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Derivatives originated to help reduce risk in volatile financial markets. A derivative is a financial instrument derived from an underlying asset, such as a stock or bond. Derivatives allow parties to exchange cash or assets over time based on the value of the underlying asset. There are several types of derivatives including forwards, futures, options, warrants, and swaps. Forwards and futures involve an agreement to buy or sell an asset at a set price on a future date. Options provide the right but not obligation to buy or sell an asset. Swaps involve exchanging cash flows of an underlying asset between two parties according to a prearranged formula.
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Forward & swap
1) Derivatives are financial contracts whose value is dependent on an underlying asset. Forwards and swaps are two common types of derivatives.
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3) Common types of swaps include currency swaps, where cash flows of different currencies are exchanged, and interest rate swaps, where interest payments of fixed and floating rates are exchanged. Derivatives allow parties to hedge risks and access rates in currencies they do not have direct access to.
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2. It provides an example of a company, Carlton Corporation, that uses an interest rate swap to fix its floating rate debt and then a currency swap to change the debt payments to Swiss francs to match its cash flows.
3. Counterparty risk is discussed as an important factor when using over-the-counter derivatives, with exchanges providing protection as the direct counterparty to transactions.
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This document discusses various derivative instruments used to manage foreign exchange risk, including options, futures, and swaps. It defines these instruments and provides examples of how they work. Options give the holder the right to buy or sell currency at a preset price on or before expiry. Futures are standardized contracts to exchange currencies at a specified rate. Swaps allow an exchange of interest rate or currency payment obligations between two counterparties. These derivatives help companies and investors hedge and manage their foreign currency risk exposures.
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Floating Lien
FLOATING LIEN, or the floating charge, is a lien not on any specific asset, rather a set of assets or an asset class. In this lien, the lender and the borrower don’t specify the asset, rather agree on a set of assets that are collateral.
To know more about it, click on the link given below:
https://efinancemanagement.com/sources-of-finance/floating-lien-meaning-importance-and-more
Forex risk management techniques
This document discusses various techniques for managing foreign exchange risk in Forex dealings. It outlines short-term and long-term risks and how businessmen can manage risks and make profits. Some key risk management techniques discussed include hedging using forwards, money markets, rollover contracts, currency futures, options, and swaps. Forwards involve buying/selling a currency at a fixed future date. Money markets and rollover contracts help cover exposed positions. Currency futures and options provide tools to hedge currency risk. Currency swaps exchange one currency for another at pre-set terms.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial contracts whose value is based on an underlying asset such as stocks, bonds, currencies or commodities. There are several types of derivatives including forwards, futures, options and swaps. Participants in derivatives markets include hedgers who use them to reduce risk, speculators who take on risk to earn profits, and arbitrageurs who exploit temporary price differences between markets. Derivatives can be traded over-the-counter (OTC) between two parties or on an exchange. They provide economic benefits such as risk reduction, increased liquidity, lower transaction costs, and enhanced price discovery.
Forward and futures contracts
Futures and forward contracts lock in a price today for the purchase or sale of an asset in the future. Futures contracts are standardized and traded on exchanges, while forwards are negotiated privately. Both involve a short party committing to sell an asset and a long party committing to buy, with payment occurring at maturity. Margin requirements for futures ensure neither party defaults, as positions are marked to market daily and cash added or subtracted to offset price changes. Swaps involve exchanging cash flows, most commonly interest rate payments, with plain vanilla swaps exchanging fixed for floating rate obligations.
Currency derivatives
Currency derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from an underlying currency. The most common types of currency derivatives are currency futures and options contracts, which allow investors to buy or sell a specific amount of a currency pair, such as USD/INR, at a future date. Currency derivatives provide benefits like leverage, liquidity, and risk management. They allow risk to be transferred between entities with different risk tolerances, like companies and speculators. Speculators take on risk for a potential higher reward, while companies use derivatives to hedge and stabilize their costs. This shuffling of risk has positive impacts on the real economy.
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Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset such as commodities, interest rates, indices, or share prices. They are used to manage risk exposure in volatile markets through hedging and speculation. The main players in derivatives markets are hedgers who seek to reduce risk, arbitrageurs who profit from pricing discrepancies, and speculators who take positions based on their expectations of future price movements. Common types of derivatives include swaps, options, futures, and forwards, which allow parties to take long or short positions on assets.
Exposure in international finance
International finance involves economic interactions and monetary payments between nations. There are two types of exposure in international finance - accounting and economic. Economic exposure measures the risk of a security declining due to unexpected exchange rate changes. There are various risks involved in international finance such as political, financial, economic, market, exchange rate, operational, legal, hedging, and systemic risks. Exposure refers to the extent of risk and potential for loss, especially regarding foreign exchange and futures market trading from fluctuations in prices.
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The document discusses various derivatives instruments like forwards, futures, and options. Forwards are bilateral contracts where the underlying asset is delivered on maturity. Futures are exchange-traded standardized contracts that are cash settled daily. Options give the holder the right but not obligation to buy/sell the underlying at a strike price. Derivatives allow for hedging against price risks and speculating on market movements. They provide flexibility and leverage compared to trading the actual underlying assets.
Swaps (derivatives)
A swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange cash flows over a period of time, where at least one cash flow is determined by a variable such as interest rate, foreign exchange rate, or equity price. The most common type is an interest rate swap, where parties exchange interest payments on a notional principal amount at fixed and floating rates. Swaps allow users to align the risk characteristics of their assets and liabilities.
Investment alternatives
The document discusses various investment alternatives including real estate, gold/silver, mutual funds, bonds, stocks, derivatives, and commodities. It provides brief descriptions of each type of investment, highlighting some key aspects. For example, it notes that real estate involves the purchase and sale of land and buildings, and gold/silver investment provides protection through diversification and potential for growth. The document also includes charts showing the percentage growth of different investment types on average each year.
Forward & swap
1) Derivatives are financial contracts whose value is dependent on an underlying asset. Forwards and swaps are two common types of derivatives.
2) A forward contract involves an agreement between two parties to exchange an asset at a predetermined price on a future date. Swaps involve an exchange of cash flows between two parties according to a prearranged formula.
3) Common types of swaps include currency swaps, where cash flows of different currencies are exchanged, and interest rate swaps, where interest payments of fixed and floating rates are exchanged. Derivatives allow parties to hedge risks and access rates in currencies they do not have direct access to.
Interest rate swaps
An interest rate swap involves the periodic exchange of interest payments between two parties, with no exchange of the underlying principal amount. One party pays a fixed interest rate while the other pays a floating rate, typically tied to a reference rate such as LIBOR. Interest rate swaps can be used by companies and investors to hedge against interest rate risk and manage the costs associated with fixed versus floating rate financing. While swaps can be profitable if rates move as anticipated, they also carry risks of losses if rates move adversely.
Derivatives final research report
The document discusses Islamic derivatives and provides examples of their development and use in Malaysia. It explains that conventional derivatives involve elements like interest and speculation that are prohibited in Islam. The report then examines why futures contracts specifically are considered haram and provides some potential solutions to make them shariah-compliant, such as ensuring the underlying asset exists. Examples are given of Islamic derivatives developed in Malaysia, including cross-currency swaps and profit rate swaps. The conclusion maintains that while conventional derivatives are non-compliant, examples from Malaysia show the benefits of derivatives can be achieved within Islamic law.
Marine insurance
Marine insurance is a contract where an insurer agrees to indemnify an assured for losses from a marine adventure according to the terms agreed. There are different types of marine insurance including hull, cargo, freight, and liability. Key policies include voyage, time, mixed, valued, floating, and open policies. Principles of marine insurance include disclosure, insurable interest, warranties, contribution, subrogation, and indemnity. Important clauses address valuation, parties, premiums, memorandums, risk duration, and loss or no loss.
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1. The document discusses various interest rate risk management techniques used by firms, including interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and futures contracts.
2. It provides an example of a company, Carlton Corporation, that uses an interest rate swap to fix its floating rate debt and then a currency swap to change the debt payments to Swiss francs to match its cash flows.
3. Counterparty risk is discussed as an important factor when using over-the-counter derivatives, with exchanges providing protection as the direct counterparty to transactions.
Ifm tp
American Depository Receipts (ADRs) and Global Depository Receipts (GDRs) allow investors to invest in foreign companies. ADRs represent shares of a foreign company trading on a U.S. exchange, while GDRs represent shares trading on exchanges outside the U.S. Both are negotiable certificates issued by a bank that represent ownership of shares deposited in a foreign company. ADRs and GDRs make it easier for investors to purchase foreign companies, avoid costs and taxes associated with cross-border transactions, and provide liquidity as they trade independently of the underlying shares. However, ADRs and GDRs also expose investors to currency risk as their value fluctuates with exchange rates.
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Financial derivatives derive their value from an underlying security and are used for risk management. The main types are stock, index, interest rate, and foreign currency derivatives. There are two markets - the cash market for immediate purchasing/selling of securities, and the futures and options market meant for hedging risks arising from cash market dealings. Hedging in the futures market allows buyers and sellers in the cash market to offset risks from price fluctuations. Speculation involves trading futures contracts without an underlying position, while arbitrage exploits brief price differences between markets. Options provide the right but not obligation to buy or sell an underlying asset.
Derivatives in india
The document discusses financial derivatives in India. It begins by explaining the origin of derivatives in forward contracts related to agricultural commodities used for hedging. It then outlines the dominant types of derivatives in India including forwards, futures, options, and swaps. It notes that the Indian derivatives market started in 2000 and is now dominated by index derivatives and highly leveraged speculation. The document cautions that derivatives trading is a zero-sum game where most day traders lose money.
Introduction to derivatives
The document provides an introduction to derivatives, including defining key terms like underlying assets, exchange-traded vs over-the-counter derivatives, and players in the derivatives market like hedgers, speculators, and arbitrageurs. It also explains different types of derivatives like standardized derivatives (futures, options, swaps) and exotic derivatives (forward contracts). Specific products are defined, like calls and puts for options, and interest rate swaps and currency swaps.
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This document discusses various derivative instruments used to manage foreign exchange risk, including options, futures, and swaps. It defines these instruments and provides examples of how they work. Options give the holder the right to buy or sell currency at a preset price on or before expiry. Futures are standardized contracts to exchange currencies at a specified rate. Swaps allow an exchange of interest rate or currency payment obligations between two counterparties. These derivatives help companies and investors hedge and manage their foreign currency risk exposures.
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Ppt on derivative
The document defines derivatives and discusses different types of derivative contracts. It explains that a forward contract involves an obligation to buy or sell an asset at a future date for a specified price, while a futures contract is similar but traded on an exchange. There are two main types of options: calls, which give the holder the right to buy an asset, and puts, which give the holder the right to sell an asset. The document also identifies three types of participants in derivatives markets: hedgers use derivatives to reduce risk, speculators use them to bet on price movements, and arbitrageurs take offsetting positions to lock in risk-free profits from temporary price discrepancies.
Forward and future interest rate
Futures are standardized contracts that require deferred delivery of an underlying asset at a specified price and date. Forwards are customized contracts negotiated over-the-counter. Forwards are useful when futures do not exist for a particular commodity or asset or when standard futures contracts do not match needs. Futures are traded on exchanges, have standardized terms, and parties are anonymous while forwards are traded over-the-counter, are customized, and parties are known to each other.
Devrivatives in india
The document discusses the historical development, concepts, types, and regulation of derivatives markets in India. It provides an overview of key derivatives instruments like futures contracts, options, and swaps. The regulatory framework in India is outlined, covering regulations by SEBI and RBI. The future of derivatives markets in India is poised for growth, though trading risks like market, credit, liquidity, and operational risks must be managed.
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The document discusses the spot and forward foreign exchange markets. The spot market involves transactions that are settled within two business days at the spot exchange rate. The forward market involves contracts agreed upon today but settled at a predetermined future date at a fixed exchange rate. There are various types of participants and transactions in each market, including spot deals between currencies, outright forwards that lock in rates for future delivery, and swaps that involve simultaneous spot and forward currency trades.
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Derivatives are financial instruments whose prices are derived from underlying assets such as equities, loans, bonds, interest rates, and currencies. There are several types of derivatives including options, futures, and swaps. Options give the holder the right but not the obligation to buy or sell the underlying asset, while futures require settlement at expiration. Swaps involve an agreement between two parties to exchange cash flows over a period of time, such as an interest rate swap where one party pays a fixed interest rate and the other pays a floating rate.
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Financial derivatives have grown enormously over the past decade as a way to differentiate and allocate risk. Derivatives are financial contracts whose value is dependent on an underlying asset such as a stock, bond, commodity, currency, interest rate or index. There are several types of derivatives including forwards, futures, options, and swaps. Derivatives allow risk to be traded in financial markets and help companies and investors to hedge against risk.
Derivatives market
The document provides an overview of derivatives markets, including the key terms and participants. It discusses how derivatives help transfer and hedge risks, facilitate price discovery, and catalyze economic activity. The main types of derivatives are forwards, futures, swaps, and options. Forwards and swaps are over-the-counter derivatives privately negotiated between parties, while futures and options are exchange-traded standardized contracts. Hedgers use derivatives to offset price risks, while speculators and arbitrageurs take positions to profit from price movements.
Financial derivatives ppt
The document discusses various types of financial derivatives including futures, forwards, options, and swaps. It explains that derivatives derive their value from underlying assets and are used to hedge risk or profit from price changes. Futures contracts are exchange-traded standardized agreements to buy or sell assets at a future date, while other derivatives like forwards and swaps are customized over-the-counter transactions.
Financial derivatives ppt
A derivative is a financial instrument whose value is derived from the value of another asset, known as the underlying. There are three main types of traders in the derivatives market: hedgers who use derivatives to reduce risk, speculators who trade for profits, and arbitrageurs who take advantage of price discrepancies across markets. Derivatives can be traded over-the-counter (OTC) or on an exchange, and provide various economic benefits such as risk reduction and enhanced market liquidity.
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Derivative market
This document defines derivatives and describes different types of derivative contracts. It states that a derivative is a contract whose price is dependent on an underlying asset such as a security, commodity, or index. It provides examples of derivative contracts including forwards, futures, options, warrants, LEAPS (long-term equity anticipation securities), and swaps. The document also discusses exchange-traded versus over-the-counter derivatives and describes participants in derivative markets such as hedgers, speculators, and arbitrageurs.
Derivatives kotak 2010
Derivatives are financial instruments that derive their value from an underlying asset such as stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates, or market indexes. The three main types of derivatives are futures, options, and swaps. Derivatives allow participants to transfer risk from those who want to hedge it to those who are willing to take on risk for profit or speculation. Over the past few decades, derivatives markets have experienced tremendous growth due to factors like increased volatility, globalization of markets, improved technology, and sophisticated risk management tools. Derivatives serve important economic functions like facilitating price discovery, enabling risk transfer, increasing liquidity in underlying markets, and attracting entrepreneurial activity.
Financial derivatives
This document provides an introduction to financial derivatives. It defines derivatives as financial securities whose value is derived from an underlying asset. Common underlying assets include stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates, and market indexes. Derivatives can be traded over-the-counter or on an exchange, and include futures contracts, forwards, options, and swaps. The document discusses the origins of derivatives markets in India and the advantages and disadvantages of using derivatives. It also outlines different types of market participants in derivatives markets.
Financial derivatives
The document provides an overview of financial derivatives, including definitions and types. It discusses common derivative instruments such as forwards, futures, options, and swaps. Forwards and futures are agreements to buy or sell an asset at a future date, while options provide the right but not obligation to buy or sell. Swaps involve exchanging cash flows. Derivatives are used for hedging risks and discovering prices. While they provide benefits like risk management, criticisms include speculation and increased systemic risk. The derivatives market has evolved over centuries with early markets in rice and currencies, and modern exchanges in commodities, stocks and foreign exchange.
Derivatives & risk management
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset such as stocks, bonds, currencies, or commodities. There are two main types of derivative markets - the exchange traded market where instruments like futures are traded, and the over-the-counter market where forwards, swaps, and options are privately negotiated. Derivatives are used by financial and non-financial firms to hedge risks and increase returns, but there are also concerns that their misuse could destabilize markets, especially if major participants in the over-the-counter interest rate or currency swap markets fail.
Financial derivatives types & participants
This document discusses types of financial derivatives and their participants. It describes forwards, futures, options, and swaps. Forwards and futures are contracts to buy or sell an asset at a future date. Futures are standardized and exchange-traded, while forwards are customized over-the-counter contracts. Options provide the right to buy or sell an asset in the future. Swaps involve exchanging cash flows of interest or currencies. Derivatives are used for hedging risk, speculation, and arbitrage.
Introduction to Derivatives
Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one or more basic underlying variables. Refer to the presentation for more information on derivatives.
Introduction to derivatives
This document provides an overview of derivatives and forward markets. It defines derivatives as products whose value is derived from underlying variables like assets, indices, or rates. Common derivative products discussed include forwards, futures, options, and swaps. Forwards involve private contracts to buy or sell an asset at a future date, while futures are standardized exchange-traded forwards. Options provide the right but not obligation to buy or sell an asset. Swaps involve exchanging cash flows of underlying items like interest rates or currencies. The document also discusses key participants in derivatives markets like hedgers who manage risk, speculators who take positions based on price views, brokers who facilitate trades, and market makers who provide liquidity.
New Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation.pptx
Financial derivatives are financial contracts whose value is based on an underlying asset such as a stock, bond, commodity, or currency. Common types of derivatives include options, futures, forwards, and swaps, which allow individuals and institutions to manage risk, speculate on price movements, or gain exposure to different asset classes. Derivatives can be used for hedging risks or speculative purposes and while they provide opportunities, they also carry significant risks that require a strong understanding of the underlying assets.
Financial Derivatives
The document discusses the history and uses of derivatives in the financial markets. It begins by explaining that derivatives emerged as hedging devices against commodity price fluctuations, but now account for two-thirds of total transactions and include a variety of complex instruments. The scope of the study is on derivatives in the Indian context, specifically futures and options on two companies traded on the National Stock Exchange over one month. The objectives are to study the role of derivatives in Indian markets and analyze profits/losses of option holders. The methodology uses primary data from interviews and secondary data from publications and the internet. Derivatives are then defined as contracts deriving value from underlying assets, with the primary purpose of transferring risk between parties.
Derivative market
A forward contract is a customized agreement between two parties to buy or sell an asset at a specified price on a future date. It has a higher default risk than a futures contract since it is an over-the-counter agreement without a centralized clearinghouse. A futures contract is a standardized agreement traded on a futures exchange to buy or sell a commodity or asset at a predetermined price at a specified future time. Futures contracts have lower default risk than forwards since they are traded on an exchange and involve daily settlement procedures.
Derivatives
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is based on an underlying asset. There are several types of derivatives including options, futures, swaps, and warrants. Options give the holder the right but not obligation to buy or sell the underlying asset. Warrants are similar to options and allow holders to purchase stock from the issuing company at a specified price. Derivatives can be used for hedging risk, speculation, and gaining leverage. They are valued using models like Black-Scholes or by their market price on exchanges.
fxreviews.best-What are Derivatives.pdf
Derivatives are financial instruments whose value is derived from another underlying asset. Professional traders buy and sell derivatives to mitigate risk because their value is derived from another underlying asset.
Derivative ppt
Derivatives derive their value from underlying assets such as equities, debt, currencies, and indices. Derivatives contracts include forwards, futures, options, and swaps. Forwards and futures are agreements to buy or sell an asset at a future date, while options provide the right but not obligation to buy or sell. Swaps involve exchanging cash flows of an underlying asset. Derivatives can be used for hedging risk, speculation, or arbitrage opportunities between markets.
derivativeppt-170128122925.pdfbbbbbbbbnn
Derivatives derive their value from underlying assets like equities, debt, currencies, or indices. They are contracts that are bought and sold by individuals and institutions for various purposes. The value of a derivative changes along with the price of the underlying asset. For example, the value of a gold futures contract is based on the value of gold. Derivatives trading began in India in the late 19th century and has expanded over time to include various types of derivatives contracts traded on exchanges or over-the-counter.
DERIVATIVES UNIT 2.docx
- A forward market allows for the future delivery of stocks, currencies, or commodities at a predetermined price, protecting buyers and sellers from price fluctuations. Forward contracts are privately negotiated over-the-counter, while futures contracts are standardized and traded on an exchange.
- The main purposes of forward and futures markets are to hedge against risks from fluctuating prices and interest rates and to allow investors to speculate. These markets provide flexibility and reduce risks for financial companies and investors.
Financial derivatives
The document discusses financial derivatives, including their definition, common types, and risks. It provides details on options, forwards, futures, stripped mortgage-backed securities, structured notes, swaps, rights of use, and hedge funds. It discusses why derivatives exist, the risks involved, leveraging, trading of derivatives, and both positive and negative perspectives on their use.
workers participation
This document provides an overview of financial derivatives, including common types like options, forwards, futures, and swaps. It discusses why derivatives are used to reduce risk exposure and how they work. However, it also notes the risks of leveraging and lack of oversight in some derivatives trading. Several case studies are presented of companies that suffered major financial losses from speculative or fraudulent use of derivatives. Overall, the document aims to explain derivatives while also highlighting potential ethical issues that can arise from their misuse.
Financial derivatives (2)
This document provides an overview of financial derivatives, including definitions, common types of derivatives such as options, futures, and swaps. It discusses why derivatives are used to reduce risk, but also notes the risks involved, especially with leveraging. Several case studies are presented where the use of complex derivatives led to major financial catastrophes for the organizations involved.
PPT on Contemporary issue Derivatives
The document discusses financial and commodity derivatives. It outlines the key types of derivatives including futures, forwards, options, and swaps. It provides data on the growth of derivatives contracts and turnover in Indian stock exchanges. It also examines commodity derivatives, listing benefits and types. Live data is presented on the most active commodities and spot prices. The analysis suggests that while derivatives were initially viewed suspiciously, they now aid price risk hedging and investment opportunities when market forces are allowed to operate.
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
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Rati ranjan
- 1. DERIVATIVES
- 3. MEANING OF DERIVATIVES A Derivative is a financial instrument that is derived from some other asset , index , event, value or condition (known as the underlying asset). Rather than trade or exchange the underlying asset itself, derivative traders enter into an agreement to exchange cash or assets over time based on the underlying asset. A simple example is a futures contract : an agreement to exchange the underlying asset at a future date .
- 10. HEDGERS Hedgers are those persons who protect the multinational firms against the risk at the time of fluctuation of currency
- 12. ARBITRAGERS Arbitragers are those persons want to earn profit without taking any risk.
- 19. BASKETS Basket options are options on portfolios of underlying assets. Equity index options are a form of basket options.
- 21. INTEREST RATE SWAPS The swaps which are related to the interest related cash flows between two parties in the same currency are called interest rate swaps.
- 23. RATI RANJAN