This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the process of emitting energy through waves or particles, and identifies ionizing radiation as radiation that can knock electrons out of atoms. The types of ionizing radiation are identified as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Sources of radiation include naturally occurring materials, medical equipment, consumer products, and industrial uses. Exposure to radiation can damage cells and DNA, potentially leading to cell death or cancer development over time. Methods to control radiation exposure include minimizing time spent near sources, maximizing distance, and using shielding to block radiation.
Effects of radiation
Signs and symptoms of radiation
Infected period of radiation
Dosage
Calculation of dosage
Units and SI units used
Diseases caused by radiation
Radioresistant
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Biological effects of radiation provides the knowledge about how the radiation effects human beings and animals and how can we saves ourself from radiation.
Effects of radiation
Signs and symptoms of radiation
Infected period of radiation
Dosage
Calculation of dosage
Units and SI units used
Diseases caused by radiation
Radioresistant
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Biological effects of radiation provides the knowledge about how the radiation effects human beings and animals and how can we saves ourself from radiation.
Basic Radiation Safety Awareness Training
History of Radiation
Natural and Man-Made Background Sources of Radiation
Fundamentals
Exposure Limits & Regulations
Detection of Radiation
Safe Practices with Radiation
Biological Effects of Radiation
Where to Find Further Information
Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on or in an object or a person. Radioactive materials released into the environment can cause air, water, surfaces, soil, plants, buildings, people, or animals to become contaminated.
On November 11, Typhoon Ulysses (international name: Typhoon Vamco) made landfall in the Philippines and caused widespread damage to eight provinces in the island group of Luzon. The most notable flooding events were in Marikina City in Metro Manila, adjacent Rizal province, and in Region 2 or Cagayan Valley in northeastern Luzon. This study analyzes the flooding events in these localities to identify key factors and how to mitigate risk. Four main determinants stand out: (1) the degradation of natural watersheds (2) the marginalization of the poor that render them vulnerable and exposed to disasters, (3) stop-gap solutions that do not address the roots of our disaster vulnerability, and (4) that the national government remains unprepared for disaster. Policy priorities among other reforms are recommended based on this assessment.
Layunin ng Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon na ipaliwanag ang pambansang industriyalisasyon, mga kongkretong batayan sa pagtataguyod nito at ang papel ng mamamayan sa pagsusulong at pagkakamit nito.
Presentation version: https://goo.gl/2Cbt0a
Ang pambansang industriyalisasyon (national industrialization) ay proseso ng pagtatatag at pagpapaunlad ng iba't-ibang antas at uri ng mga industriya na siyang magpapasigla ng ekonomiya at tutustos sa mga pangangailangan ng isang bansa.
Layunin ng praymer na ito na ipaliwanag ang pambansang industriyalisasyon, mga kongkretong batayan sa pagtataguyod nito at ang papel ng mamamayan sa pagsusulong at pagkakamit nito.
Vew full text here: https://goo.gl/Cw0qgZ
This paper discusses the rationale for the nationalization of the MRT and LRT system as a catalyst for the development of a quality national mass transit system in the Philippines.
This document has been prepared by the Agham Advocates of Science& Technology for the People (AGHAM) to aid local communities threatened by dam projects. This reference document contain information and tools that can be used by the community to have a better understanding of dams and make informed decisions how to collectively approach the dam project in their area. This guide is not exhaustive and complete, but centers on basic questions to learn more about the dam project in the area and to guide further research.
The Philippines is a mineral-rich country. With this, it is but logical for mining to become one of the economic sources of the country and for many Filipinos to be engaged in it. Our ancestors have been mining before the Spanish colonization. Historically, mining has been a major and a significant contributor to the country’s economy, despite of the decline of the industry’s mineral production in the late 1990’s.
Mining in the Philippines can be classified into large-scale and small-scale. Large-scale mining is highly mechanized and uses heavy equipment. It produces sufficient commercial quantities to satisfy the requirements of the export market and large industries on a regular basis and therefore requires mobilization of substantial capital (Padilla, 1997). At present, it dominates the mining industry in terms of production, revenues and legal privileges.
Yet, small-scale mining undeniably remains a significant sector in the mining industry, especially with the closure of many large-scale mining operations starting in the 1990s. Such significance owes mainly to its economic contribution that comes with the large number of people involved in the industry. Unfortunately, only few studies have been devoted to it, compared to the wealth of literature on large-scale mining. Because of this, its overall aspects have yet to be fully understood by many.
Thus, this paper generally attempts to study the current state of small-scale mining in the Philippines in the context of our overall national development.
Note: This paper was written and researched for AGHAM by Erika M. Rey and Ricarido M. Saturay Jr. on 2005. It is being republished due to requests of communities hosting small scale mining activities. For questions, comments and suggestions, please contact the Agham secretariat at agham.national@gmail.com.
In this paper, Agham explores the issue of the use of renewable energy in the country and its place in achieving a pro-people, pro-environment national power industry. The paper would go through the basics of renewable energy (RE), the country's renewable energy resources and potentials vis-à-vis the current energy pattern. The overarching policy and program of the government will then be discussed, its impacts on the current energy landscape and Agham's critique on the current framework.
In this article, Agham - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People’s presents its observations on the issue of energy shortage and the President’s bid for emergency powers based on a review of the data and computation of the DOE. The paper then cautions against a possible power shortage, artificial and real, based on the review of the character of the ownership of the country's power system.
A discussion guide on the failures of power industry privatization in the Philippines as well as the unfulfilled promises of the Energy Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (EPIRA)
A presentation by Agham (Advocates of science and technology for the people) about the role of agricultural modernization as a requisite in achieving food security in the Philippines. Presented during the 2nd Peasant-Scientist Conference co-organized by Agham.
4. What is Radiation?
Radiation is the process of
emitting energy through a
medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
5. WAVES PARTICLES
What is Radiation?
Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
6. WAVES PARTICLES
NON-IONISING IONISING
What is Radiation?
Radiation is the process of emitting energy through a medium or space in the form
of waves or particles
7. What is Ionizing Radiation?
Type of radiation that has sufficient energy to knock-out
electrons in atoms and molecules
electron
Ionizing radiation
11. Radiation Hazards
....neutrons, x-rays & gamma rays
are more hazardous for the
entire body..
....alpha & beta emitters are more
hazardous When they are
ingested or inhaled..
12. Sources of Ionising Radiation
• Radioactive materials
– Radioactive materials continuously emit
radiation
– Cannot be turned OFF
• Radiation emitting devices or
equipment (e.g. X-ray machines)
– Machines can be turned ON and OFF
– When turned OFF, no radiation is
emitted
13. Sources of Ionising Radiation
• Radioactive materials
– Radioactive materials continuously emit
radiation
– Cannot be turned OFF
• Radiation emitting devices or
equipment (e.g. X-ray machines)
– Machines can be turned ON and OFF
– When turned OFF, no radiation is
emitted
14. Radioactive Materials
• unstable atoms that DECAY by
emitting particles and/or
electromagnetic radiation
• Release of ENERGY
• decays to form a more stable
nuclide
• Results in the formation of new
elements
• There are about more than
2,000 unstable or radioactive
nuclides
15. Radioactive Materials
• The rate at which the is
radiation emitted is called the
activity
• Becquerel (Bq) OR Curie (Ci)
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (dps)
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
• Half-life
• The TIME taken for one half
the nuclei in the sample to
decay
16. Radioactive Materials
• The rate at which the is
radiation emitted is called the
activity
• Becquerel (Bq) OR Curie (Ci) Cs-137 ~ 30 years
I-131 ~ 8 days
1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second (dps) Sr-90 ~ 28 yrs
1 Ci = 3.7 x 1010 Bq
• Half-life
• The TIME taken for one half
the nuclei in the sample to
decay
30. Biological effects
• Biological effects on living cells
1. Cells experience DNA damage
that are detected & repaired
2. DNA damage not repaired and
causes cell death
3. Cell experiences DNA
mutation and may induce
cancer
32. Radiation Dose
Absorbed radiation dose (energy/mass) received by
the body taking into account the radiation sensitivity
of specific tissues and body organs
measure of the biological effect of a particular type of
radiation on organs or tissues
Sieverts ( Sv )
milliSv (mSv) = 1/1000 Sv
microSv (µSv) = 1/1,000,000 Sv
nanoSn (nSv) = 1/1,000,000,000 Sv
35. Radiation Doses Received (mSv)
0.4 - 1.5 one chest X-ray
0.1 Background (per hr), Red Forest Chernobyl Exclusion zone
1-3 Mammogram
3 US average annual natural background
10 natural background Kerala coast, India
dose limit for workers
50 Cranial CT scan
100 small increase in cancer risk dose limit for Fukushima NPP workers
250 - 1000 Temporary nausea, blood cell changes, sterility in males;
Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood cell changes, loss of appetite,
1000 - 3000 sterility in males, death possible
early death in 50% of those exposed, sterility and cataracts in
3000 - 6000 survivors
36. Radiation Doses Received (mSv)
0.4 - 1.5 one chest X-ray
0.1 Background (per hr), Red Forest Chernobyl Exclusion zone
1-3 Mammogram
3 US average annual natural background
10 natural background Kerala coast, India
dose limit for workers
50 Cranial CT scan
100 small increase in cancer risk dose limit for Fukushima NPP workers
250 - 1000 Temporary nausea, blood cell changes, sterility in males;
Nausea, fatigue, vomiting, blood cell changes, loss of appetite,
1000 - 3000 sterility in males, death possible
early death in 50% of those exposed, sterility and cataracts in
3000 - 6000 survivors
47. Radiation Controls
• Evacuation (maximizing distance)
• Sheltering (shielding, minimizing
inhalation)
• Restriction of food products in
affected areas (minimizing ingestion)
• Restriction in water intake in
affected areas (minimizing intake)
• Medical intervention (taking of pills)
• Radiation monitoring
48. Radiation Controls
NOT YET NECESSARY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
• Evacuation (maximizing distance)
• Sheltering (shielding, minimizing
inhalation)
• Restriction of food products in
AFFECTED AREAS IN JAPAN
affected areas (minimizing ingestion)
ARE LOCALIZED
• Restriction in water intake in
affected areas (minimizing intake)
• Medical intervention (taking of pills)
• Radiation monitoring
RADIATION MONITORING
IS ONGOING