The document provides guidelines from the European Society of Radiology on producing high quality radiology reports. It recommends that reports should include the clinical context, examination details, objective findings described using standard terminology, an impression or diagnosis, and any advice for further evaluation. The goal is to concisely communicate relevant medical information to referring physicians in a clear, consistent format to aid patient care and management. Structured reporting is presented as a future direction that could standardize data capture and support additional uses of report information.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound uses microbubbles and ultrasound to improve visualization of blood vessels and assessment of vascular perfusion. Microbubbles are spherical gas-filled shells approximately 1-4 micrometers in size composed of materials such as albumin or lipids. When combined with ultrasound imaging, they enhance the contrast between blood pools and surrounding tissues. This technique is useful for evaluation of organ perfusion and differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. Targeted microbubbles also show promise for molecular imaging applications.
Elastography is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses ultrasound to image the elasticity or stiffness of tissues. It works by applying slight pressure and measuring how tissues deform. Hard tissues appear stiffer on elastograms. Elastography has many medical applications including differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions, assessing liver fibrosis, and evaluating prostate lesions. Shear wave elastography provides quantitative stiffness measurements and is the most accurate method. While useful, elastography has limitations such as difficulty imaging large or painful lesions and certain anatomical areas. Overall, elastography provides important clinical information about tissue composition when used along with other imaging tests.
Perfusion MRI (DSC and DCE perfusion techniques) for radiology residentsRiham Dessouky
This document provides an overview of perfusion weighted MR imaging techniques. It discusses three main types: dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion, dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MR perfusion. DSC relies on signal loss from gadolinium contrast to measure parameters like relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and flow (rCBF). DCE uses T1 shortening effects of contrast to calculate permeability and perfusion. Both techniques are used to evaluate brain tumors and strokes by analyzing signal intensity curves. DCE is also used in breast MRI to classify enhancement curves and measure permeability with the Ktrans parameter.
This document provides details on the technique of CT enterography for evaluating diseases of the small bowel. It discusses the history and advantages of CT enterography over other imaging methods. It describes the optimal protocol for CT enterography, including the use of oral contrast agents to distend the bowel as well as intravenous contrast. It also discusses variations such as multiphase scanning and methods for reducing radiation dose. Additional imaging techniques for evaluating the small bowel like MRI enterography are also summarized.
Imaging findings of metabolic bone diseases Pankaj Kaira
This document discusses various metabolic bone diseases including osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and others. It provides details on:
- The definition and causes of osteoporosis as well as how it leads to loss of horizontal trabecular bone.
- The differences between rickets, which affects growth plates, and osteomalacia, which affects mineralization of bone. Causes include vitamin D deficiency and other disorders.
- Features of various other metabolic bone diseases like hypophosphatasia, hyperparathyroidism, and their effects on bone structure and mineralization.
This document provides an overview of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). It begins with the objectives and introduction, explaining that MRS is a noninvasive technique that measures tissue metabolite levels. It then covers the basic principles, techniques, steps in acquisition, observable metabolites and their significance in normal and abnormal conditions. Finally, it discusses the clinical applications of MRS in diseases such as brain tumors, stroke, epilepsy and more, as well as its limitations and artifacts. In summary, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to the basic concepts and clinical uses of MRS.
Tissue harmonic imaging is an ultrasound technique that provides higher quality images compared to conventional ultrasound by collecting harmonic signals generated in tissues and filtering out transducer-generated fundamental echo signals, resulting in clearer images with improved contrast resolution, reduced artifacts, and better visualization of deeper structures and vessels. While tissue harmonic imaging improves image quality in many clinical applications, it can decrease axial resolution compared to fundamental frequency imaging due to the narrowed signal bandwidth.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound uses microbubbles and ultrasound to improve visualization of blood vessels and assessment of vascular perfusion. Microbubbles are spherical gas-filled shells approximately 1-4 micrometers in size composed of materials such as albumin or lipids. When combined with ultrasound imaging, they enhance the contrast between blood pools and surrounding tissues. This technique is useful for evaluation of organ perfusion and differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. Targeted microbubbles also show promise for molecular imaging applications.
Elastography is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses ultrasound to image the elasticity or stiffness of tissues. It works by applying slight pressure and measuring how tissues deform. Hard tissues appear stiffer on elastograms. Elastography has many medical applications including differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions, assessing liver fibrosis, and evaluating prostate lesions. Shear wave elastography provides quantitative stiffness measurements and is the most accurate method. While useful, elastography has limitations such as difficulty imaging large or painful lesions and certain anatomical areas. Overall, elastography provides important clinical information about tissue composition when used along with other imaging tests.
Perfusion MRI (DSC and DCE perfusion techniques) for radiology residentsRiham Dessouky
This document provides an overview of perfusion weighted MR imaging techniques. It discusses three main types: dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MR perfusion, dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR perfusion, and arterial spin labeling (ASL) MR perfusion. DSC relies on signal loss from gadolinium contrast to measure parameters like relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and flow (rCBF). DCE uses T1 shortening effects of contrast to calculate permeability and perfusion. Both techniques are used to evaluate brain tumors and strokes by analyzing signal intensity curves. DCE is also used in breast MRI to classify enhancement curves and measure permeability with the Ktrans parameter.
This document provides details on the technique of CT enterography for evaluating diseases of the small bowel. It discusses the history and advantages of CT enterography over other imaging methods. It describes the optimal protocol for CT enterography, including the use of oral contrast agents to distend the bowel as well as intravenous contrast. It also discusses variations such as multiphase scanning and methods for reducing radiation dose. Additional imaging techniques for evaluating the small bowel like MRI enterography are also summarized.
Imaging findings of metabolic bone diseases Pankaj Kaira
This document discusses various metabolic bone diseases including osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia, and others. It provides details on:
- The definition and causes of osteoporosis as well as how it leads to loss of horizontal trabecular bone.
- The differences between rickets, which affects growth plates, and osteomalacia, which affects mineralization of bone. Causes include vitamin D deficiency and other disorders.
- Features of various other metabolic bone diseases like hypophosphatasia, hyperparathyroidism, and their effects on bone structure and mineralization.
This document provides an overview of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). It begins with the objectives and introduction, explaining that MRS is a noninvasive technique that measures tissue metabolite levels. It then covers the basic principles, techniques, steps in acquisition, observable metabolites and their significance in normal and abnormal conditions. Finally, it discusses the clinical applications of MRS in diseases such as brain tumors, stroke, epilepsy and more, as well as its limitations and artifacts. In summary, the document serves as a comprehensive guide to the basic concepts and clinical uses of MRS.
Tissue harmonic imaging is an ultrasound technique that provides higher quality images compared to conventional ultrasound by collecting harmonic signals generated in tissues and filtering out transducer-generated fundamental echo signals, resulting in clearer images with improved contrast resolution, reduced artifacts, and better visualization of deeper structures and vessels. While tissue harmonic imaging improves image quality in many clinical applications, it can decrease axial resolution compared to fundamental frequency imaging due to the narrowed signal bandwidth.
This document contains 22 radiology case spots describing various pathologies. For each spot, the document provides a brief description of the imaging findings and diagnosis. The cases cover a wide range of topics including musculoskeletal, chest, neurologic, breast and vascular pathologies. Differential diagnoses are also provided for some cases to aid in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and its clinical applications. It defines diffusion and how DWI is acquired using Stejskal-Tanner pulsed gradient spin echo sequences. Key terms like b-value and apparent diffusion coefficient are explained. Clinical uses of DWI include detecting acute strokes and differentiating lesions. Body DWI using DWIBS is also discussed. Diffusion tensor imaging is introduced as a technique for visualizing white matter tract orientation using tractography maps.
This document discusses the principles of Doppler ultrasound. It begins with a brief history of Doppler and how the Doppler effect was discovered. It then covers the basic physics of Doppler ultrasound including the Doppler equation. The remainder of the document discusses specific Doppler parameters and how to optimize the Doppler examination including:
- Adjusting spectral and color Doppler parameters
- Normal arterial and venous flow patterns
- Changes in flow related to stenosis
Presentation1.pptx. ultrasound examination of the footAbdellah Nazeer
Ultrasound is a valuable tool for assessing soft tissue structures of the foot. A high resolution linear probe is needed to image superficial structures. Proper scanning technique is required to avoid anisotropy and allow visualization of tendons and ligaments. Ultrasound can be used to evaluate conditions like plantar fasciitis, ganglia, cysts, tendon damage, joint effusions, masses, vascular pathology, postoperative complications, and some cases of bony abnormalities. It provides diagnostic information and can be used for procedures like injections and biopsies.
1. The patient underwent chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer and placement of a port-a-cath. Imaging showed two breaks in the catheter and "pinch off" of the catheter at the insertion site, consistent with pinch-off syndrome.
2. Chest x-ray showed the left diaphragm higher than the right with increased distance from the stomach, suggestive of a subpulmonic pleural effusion.
3. CT showed a unilateral grade II germinal matrix hemorrhage.
1. The document describes various gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal conditions seen on imaging. It includes descriptions of total colonic aganglionosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, pectus excavatum, Reiter's syndrome, median arcuate ligament syndrome, and Haglund syndrome among others.
2. The conditions are described and key radiographic findings are highlighted, such as the displacement and tapering of ureters seen in retroperitoneal fibrosis. Common presentations, classifications, and distinguishing radiologic features are summarized for each condition.
3. Different imaging modalities are discussed, with CT and MRI findings provided where relevant to demonstrate characteristics of the various diseases and injuries.
Progressive muscle weakness for 2 years. Giant cerebral aneurysms are greater than 25mm. Patients can present with mass effect or subarachnoid hemorrhage. On MRI, patent aneurysms appear as flow void or heterogeneous signal. Thrombosed aneurysms depend on clot age. Sturge-Weber syndrome is characterized by facial port wine stains and pial angiomas. CT detects subcortical calcification earlier than plain film. MRI shows signal changes and anatomical volume loss with age. État criblé describes diffusely widened perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia. External auditory canal atresia involves complete or incomplete bony atresia of the external auditory canal.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to image blood vessels. There are three main types of MRA: time-of-flight angiography (TOF), phase contrast angiography (PCA), and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA). TOF uses gradient echo sequences to create bright vascular images from the signal difference between saturated and unsaturated spins moving through tissue. PCA images blood flow velocity using phase information and velocity encoding gradients. CE-MRA uses gadolinium contrast agents to shorten the T1 time of blood, allowing vessels to be visualized as their signal differs from the surrounding tissue.
This document discusses Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), a non-invasive MRI technique used to investigate biliary and pancreatic pathologies. It works by exploiting the inherent differences in T2-weighted contrast between fluid-filled structures and soft tissue. Static or slow moving fluids within the biliary tree and pancreatic duct appear as high signal intensity on MRCP, while surrounding tissue has reduced signal intensity. The document outlines the MRCP technique, imaging parameters, indications including biliary and pancreatic diseases, advantages over ERCP, and some pitfalls.
CT perfusion physics and its application in NeuroimagingDr.Suhas Basavaiah
CT perfusion imaging provides functional information about tissue vascularity by measuring temporal changes in tissue attenuation following intravenous injection of iodinated contrast. It quantifies parameters like blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time. While initially developed for research, advances in multidetector CT and software allow clinical use in evaluating cerebral vasculature in acute stroke and tumor response to therapies in oncology. The technique involves rapid dynamic scanning during contrast first-pass to generate time-attenuation curves and calculate perfusion values using deconvolution or other mathematical models.
Time of flight MR angiography produces images of blood vessels without contrast agents. It works by manipulating the longitudinal magnetization of stationary tissues so they do not recover between repetitions, while flowing blood is not affected. It can be performed as 2D or 3D acquisitions, with 2D providing larger coverage but lower resolution and 3D providing higher resolution but smaller coverage area. Parameters like TR, TE, and flip angle must be optimized and techniques like MOTSA can improve results by reducing flow saturation and artifacts.
This document discusses renal Doppler ultrasound techniques and findings. It describes three main approaches to imaging the renal arteries - anterior, oblique, and flank. Normal and abnormal Doppler waveforms are presented. Evaluation of renal artery stenosis can be done directly by imaging the renal arteries or indirectly by imaging intrarenal arteries. Findings suggestive of stenosis include increased velocities, renal/aortic ratios over 3.5, absence of the early systolic peak, and tardus parvus waveforms. Pathologies of renal transplants like rejection, infarction, and arterial or venous stenosis are also summarized.
MRI imaging of knee joint -- from radiological anatomy to pathology. inspired from my dear professor Mamdouh Mahfouz, professor of radio diagnosis - Cairo university.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides biochemical information about metabolites in tissues. It differs from MRI in that it analyzes spectra rather than anatomy. Common nuclei analyzed include hydrogen (proton MRS), which is most common. MRS can detect metabolites like N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, myoinositol, and lactate. Abnormal levels of these metabolites can indicate conditions like tumors, infections, demyelination, and more. MRS is used to study many neurological diseases and assess treatment response. It provides a non-invasive way to analyze brain chemistry.
This document appears to be a medical report discussing several patients. It mentions a 35-year-old who was in a severe motor vehicle accident and an 81-year-old with a history of a non-vegetarian diet who had a perforated bowel from a chicken bone. The document provides few other details across its 25 numbered entries and was authored by Dr. Anish Choudhary for junior year 3 on May 30, 2016.
CT and MRI urography are radiological techniques used to evaluate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. CT urography involves acquiring images in three phases after intravenous contrast administration, while MRI urography uses heavily T2-weighted sequences without contrast or excretory T1-weighted sequences after gadolinium contrast. Both techniques provide anatomical details and can detect conditions like renal calculi, tumors, and congenital anomalies. CT urography has advantages of better spatial resolution and ability to depict calcifications but exposes patients to radiation, while MRI urography avoids radiation but has longer scan times and lower spatial resolution.
This document contains descriptions of various medical imaging findings and cases. Some key points summarized:
- Spot 1 describes shiny corner signs seen in ankylosing spondylitis on x-ray. Spot 2 shows bone changes in the hands seen in sarcoidosis. Spot 3 shows periosteal bone formation associated with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.
- Several spots name common imaging signs and their associated diagnoses, such as the corkscrew sign seen in midgut volvulus in Spot 10.
- Case 2 describes a immunocompromised patient with altered mental status, showing findings of toxoplasmosis. Case 6 shows imaging and diagnosis of Moyamoya disease in a
Radiology Spotters mixed Bag Collection for post graduates student .PPTDr pradeep Kumar
Radiology Spotters collection by Dr Pradeep. nice collection of radiology spotter made by or collected by Dr. Pradeep, this is a collection of confusing spotter and very important spotter commonly asked in exams, our references is radiopaedia, learning radiology and Aunt Minnie.. Thanks.
This document summarizes a study that investigated radiographers' confidence and perceived accuracy in interpreting emergency radiographs. It also examined their preferences for two formats of continuing education in image interpretation - intensive (compressed) vs non-intensive (spread out over time).
The study found that radiographers reported higher confidence and accuracy in detecting traumatic abnormalities compared to describing them. Radiographers rated both intensive and non-intensive education formats as desirable, with no significant preference for one over the other. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of different education formats for improving radiographers' skills in image interpretation.
Radiology reports are essential legal records that communicate imaging procedure results to referring physicians for diagnosis and treatment. Reports should include patient details, exam details, findings described using proper terminology, and impressions. Electronic health records support standardized documentation but limited narrative and copying information affects accuracy. Integrating expert medical transcription of reports into electronic records ensures comprehensive and accurate documentation for physician interpretation and patient care.
This document contains 22 radiology case spots describing various pathologies. For each spot, the document provides a brief description of the imaging findings and diagnosis. The cases cover a wide range of topics including musculoskeletal, chest, neurologic, breast and vascular pathologies. Differential diagnoses are also provided for some cases to aid in arriving at the correct diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and its clinical applications. It defines diffusion and how DWI is acquired using Stejskal-Tanner pulsed gradient spin echo sequences. Key terms like b-value and apparent diffusion coefficient are explained. Clinical uses of DWI include detecting acute strokes and differentiating lesions. Body DWI using DWIBS is also discussed. Diffusion tensor imaging is introduced as a technique for visualizing white matter tract orientation using tractography maps.
This document discusses the principles of Doppler ultrasound. It begins with a brief history of Doppler and how the Doppler effect was discovered. It then covers the basic physics of Doppler ultrasound including the Doppler equation. The remainder of the document discusses specific Doppler parameters and how to optimize the Doppler examination including:
- Adjusting spectral and color Doppler parameters
- Normal arterial and venous flow patterns
- Changes in flow related to stenosis
Presentation1.pptx. ultrasound examination of the footAbdellah Nazeer
Ultrasound is a valuable tool for assessing soft tissue structures of the foot. A high resolution linear probe is needed to image superficial structures. Proper scanning technique is required to avoid anisotropy and allow visualization of tendons and ligaments. Ultrasound can be used to evaluate conditions like plantar fasciitis, ganglia, cysts, tendon damage, joint effusions, masses, vascular pathology, postoperative complications, and some cases of bony abnormalities. It provides diagnostic information and can be used for procedures like injections and biopsies.
1. The patient underwent chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer and placement of a port-a-cath. Imaging showed two breaks in the catheter and "pinch off" of the catheter at the insertion site, consistent with pinch-off syndrome.
2. Chest x-ray showed the left diaphragm higher than the right with increased distance from the stomach, suggestive of a subpulmonic pleural effusion.
3. CT showed a unilateral grade II germinal matrix hemorrhage.
1. The document describes various gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal conditions seen on imaging. It includes descriptions of total colonic aganglionosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, pectus excavatum, Reiter's syndrome, median arcuate ligament syndrome, and Haglund syndrome among others.
2. The conditions are described and key radiographic findings are highlighted, such as the displacement and tapering of ureters seen in retroperitoneal fibrosis. Common presentations, classifications, and distinguishing radiologic features are summarized for each condition.
3. Different imaging modalities are discussed, with CT and MRI findings provided where relevant to demonstrate characteristics of the various diseases and injuries.
Progressive muscle weakness for 2 years. Giant cerebral aneurysms are greater than 25mm. Patients can present with mass effect or subarachnoid hemorrhage. On MRI, patent aneurysms appear as flow void or heterogeneous signal. Thrombosed aneurysms depend on clot age. Sturge-Weber syndrome is characterized by facial port wine stains and pial angiomas. CT detects subcortical calcification earlier than plain film. MRI shows signal changes and anatomical volume loss with age. État criblé describes diffusely widened perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia. External auditory canal atresia involves complete or incomplete bony atresia of the external auditory canal.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to image blood vessels. There are three main types of MRA: time-of-flight angiography (TOF), phase contrast angiography (PCA), and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA). TOF uses gradient echo sequences to create bright vascular images from the signal difference between saturated and unsaturated spins moving through tissue. PCA images blood flow velocity using phase information and velocity encoding gradients. CE-MRA uses gadolinium contrast agents to shorten the T1 time of blood, allowing vessels to be visualized as their signal differs from the surrounding tissue.
This document discusses Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), a non-invasive MRI technique used to investigate biliary and pancreatic pathologies. It works by exploiting the inherent differences in T2-weighted contrast between fluid-filled structures and soft tissue. Static or slow moving fluids within the biliary tree and pancreatic duct appear as high signal intensity on MRCP, while surrounding tissue has reduced signal intensity. The document outlines the MRCP technique, imaging parameters, indications including biliary and pancreatic diseases, advantages over ERCP, and some pitfalls.
CT perfusion physics and its application in NeuroimagingDr.Suhas Basavaiah
CT perfusion imaging provides functional information about tissue vascularity by measuring temporal changes in tissue attenuation following intravenous injection of iodinated contrast. It quantifies parameters like blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time. While initially developed for research, advances in multidetector CT and software allow clinical use in evaluating cerebral vasculature in acute stroke and tumor response to therapies in oncology. The technique involves rapid dynamic scanning during contrast first-pass to generate time-attenuation curves and calculate perfusion values using deconvolution or other mathematical models.
Time of flight MR angiography produces images of blood vessels without contrast agents. It works by manipulating the longitudinal magnetization of stationary tissues so they do not recover between repetitions, while flowing blood is not affected. It can be performed as 2D or 3D acquisitions, with 2D providing larger coverage but lower resolution and 3D providing higher resolution but smaller coverage area. Parameters like TR, TE, and flip angle must be optimized and techniques like MOTSA can improve results by reducing flow saturation and artifacts.
This document discusses renal Doppler ultrasound techniques and findings. It describes three main approaches to imaging the renal arteries - anterior, oblique, and flank. Normal and abnormal Doppler waveforms are presented. Evaluation of renal artery stenosis can be done directly by imaging the renal arteries or indirectly by imaging intrarenal arteries. Findings suggestive of stenosis include increased velocities, renal/aortic ratios over 3.5, absence of the early systolic peak, and tardus parvus waveforms. Pathologies of renal transplants like rejection, infarction, and arterial or venous stenosis are also summarized.
MRI imaging of knee joint -- from radiological anatomy to pathology. inspired from my dear professor Mamdouh Mahfouz, professor of radio diagnosis - Cairo university.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides biochemical information about metabolites in tissues. It differs from MRI in that it analyzes spectra rather than anatomy. Common nuclei analyzed include hydrogen (proton MRS), which is most common. MRS can detect metabolites like N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, myoinositol, and lactate. Abnormal levels of these metabolites can indicate conditions like tumors, infections, demyelination, and more. MRS is used to study many neurological diseases and assess treatment response. It provides a non-invasive way to analyze brain chemistry.
This document appears to be a medical report discussing several patients. It mentions a 35-year-old who was in a severe motor vehicle accident and an 81-year-old with a history of a non-vegetarian diet who had a perforated bowel from a chicken bone. The document provides few other details across its 25 numbered entries and was authored by Dr. Anish Choudhary for junior year 3 on May 30, 2016.
CT and MRI urography are radiological techniques used to evaluate the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. CT urography involves acquiring images in three phases after intravenous contrast administration, while MRI urography uses heavily T2-weighted sequences without contrast or excretory T1-weighted sequences after gadolinium contrast. Both techniques provide anatomical details and can detect conditions like renal calculi, tumors, and congenital anomalies. CT urography has advantages of better spatial resolution and ability to depict calcifications but exposes patients to radiation, while MRI urography avoids radiation but has longer scan times and lower spatial resolution.
This document contains descriptions of various medical imaging findings and cases. Some key points summarized:
- Spot 1 describes shiny corner signs seen in ankylosing spondylitis on x-ray. Spot 2 shows bone changes in the hands seen in sarcoidosis. Spot 3 shows periosteal bone formation associated with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy.
- Several spots name common imaging signs and their associated diagnoses, such as the corkscrew sign seen in midgut volvulus in Spot 10.
- Case 2 describes a immunocompromised patient with altered mental status, showing findings of toxoplasmosis. Case 6 shows imaging and diagnosis of Moyamoya disease in a
Radiology Spotters mixed Bag Collection for post graduates student .PPTDr pradeep Kumar
Radiology Spotters collection by Dr Pradeep. nice collection of radiology spotter made by or collected by Dr. Pradeep, this is a collection of confusing spotter and very important spotter commonly asked in exams, our references is radiopaedia, learning radiology and Aunt Minnie.. Thanks.
This document summarizes a study that investigated radiographers' confidence and perceived accuracy in interpreting emergency radiographs. It also examined their preferences for two formats of continuing education in image interpretation - intensive (compressed) vs non-intensive (spread out over time).
The study found that radiographers reported higher confidence and accuracy in detecting traumatic abnormalities compared to describing them. Radiographers rated both intensive and non-intensive education formats as desirable, with no significant preference for one over the other. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of different education formats for improving radiographers' skills in image interpretation.
Radiology reports are essential legal records that communicate imaging procedure results to referring physicians for diagnosis and treatment. Reports should include patient details, exam details, findings described using proper terminology, and impressions. Electronic health records support standardized documentation but limited narrative and copying information affects accuracy. Integrating expert medical transcription of reports into electronic records ensures comprehensive and accurate documentation for physician interpretation and patient care.
SOP CONFERENCE PROTOCOLS FOR BEGINNERSKanhu Charan
This document provides guidelines and standard operating procedures for stereotaxy radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy. It discusses patient selection criteria and protocols, simulation, treatment planning, quality assurance procedures, responsibilities of clinical team members, and patient follow-up. Standardized checklists and protocols are recommended to ensure safety and accuracy in patient localization, treatment planning and delivery for different anatomical sites. Strict quality assurance of equipment, imaging, treatment planning systems and patient-specific validation tests are essential parts of the procedures.
This document provides an overview of radiology reports and their structure. It explains that radiology reports are produced after imaging exams to communicate the radiologist's findings and impressions to referring physicians. The report typically includes sections identifying the exam type, patient history, comparison to prior exams, technical details, findings for each body area examined, and an overall impression or diagnosis. Electronic health records now allow patients direct access to their radiology reports online.
To create accurate radiology reports, make sure to write complete sentences, use understandable language, and provide relevant detailed recommendations.
The document provides guidelines for writing clinical trial protocols in India. It discusses that clinical trials prospectively assign human participants to health interventions to evaluate outcomes. A good protocol includes the study rationale, objectives, design, safety measures, and plans for statistical analysis and protecting human subjects. The protocol sections provide all relevant details about conducting the trial while meeting regulatory and ethical standards.
How many patients does case series should have .in comparison to case reports...Pubrica
Case reports are defined as the scientific documentation of a single clinical observation and have a time-honored and rich tradition in medicine and scientific publication. Pubrica has extensive experience in developing a detailed clinical case report that highlights the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of an individual patient.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/34RO9vU
For our services: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/case-report-writing/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44 1618186353
European guidance on estimating population doses from medical xrayAna Pires
This document provides guidance on estimating population doses from medical x-ray procedures in Europe. It discusses estimating the frequency of x-ray exams, assessing patient doses, and presenting results. The key purposes are to observe trends in collective dose over time, determine contributions by exam type, and allow international comparisons. Proper population dose estimates require accounting for the age and sex distributions of patients, as medical exposures are not uniform across populations. Regular assessments inform authorities on high exposure groups to focus radiation protection efforts.
Advances in automatic tuberculosis detection in chest x ray imagessipij
Tuberculosis (TB) is very dangerous and rapidly spread disease in the world. In the investigating cases for
suspected tuberculosis (TB), chest radiography is not only the key techniques of diagnosis based on the
medical imaging but also the diagnostic radiology. So, Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) has been popular
and many researchers are interested in this research areas and different approaches have been proposed
for the TB detection and lung decease classification. In this paper, the medical background history of TB
decease in chest X-rays and a survey of the various approaches in TB detection and classification are
presented. The literature in the related methods is surveyed papers in this research area until now 2014.
The document discusses the increasing use of computed tomography (CT) scans and the resulting rise in medical radiation exposure. While CT scans provide important medical benefits, there is growing concern about the potential long-term health risks of radiation exposure, especially for pediatric patients. The literature review found that average radiation doses have doubled in some cases over the past decade and CT scans are now responsible for a significant portion of population radiation exposure from medical imaging. However, there is no system currently in place to track patients' cumulative lifetime radiation exposure from medical sources. The document examines various proposals to help minimize radiation doses from CT scans and optimize protocols while also exploring the feasibility of developing a standardized method for tracking and recording lifetime medical radiation exposure information.
Severity of impairment, age, and vascular territory are the three major reasons for disqualifying patients for screening in AIS studies. Find out more…
Telemetry monitoring allows cardiac patients to move freely while their heart is monitored. It is used for patients who need continuous EKG monitoring but do not require intensive care. A diagnostic information system can aggregate over 5,000 different patient test results into a standardized, easy to read format. This increases efficiency and accuracy of patient care. Mechanical ventilators deliver gas into a patient's airways to support breathing. Modes include time cycled, volume cycled and flow cycled ventilation. Intensive care units aim to reduce stress and promote recovery through factors like natural lighting, family involvement and reduced noise.
This document summarizes the CONSORT 2010 guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials. It discusses how poor reporting of randomized controlled trials can lead to biased results and mislead health decisions. The CONSORT statement was developed to improve RCT reporting quality through a checklist and flow diagram. This explanatory document was extensively revised to enhance the use of CONSORT 2010. It presents the meaning and rationale for each checklist item with examples of good reporting.
The letter discusses differences between a "red dot" system used in radiography and formal radiographic reporting/commenting. A red dot system simply highlights abnormalities but requires no additional training, while reporting/commenting involves interpreting images after completing an accredited university program. The letter argues the authors of the original article confuse these two concepts and fail to acknowledge benefits of radiographic commenting over red dotting shown in recent literature. Radiographic commenting can provide brief interpretations more quickly than formal reports to enhance patient safety and outcomes in emergency departments.
IRJET- Classification of Cancer of the Lungs using ANN and SVM AlgorithmsIRJET Journal
1) The document compares the performance of artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers in classifying lung cancer images.
2) Lung cancer is difficult to diagnose early due to subtle symptoms, and accurate classification of images can help doctors detect it earlier to improve survival rates.
3) The study evaluates the ANN and SVM classifiers on online cancer datasets using metrics like accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and calculates true/false positives and negatives. The goal is to determine which classifier performs better for lung cancer image classification.
This survey of radiographers in Australian hospitals investigated their participation in abnormality detection systems for trauma radiographs, their perceptions of the benefits and barriers of radiographer commenting, and their views on radiographer image interpretation services. The results found that most radiographers participated in abnormality detection for less than 20% or more than 80% of examinations. Perceived benefits included assisting patient care, but barriers included limited access to image interpretation education and low confidence. Improving access to education was seen as an enabler for greater participation in detection and commenting systems.
This document provides an introduction to interventional radiology techniques for veterinary critical care specialists. It discusses how interventional radiology has evolved in human medicine from a purely diagnostic tool to a subspecialty with many therapeutic applications. The document suggests interventional radiology and endoscopy techniques may replace more invasive surgeries for veterinary patients. It emphasizes the importance of critical care specialists becoming familiar with these new techniques and their applications, as they are often the first point of contact for clients. The document aims to introduce some of the basic equipment used in interventional radiology, such as fluoroscopy machines and contrast agents, and provide examples of current clinical applications.
1. Medical imaging techniques like X-rays, ultrasounds, and MRI have advanced significantly since the early days of diagnosis through post-mortem examination alone. Modern imaging provides clearer views of patients' conditions to better plan and deliver treatment.
2. This unit introduces learners to established medical physics techniques like X-rays, ultrasounds, and the more complex principles of MRI. It aims to deliver foundational knowledge of these techniques and introduce radiation safety.
3. Assessment activities evaluate learners' understanding of topics like atomic structure, ionizing radiation, radiopharmaceuticals, MRI principles, and the importance of radiation safety in radiotherapy.
1) The seminar presentation discussed introducing evidence-based practice (EBP) into radiography by integrating the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and preferences.
2) EBP offers radiographers a systematic method to ask and answer clinically relevant questions by acquiring and appraising the best available evidence and implementing it into practice.
3) Barriers to implementing EBP include a lack of critical appraisal skills and unwritten rules within organizations, but strategies like educating staff and promoting an evidence-based culture can help address these challenges.
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan fasting. It was created by the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance. The guidelines cover epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan fasting, physiology changes during fasting, risk stratification for fasting, diabetes education, and medication adjustments. The goal is to enhance healthcare provider knowledge to safely support patients with diabetes who choose to fast during Ramadan.
This review article summarizes the 2011 evidence-based practice guideline published by the American Society of Hematology for the diagnosis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The guideline was created using a rigorous evidence-based approach and provides treatment recommendations using the GRADE system where evidence exists. It identifies a lack of evidence in several key areas of ITP therapy, such as comparative studies of front-line therapies and management of bleeding. The guideline covers diagnosis and treatment of ITP in both children and adults, including recommendations for initial treatment, management of non-responders, treatment of specific secondary forms of ITP, and treatment during pregnancy.
Two types of acute diarrhoeal emergencies are cholera, which causes acute watery diarrhoea, and Shigella dysentery, which causes acute bloody diarrhoea. Both are transmitted through contaminated water, food, hands, and vomit or stool of sick individuals. The first steps in managing a diarrhoeal outbreak are determining if there are an unusual number of similar cases, identifying whether patients have cholera or Shigella by their symptoms, and being prepared for a potential increase in cases.
The document provides guidelines for diabetic eye care developed by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO). It aims to improve eye care quality worldwide by addressing screening and management of diabetic retinopathy for different resource settings. The guidelines describe classifying and screening for diabetic retinopathy, detailed eye exams, treating retinopathy and macular edema, and managing special circumstances. It includes tables outlining follow-up schedules and treatment recommendations based on retinopathy severity and resource level.
This document discusses special considerations for managing chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during pregnancy and in the pediatric population. For pregnancy:
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used to treat CML are teratogenic and known to cause fetal toxicities. TKI therapy during pregnancy has been associated with higher rates of miscarriage and fetal abnormalities.
- If a patient wants to conceive, discontinuing TKI therapy may be considered if a deep molecular response has been maintained for at least 2 years. Close monitoring would be needed if CML recurs during pregnancy.
- For pediatric CML management, no evidence-based recommendations exist since CML is relatively rare in children. Specialized care at a cancer center is
This document discusses several minor blood group systems beyond ABO and Rh, including I/i, Lewis, P, MN, and SsU. It provides details on the antigens and antibodies in each system, including frequencies, clinical significance, and serological characteristics. The key points are:
- Over 500 antigens beyond ABO have been identified on red blood cells.
- The I/i, Lewis, P, MN, and SsU systems involve antigens that are inherited based on allelic genes and their interactions.
- Antibodies in these systems are usually naturally occurring and clinically insignificant, though some like anti-S, anti-s, and anti-U can cause hemolytic disease of the new
This document provides a focused update to the 2013 ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure. It was developed by a writing group comprised of experts from the ACC, AHA, HFSA, and other organizations. The update provides new recommendations on the use of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure as well as for treatment of stages A through D. It also includes new recommendations on treating anemia, hypertension, and sleep disordered breathing in heart failure patients. The update was reviewed and approved by several committees and is intended to provide guidance for clinicians on best practices in heart failure management.
These guidelines provide recommendations for managing dyslipidemia and preventing cardiovascular disease. They were developed by a writing committee and task force of experts based on reviews of current literature. The guidelines note that medical decisions should be made using clinical judgment and local resources, as rapid changes in the field may lead to periodic revisions. The document aims to assist healthcare professionals while not replacing their independent judgment.
This document provides an overview of the process and methods used to develop recommendations for the testing, management, and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A panel of HCV experts from various medical fields develops the guidance using an evidence-based approach. Recommendations are rated based on the strength of evidence. The guidance is intended to be a living document that is regularly updated as new treatments and information become available. Strict processes are in place to manage conflicts of interest among panel members.
This document provides information on drugs that are contraindicated (Pregnancy Category X) for use during pregnancy. It lists the generic and brand names of drugs across several therapeutic categories including cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, infections/infestations, musculoskeletal, neoplasms, nutrition, OB/GYN, pain/pyrexia, respiratory, and urogenital systems. For some drugs, it specifies the trimester or stage of pregnancy during which they should be avoided. The document also explains the pregnancy categories (A, B, C, D, X) used to qualify contraindications and precautions for drug use during pregnancy.
Muslims believe that death comes by divine decree and marks the beginning of an eternal journey in the afterlife. Some terminally ill Muslim patients receive care in intensive care units that prolong their lives through significant medical intervention when they may instead suffer without meaningful benefit. There is limited information available about Islamic beliefs regarding end of life issues for Muslims living in non-Muslim countries. Withdrawal of futile treatment is permitted in Islamic law for terminally ill patients to allow death to take its natural course. "Do not resuscitate" orders are also permitted in certain situations according to Islamic rulings if three physicians agree treatment would be non-beneficial. However, hydration and pain management should continue until death.
This document reviews recent guidelines for treating painful diabetic neuropathy (DPN) and compares their recommendations. It finds that the main drug classes recommended as first-line treatment are anticonvulsants like pregabalin and gabapentin, antidepressants like tricyclic antidepressants and duloxetine, and opioids. Pregabalin and duloxetine are the only drugs approved to treat neuropathic pain in diabetes. The guidelines differ in their methodologies, with some based more quantitatively on clinical trial evidence while others incorporate additional factors. Patient characteristics may also influence which treatment is most appropriate.
This document provides guidance from NICE on the assessment and treatment of acute stroke. It outlines recommendations for promptly admitting patients to specialist stroke units, performing brain imaging, providing thrombolysis or mechanical clot retrieval if appropriate, administering antiplatelets or anticoagulants, managing blood pressure and blood sugar, assessing swallowing function and providing nutrition, and carrying out carotid imaging and endarterectomy if indicated. The pathway is designed to optimize stroke care from initial presentation through the acute and subacute phases of recovery.
1) A randomized clinical trial of 576 adults with acute sore throat found that a single dose of oral dexamethasone did not increase the proportion of patients with complete resolution of symptoms at 24 hours compared to placebo.
2) However, at 48 hours significantly more patients in the dexamethasone group experienced complete resolution of symptoms than those in the placebo group.
3) The study found no other significant differences between the dexamethasone and placebo groups in secondary outcomes such as duration of symptoms, health care use, time off work, or medication use.
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan fasting. It was created by the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance. The guidelines cover epidemiology of diabetes during Ramadan, physiology of fasting and how it impacts diabetes, risk stratification of patients, education recommendations, and medication adjustments for various diabetes medications and high-risk patient groups, such as those with type 1 diabetes. The goal is to enhance healthcare professionals' knowledge to best support patients during Ramadan fasting.
May-Hegglin anomaly is part of a spectrum of disorders called MYH9-related disease. Mutations in the MYH9 gene cause macrothrombocytopenia (low platelet count with large platelets) and basophilic inclusions in white blood cells. A diagnosis can be facilitated by platelet electron microscopy and MYH9 gene sequencing. While each disorder in the spectrum has some unique characteristics, they are all characterized by macrothrombocytopenia and are now considered manifestations of MYH9-related disease.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
1. GUIDELINE
Good practice for radiological reporting. Guidelines
from the European Society of Radiology (ESR)
European Society of Radiology (ESR)
Received: 3 January 2011 /Accepted: 3 January 2011 /Published online: 6 February 2011
# European Society of Radiology 2011
Abstract The views of the European Society of Radiology
concerning what constitutes a good radiological report are
outlined in this article. Some pertinent literature is
reviewed.
Keywords Radiology report . Quality
Aim of the document
There is no universally agreed definition of a good
radiological report, and both radiologists and those who
receive reports may hold differing views on the optimal
style and content. Nevertheless, all radiologists wish to
produce reports which are accurate and also interpret the
investigation for a particular patient in a way that assists
with their further management.
Medicine is an international subject and, with the advent
of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS),
images may be transported throughout Europe and indeed
the world. Considerable variation currently exists in the
way imaging reports are constructed. It can be argued that
there is benefit in reducing this variation for ease of
comprehension on the part of referrers, and to aid audit,
teaching and research.
This document suggests a framework, which it is
hoped will be relevant to radiological practice throughout
Europe.
Introduction
The written radiological report is the most important means of
communication between the radiologist and referring medical
doctor [1–3]. It is part of the patient’s permanent health record,
and interprets the investigation in the clinical context. The
appropriate construction, clarity, and clinical focus of a
radiological report are essential to high quality patient care [4].
Knowledge, skills and training required [2]
Knowledge
1. Sufficient medical and surgical knowledge to interpret
the clinical information provided and understand the
suspected underlying pathology
2. Sufficient knowledge to judge the appropriateness of
the examination relative to the clinical information
provided and other methods of investigation available
3. In-depth knowledge of the accuracy, reliability and
potential complications of the investigation
4. Familiarity with the radiological abnormalities shown
and with their significance
5. Appreciation of normal variants which may mimic disease
6. An understanding of the relationship between the
imaging appearance and the underlying pathology
7. Knowledge of when urgent action is required on the
basis of the imaging findings
Skills [5]
1. Justification: the ability to make judgements on the
clinical justification for the examination
European Society of Radiology (ESR)
Neutorgasse 9/2,
1010 Vienna, Australia
e-mail: communications@myESR.org
URL: www.myESR.org
Insights Imaging (2011) 2:93–96
DOI 10.1007/s13244-011-0066-7
2. 2. Optimisation: the ability to carry out or protocol and
optimise the examination
3. Technical: the ability to maximise image and contrast
resolution, to minimise exposure to ionizing radiation
and to perform relevant image manipulation
4. Observational: the ability to identify radiological
abnormalities and distinguish them from normal
appearances and variants
5. Image analysis: the ability to evaluate abnormal
imaging features and relate them to underlying causa-
tive pathology
6. Communication: the ability to convey the interpretation
of the investigation clearly, both verbally and in
writing, and to communicate directly with the patient
where appropriate
Training
1. Sufficient training to satisfy local and national regula-
tory requirements for image interpretation
2. Appropriate training to perform and interpret the
particular imaging investigation undertaken
Elements of a report
Although there are no universally accepted rules for the
structure of a radiological report, it can be argued that
concise, consistent ordering of the report both reduces
variation between reports and makes it easier for referrers
who become familiar with the format to assimilate the
information [1, 4, 6]
The broad categories can be summarised as:
& Clinical referral
& Technique
& Findings
& Conclusion
& Advice
Clinical referral
This section should include a brief summary of the reason for
referral, summarising the clinical problem. It should be as
concise as possible, but should nevertheless contain all the
relevant clinical information. It is of the utmost importance
that the clinical history of the patient is provided by the
referring physician, in order to enable correct image interpre-
tation. If insufficient clinical information is available for the
radiologist to give a full interpretation, this should be stated in
the report. When appropriate, the justification of radiation
exposure should be given.
Technique
This section should include:
(a) A concise description of the investigation/procedure
performed, with specific mention of any non-standard
elements of the investigation, e.g. additional sequences.
(b) A record of contrast medium administration, including
route of administration, type and dose. Any adverse
reaction must be recorded and the treatment described.
All additional medications that were administered to
the patient while in the imaging department (e.g.
sedatives) should also be recorded.
(c) A description of technically suboptimal features if they
may have an impact on the accuracy of interpretation.
(d) Patient radiation dose where applicable.
Findings
(a) This section of the report should include a targeted,
systematic and comprehensive description of all abnor-
malities and should start with those features that are
relevant to the clinical request or suspected pathology.
(b) Observations should be described using accepted
imaging terminology, and should be as precise as
possible, avoiding loose terms such as ‘shadowing’.
(c) The description should be specific in giving the
dimensions, signal intensity, attenuation, echogenicity
or density of abnormalities. Specific positive or
negative features which will affect interpretation of
the abnormality/-ies, such as clarity of margin,
calcification or cavitation should also be described.
(d) The anatomical site of abnormalities should be clearly
stated, together with their relationship to other struc-
tures where appropriate.
(e) It may be helpful to the referrer and anyone subsequently
viewing the images to indicate the relevant images on
which the abnormality is best shown and on which the
measurements were performed, e.g. series 2, image 12.
(f) Relevant negative findings should be specifically
stated.
(g) Incidental findings should be stated and analysed.
(h) Where previous investigations have been performed,
comparison with the current examination should be
carried out and described in the report, including the
date of the previous examination. The absence of
previous imaging should also be recorded if relevant.
Impression/conclusion
(a) This comprises an interpretation of the investigation,
taking into account all the imaging features, together
94 Insights Imaging (2011) 2:93–96
3. with relevant clinical information and laboratory
findings, to formulate an overall impression.
(b) The aim is to reach a precise diagnosis when
possible, or an appropriately ranked differential
diagnosis.
(c) Where a differential diagnosis is given, it should be
relevant and limited, and the evidence supportive of
or against each suggested diagnosis should be
explained.
(d) The conclusion should relate to the original presen-
tation, e.g. ‘no cause for the left chest pain
identified’.
(e) Any incidental findings should be clearly described as
either relevant or non-significant.
(f) Any adverse event should be restated.
Advice
The report may give suggestions for further action to be
taken, e.g. referral for an urgent specialist opinion. More
commonly, advice will be given on further investigations
which will refine the diagnosis. These suggestions should
be carefully considered and not expose the patient to
unnecessary further investigations.
Validation of report
All imaging reports must be checked and signed with
electronic or other signature.
Length of report
A balance needs be struck between a clear description
of the positive and negative findings and the concentra-
tion of the reader. There is evidence that a large number
of referrers do not read the whole report [3]. The
impression or conclusion section is therefore critical, and
it should be assumed that in some cases it is all that will be
read.
Language used
The wording of the report should take into account the
expected level of knowledge and expertise of the referrer. A
specialist may be more familiar with certain medical
abbreviations than a referrer outside that particular special-
ist area. Long descriptions of limited interest to the referrer
should be avoided. Abbreviations should be used only
when it is clear that the referrer will be familiar with the
relevant terminology.
Style and structure
Traditionally, radiologists have developed their own personal
style of reporting, which may be tailored to the type of work
they carry out, the general style in use within their department/
institution, or the demands of local referrers. Many radiol-
ogists will, over time, refine their style in a way which will
become very familiar to their key clinical referrers.
Structured reporting: the future?
Conventional radiology reports are stored as free text, so
information is trapped in the language of the report, making
it difficult to find specific details without reading the whole
text. In structured reporting (SR), the information is
standardised and presented in a clear, organised format,
tracking the attributes of each finding (size, location, etc.)
and prompting the radiologist to complete all required
fields. It has been suggested that SR is more time-efficient
than dictation, facilitates automated billing and order entry,
and supports analysis for research and decision-support [7].
SR has also been suggested to improve communication of
radiology results [4, 8] and allows retrieval of data by
automated or semi-automated methods for the purposes of
comparison, audit and research.
SR is usually displayed in modular format with section
headings, contains a consistent ordering of observations in
the form of templates or checklists, and uses standardised
language and lexicon [4, 9–11]. There is also the potential
to integrate additional information, such as clinical data,
technical parameters, measurements, annotations, and key
(relevant) images and multimedia data [10], giving the
potential to reduce ambiguity and increase confidence in
the findings [12, 13]. There is also the future potential for
multilingual translation.
Technical frameworks for SR are potentially complex
and the ESR will undertake to provide further guidance in
future documents.
Emergency or unexpected findings
If the examination reveals an abnormality which requires
urgent further evaluation or treatment, the radiologist has a
duty of care to communicate this to the referring medical
doctor. The date, time and person notified and the means of
notification should be clearly stated in the report (ideally at
the beginning or end of the report, rather than within the
body of the report).
The situation may be encountered which is not an
emergency, but where there may be adverse consequences
for the patient if a significant unexpected finding revealed
Insights Imaging (2011) 2:93–96 95
4. on imaging is not subsequently acted upon. Here the duty is
less clear, but ‘alert’ methods for referrers should be in
place so that such patients are further investigated or treated
in an appropriate time frame [14].
Summary
In a European setting of cross-border healthcare, there are
benefits in moving towards a more uniform style and
structure of radiological reports. This would provide a more
consistent service to patients and referrers. It would also
facilitate audit, teaching and research.
Acknowledgements This article was kindly prepared by the ESR
Subcommittee on Audit & Standards (Chairman: E. Jane Adam.
National Societies Committee Chairman: Guy Frija. Members:
Hudaver Alper, Éamann Breatnach, Maurizio Centonze, Elisabeth
Dion, Birgit Ertl-Wagner, Robert Manns) on behalf of the ESR. It was
approved by the ESR Executive Council in October 2010.
References
1. American College of Radiology (2005) ACR practice guideline
for communication of diagnostic imaging findings. American
College of Radiology, Reston. Available at www.acr.org Accessed
September 2010.
2. The Royal College of Radiologists (2006) Standards for the
Reporting and Interpretation of Imaging Investigations. The Royal
College of Radiologists, London. Available at www.rcr.ac.uk
Accessed September 2010.
3. Societe Français Radiologie, Groupe de travail SFR—CRR (2007)
Recommandations générales pour l’élaboration d’un compte
rendu radiologique (CRR). J Radiol 88:304–306
4. Kahn CE Jr, Langlotz CP, Burnside ES et al (2009) Towards best
practices in radiology reporting. Radiology 252:852–856
5. The Royal College of Radiologists (1999) Skills mix in clinical
radiology BFCR(99)3. The Royal College of Radiologists,
London. Available at www.rcr.ac.uk Accessed September 2010.
6. Kushner DC, Lucey LL (2005) American College of Radiology.
Diagnostic radiology reporting and communication: the ACR
guideline. J Am Coll Radiol 2(1):15–21
7. www.structuredreporting.com Accessed September 2010.
8. Dunnick NR, Langlotz CP (2008) The radiology report of the
future: a summary of the 2007 Intersociety Conference. J Am Coll
Radiol 5(5):626–629
9. Sistrom CL, Langlotz CP (2005) A framework for improving
radiology reporting. J Am Coll Radiol 2(2):159–167
10. Reiner BI, Knight N, Siegel EL (2007) Radiology reporting, past,
present, and future: the radiologist’s perspective. J Am Coll
Radiol 4(5):313–319
11. Weiss DL, Langlotz CP (2008) Structured reporting: patient care
enhancement or productivity nightmare? Radiology 249:739–747
12. Iyer VR, Hahn PF, Blaszkowsky LS et al (2010) Added value of
selected images embedded into radiology reports to referring
clinicians. J Am Coll Radiol 7:205–210
13. Reiner B, Siegel E (2006) Radiology reporting: returning to our
image-centric roots. AJR Am J Roentgenol 187:1151–1155
14. Boland GW, Guimaraes AS, Mueller PR (2008) Radiology report
turnaround: expectations and solutions. Eur Radiol 18(7):1326–
1328
96 Insights Imaging (2011) 2:93–96