti.
org/
7 Short Course Modelling
Wastewater Treatment
Processes and Plant
UNESCO-IHE Institute for
Water Education
Netherlands http://www.short
coursesportal.eu
8 Water and Waste water
Training Courses
Virginia Department of Health Virginia http://www.cpe.vt
.edu
9 Environmental science Department of Environmental
science
India (lucknow) www.bbau.acin
