Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•635 views
EPIRA led to electricity rates more than doubling in the Philippines over 10 years. The law failed to cancel unfair contracts and introduced new fees. It also led to industry consolidation with just three groups now dominating distribution. NAPOCOR remained heavily indebted, paying $18 billion to cover previous financial obligations. Energy security also remained precarious with brownouts occurring due to plant shutdowns and lack of new capacity expansion.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Electricity Angsts: Were They EPIRA-Created?
This document summarizes a presentation on electricity rates and brownouts in the Philippines. It discusses public dissatisfaction with recent rate hikes and brownouts, and examines the numbers behind the rate increases. It then outlines several key aspects of the EPIRA (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), including introducing competition among power generators, privatizing assets, and establishing a wholesale electricity market. While the rate hikes addressed immediate needs, high taxes and fees imposed on the industry contribute to costs. The conclusion is that EPIRA achieved its goals and further reforms are needed, like reducing regulations to encourage more power suppliers and lowering taxes on fuels.
Reforming the Philippine Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA)
Analysis of RA 9136, the Electric Power Industry Reform Act, for my Policy Analysis I course in Carnegie Mellon in 2010. Full paper can be viewed here: http://scr.bi/HNHTHU
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
After 10 years of implementing the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001:
1) Power rates have more than doubled, with residential electricity prices rising 112.5% and NAPOCOR generation charges jumping 95%. EPIRA led to privatization that benefited private corporations over consumers.
2) Energy security remains precarious as the country relies on private investors and IPPs to build power capacity only when profitable, threatening an adequate supply. The 2010 power shortage in Mindanao illustrates this risk.
3) NAPOCOR remains deeply in debt despite paying billions to service obligations, as EPIRA legitimized passing on costs of inefficient contracts to consumers through rate adjustments like theRepublic act no 9136 (2001)
This document is the Republic Act No 9136, also known as the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001. It establishes policies for restructuring the electric power industry in the Philippines, including total electrification of the country, ensuring affordable and reliable electricity supply, and enhancing private sector participation and competition through privatization and regulatory reforms. It defines key terms, establishes the framework for transitioning to a competitive structure, and assigns roles and responsibilities to government agencies and private entities in the reformed industry.
the economics of electricity in the Philippines
The document summarizes the history of electricity issues and reforms in the Philippines. It discusses the power crisis in the 1990s that stemmed from insufficient generating capacity. This prompted President Ramos to issue licenses to Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to build new plants. The IPPs solved the short-term crisis but their contracts proved costly. This led to the 2001 Electric Power Industry Reform Act that restructured the industry, privatized generation assets, and established an independent regulator. The document reviews key elements and impacts of the reforms, including the purchased power adjustment mechanism and issues raised around IPPs and distribution utility rates.
Pcci energy committe twg on power
The document discusses ensuring energy security, reliable power supply, and affordable power rates in the Philippines. It defines energy security based on definitions from the IEA and European Commission. The Philippines is currently not energy secure due to a cycle of power capacity deficiencies and high prices. It analyzes the adequacy and reliability of power supply in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao grids, finding future deficiencies without new power plants. It examines challenges to energy security under EPIRA, including lack of policy to ensure timely new capacity and high electricity prices compared to neighbors. It proposes options like aggregating electric cooperatives and large customers, embedded combined heat and power, and distribution utility bidding to contract new capacity. Finally, it
The Economics of Electric Energy: IPPs, the PPA, and the Electric Power Indus...
This document is a term paper submitted to the Graduate School of Business at Ateneo de Manila University on November 7, 2011. The paper discusses the economics of electric energy in the Philippines, focusing on independent power producers (IPPs), power purchase agreements (PPAs), and the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA). It provides background on the development of the electric power industry in the Philippines from a state monopoly to deregulation and privatization. Tables and figures are included that show electricity rates in the Philippines are the highest in Asia.
Epira Law and EC's
The document discusses the history of energy laws and crises in the Philippines from the 1990s onwards. It describes how the 1993 Power Crisis Act and 1994 BOT Law allowed private generation plants during a period of blackouts. The Ramos administration faced challenges of insufficient power and NPC's shattered finances. The EPIRA law later privatized generation assets and created agencies like PSALM and Transco to manage assets and the grid. The law does not ban cross-ownership among generators, distributors and the grid operator. The document also notes the current oversupply situation due to lower demand during the pandemic.
Recommended
Electricity Angsts: Were They EPIRA-Created?
This document summarizes a presentation on electricity rates and brownouts in the Philippines. It discusses public dissatisfaction with recent rate hikes and brownouts, and examines the numbers behind the rate increases. It then outlines several key aspects of the EPIRA (Electric Power Industry Reform Act), including introducing competition among power generators, privatizing assets, and establishing a wholesale electricity market. While the rate hikes addressed immediate needs, high taxes and fees imposed on the industry contribute to costs. The conclusion is that EPIRA achieved its goals and further reforms are needed, like reducing regulations to encourage more power suppliers and lowering taxes on fuels.
Reforming the Philippine Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA)
Analysis of RA 9136, the Electric Power Industry Reform Act, for my Policy Analysis I course in Carnegie Mellon in 2010. Full paper can be viewed here: http://scr.bi/HNHTHU
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
After 10 years of implementing the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001:
1) Power rates have more than doubled, with residential electricity prices rising 112.5% and NAPOCOR generation charges jumping 95%. EPIRA led to privatization that benefited private corporations over consumers.
2) Energy security remains precarious as the country relies on private investors and IPPs to build power capacity only when profitable, threatening an adequate supply. The 2010 power shortage in Mindanao illustrates this risk.
3) NAPOCOR remains deeply in debt despite paying billions to service obligations, as EPIRA legitimized passing on costs of inefficient contracts to consumers through rate adjustments like theRepublic act no 9136 (2001)
This document is the Republic Act No 9136, also known as the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001. It establishes policies for restructuring the electric power industry in the Philippines, including total electrification of the country, ensuring affordable and reliable electricity supply, and enhancing private sector participation and competition through privatization and regulatory reforms. It defines key terms, establishes the framework for transitioning to a competitive structure, and assigns roles and responsibilities to government agencies and private entities in the reformed industry.
the economics of electricity in the Philippines
The document summarizes the history of electricity issues and reforms in the Philippines. It discusses the power crisis in the 1990s that stemmed from insufficient generating capacity. This prompted President Ramos to issue licenses to Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to build new plants. The IPPs solved the short-term crisis but their contracts proved costly. This led to the 2001 Electric Power Industry Reform Act that restructured the industry, privatized generation assets, and established an independent regulator. The document reviews key elements and impacts of the reforms, including the purchased power adjustment mechanism and issues raised around IPPs and distribution utility rates.
Pcci energy committe twg on power
The document discusses ensuring energy security, reliable power supply, and affordable power rates in the Philippines. It defines energy security based on definitions from the IEA and European Commission. The Philippines is currently not energy secure due to a cycle of power capacity deficiencies and high prices. It analyzes the adequacy and reliability of power supply in Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao grids, finding future deficiencies without new power plants. It examines challenges to energy security under EPIRA, including lack of policy to ensure timely new capacity and high electricity prices compared to neighbors. It proposes options like aggregating electric cooperatives and large customers, embedded combined heat and power, and distribution utility bidding to contract new capacity. Finally, it
The Economics of Electric Energy: IPPs, the PPA, and the Electric Power Indus...
This document is a term paper submitted to the Graduate School of Business at Ateneo de Manila University on November 7, 2011. The paper discusses the economics of electric energy in the Philippines, focusing on independent power producers (IPPs), power purchase agreements (PPAs), and the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA). It provides background on the development of the electric power industry in the Philippines from a state monopoly to deregulation and privatization. Tables and figures are included that show electricity rates in the Philippines are the highest in Asia.
Epira Law and EC's
The document discusses the history of energy laws and crises in the Philippines from the 1990s onwards. It describes how the 1993 Power Crisis Act and 1994 BOT Law allowed private generation plants during a period of blackouts. The Ramos administration faced challenges of insufficient power and NPC's shattered finances. The EPIRA law later privatized generation assets and created agencies like PSALM and Transco to manage assets and the grid. The law does not ban cross-ownership among generators, distributors and the grid operator. The document also notes the current oversupply situation due to lower demand during the pandemic.
Wesm 101 20151230
The document provides an overview of the evolution of the Philippine power market under the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001. It discusses the key reforms introduced by EPIRA including the unbundling of the generation, transmission, and distribution sectors. It outlines the creation of the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM) and describes the buyers in the market including captive and contestable customers. The document also provides illustrations of the Luzon and Visayas grids as well as generation costs for different technologies.
The Experience of the Energy Regulatory Commission
The document discusses the key aspects of the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of the Philippines including restructuring of the electricity industry through privatization and introducing competition and open access. It provides an overview of the country's primary energy mix, power generation mix, and peak demand by grid. It also briefly discusses the Energy Regulatory Commission's role in regulating generation charges and reviewing power purchase agreements to ensure least cost supply of electricity.
Group2 current scenario of deregulation in developed and developing countries
The document summarizes the deregulation scenarios of developing and developed countries' power systems. For developing countries, governments traditionally controlled vertically integrated power utilities, leading to inefficiencies like irrational pricing, production inefficiencies, high transmission/distribution losses, overstaffing, and reliability issues. India introduced reforms in the 1990s including unbundling utilities and establishing independent regulators. Developed countries that deregulated include the UK, Nordic countries, and others since the 1980s/90s, featuring separation of generation, transmission and distribution and market-based pricing through power pools. Deregulation generally aimed to increase competition and improve efficiency/prices.
Utility Issues and the Site Selection Process Webinar
The document provides a history of utilities in the United States. It discusses how utilities originally had independent generators and distributors that competed for customers, but then began consolidating in the 1920s under large holding companies. Abuses by these holding companies led to regulations being passed in the 1930s establishing the regulatory compact between utilities and government regulators. The document then covers the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and state public service commissions in regulating utilities today.
Deregulation of electricity-background
one can go through it for information related to deregulation of Electricity.Examples of USA and few devloping countries given
An analysis of california’s electric utility industry introducing competitio...
A research paper that examines the economic forces behind the electricity market in California, specifically on the competition between Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) and Community Choice Aggregation programs (CCAs). I develop a theoretical model using microeconomic theory to evaluate the nature and effectiveness of an 'exit fee' assessed to CCA customers, known as the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment (PCIA). Background information on the history of the electricity market, the development of the IOU, Community Choice Aggregation, and relevant legislation are also discussed.
Restructuring and Privatization
Here are the key points against privatization of the power sector:
- Access and affordability: Privatization may reduce access to power for low-income households who cannot afford higher tariffs set by private companies. Fulfilling universal service obligations may not be a priority for profit-driven private players.
- Remote areas: Private companies may have little incentive to expand networks and supply power to remote, low-density or less profitable areas due to high costs.
- Cartelization: There is a risk of cartelization or non-competitive behavior if the market is not properly regulated. Private players could collude to keep prices high and hamper consumer interests in a non-regulated or self-regulated market.
Restructuring of power grid
The document discusses India's restructuring of its power grid. It explains that India is undergoing power sector restructuring like other countries around the world. It then provides details on the components that make up the grid like transformers and circuit breakers. It discusses the need for restructuring due to financial constraints and the goal of improving efficiency. The document examines models used internationally and suggests the Transmission System Operator model is most suitable for India. It outlines features of the Electricity Act of 2003 that facilitates the restructuring.
Power sector in nigeria
Electricity generation in Nigeria started in 1896 although it was not until 1929 that the first utility company, the Nigerian Electricity Supply Company was established.
In the 1950s and 1960s the Nigerian government created the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria to control all existing diesel/coal fired isolated power plants across the country and the Niger Dams Authority to develop hydroelectric power in Nigeria. These two entities were amalgamated into the National Electric Power Authority in 1972.
By the late 1990s it became clear that the publicly owned and operated electricity system was failing to meet Nigeria’s power needs. The National Electric Power Policy of 2001 set the go-forward framework for power reform in Nigeria, leading to the National Electric Power Policy and thus the NIPP.
The players in the Nigerian electricity market are often referred to as market participants. In order to carry on business as a market participant, it is imperative that such entity(ies) obtain the appropriate licence from the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC).
Electricity Generation Licence.
Distribution Licence.
Transmission Licence.
System Operation Licence.
Trading Licence.
A generation licence authorises the licensee to construct, own, operate and maintain a generation station for purposes of generation and supply of electricity in accordance with the Electric Power Sector Reform Act, 2005. Subject to this Act, the holder ofa generation licence may sell power or ancillary services to any of the classes of persons specified in the licence. An electricity generation licence is needed for any power generation activity beyond 1MW.
A transmission licence authorises the licencee to carry on grid construction, operation, and maintenance of transmission system within Nigeria, or that connect Nigeria with a neighbouring jurisdiction limited to, the following activities as may be specified in the licence.
A trading license authorizes the licencee to engage in the purchasing, selling, and trading of electricity. The Commission (NERC) determines the terms and conditions of trading licences as may be appropriate in the circumstances.The Commission may also issue temporary bulk purchase and resale licence, giving the licensee, the ability to purchase electrical power and ancillary services from independent power producers and successor generation companies for the purpose of re-sale to one or more other licensees, or to an eligible customer. Example of a licensed trading entity in Nigeria is the NBET.
This is the Government administrative arm that deals with policy formulation and provides general direction to other agencies involved in the power sector.
The key function of the Ministry is to develop and facilitate the implementation of policies for the provision of adequate and reliable power supply in the country.
Electric markets
The document discusses the evolving U.S. electric utility industry, which is shifting from regulated monopolies to a more competitive model featuring independent power producers and transmission operators. It covers the industry's structure, key policies driving deregulation, generation technologies including solar PV, and the use of financial derivatives to manage risks in competitive power markets.
Indian power market design
The document discusses power market design in India. It provides background on the development of the power sector in India and reforms over time including the Electricity Act of 2003. The Act aims to promote competition in power generation, transmission and distribution. It also discusses different global power market structures such as monopoly, single buyer, open access and power pool models. When designing India's power market, factors specific to India's power situation such as power deficits, existing contracts and role of captive plants must be considered. The market will likely involve both bilateral contracts and a spot market for balancing supply and demand.
Bangkok | Mar-17 | ACCESS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PROJECT
The Philippine energy sector underwent major reforms through laws like the Electric Power Industry Restructuring Act of 2001 and Renewable Energy Act of 2008. This privatized the sector, introduced competition, and increased investment in renewable resources like solar and wind. Now the sector is mostly privately owned but still regulated by agencies like the Department of Energy and Energy Regulatory Commission. The goal is universal electrification by 2020, with a focus on remote and poor areas like Mindanao where access is lowest. The World Bank is assisting the development of sustainable energy projects to help achieve these targets through grid upgrades, off-grid solar home systems, and renewable energy integration.
Captive power Policy
The document discusses key provisions and issues related to captive power plants in India. The Electricity Act of 2003 legally enables the establishment of captive power plants. National policies also aim to promote captive power by ensuring cost-effective and reliable electricity. However, challenges remain around open access for selling surplus power to the grid and high transmission costs. Further development of captive power could help industries and support renewable energy growth.
Group captive mechanism
Introduction to the Group Captive Mechanism in India. Setting up a renewable energy project, especially solar and wind, under this mechanism is considered to be one of the most attractive options that would give a higher return on investment.
Top 5 West African (WAF) power markets - 2014
The document summarizes key facts and figures about the power markets in the top 5 countries in West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Senegal) in 2014. It outlines generation capacity, production, transmission infrastructure, distribution networks, electricity consumption, and main challenges for each country. It notes that while these countries have undertaken various reforms to liberalize their power sectors, including privatization, independent power production, and establishing regulatory bodies, they continue to face issues like supply shortfalls, aging infrastructure, high distribution losses, and low cost-reflective tariffs. The dominant role of state-owned utilities also persists in many cases.
Solving Nigeria's Power Problems
Solving Nigeria's Incessant power cuts through Small scale Captive Power Plants, Embedded Power Plant, renewable ENergy and the use of LNG regasification plants in Load centres. by Olumuyiwa Abiodun.
Regulations, Supply Rules and Standards of Electricity
This document summarizes key Indian electricity regulations, standards and supply rules over time. It discusses the Electricity Act of 1910 which established the basic framework for the electric supply industry. It then covers the Electricity (Supply) Act of 1948 which mandated the creation of State Electricity Boards. The Electricity Regulatory Commission Act of 1998 allowed for setting up commissions to determine tariffs independently of governments. Subsequent acts addressed energy efficiency, liberalized the electricity market, established regulatory bodies, and outlined requirements for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The document provides an overview of the regulatory evolution of the Indian electricity sector.
Captive gen
The document discusses India's captive power policy. Some key points:
- Captive generation was first recognized in 1948 and allowed under certain conditions. The Electricity Act of 2003 removed restrictions and allowed any person to set up a captive generating plant.
- A captive generating plant is defined as one set up primarily to generate power for one's own use. Excess power can be sold to the grid. Dedicated transmission lines are also allowed.
- The objective is to increase competitive pressure on utilities and prevent high cross-subsidies for industrial consumers. However, open access and transmission tariffs can limit available capacity for the grid.
- Rules require captive users to own at least 26% of
Epira ra9136
This document is the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001, which aims to restructure the Philippine electric power industry. It establishes the following key points:
1. It declares the state's policy to ensure reliable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable electricity supply through privatization, competition and an independent regulator.
2. It creates the Energy Regulatory Commission as an independent body to regulate the electric power industry and protect consumers.
3. It defines terms related to industry participants like generators, transmitters, distributors and consumers and outlines the transition to open access and competition between private entities.
Indian electricity market and power exchanges
This document discusses Indian electricity markets and power exchanges. It provides information on how electricity is traded as a commodity for both power and energy. An electricity market enables purchases through bids to buy and sales through offers to sell using supply and demand principles. Power exchanges facilitate transparent and efficient trading of electricity in India on a day-ahead basis through a double-sided closed auction. The two main power exchanges in India are the Indian Energy Exchange and Power Exchange India, which allow generators and distribution companies to trade electricity.
Indian Power Sector- A Study of Effectiveness of Past Power Sector Reforms an...
The document discusses the evolution of power sector reforms in India since independence. It analyzes the effectiveness of past reforms in reducing demand-supply gap, transmission & distribution losses, increasing private sector participation and per capita consumption. While reforms have increased capacity and access, financial health of state electricity boards remains poor with high commercial losses. The document concludes more comprehensive reforms are needed to improve financial viability and further reduce losses to boost economic growth.
Beacon.march2014
March 2014 Edition of BEACON, A Monthly Newsletter by SIMCON.
Inside this issue:
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS : Power Sector
COMPANY ANALYSIS : Tata Power
Concept of the Month
Quiz
Did You Know?
More Related Content
What's hot
Wesm 101 20151230
The document provides an overview of the evolution of the Philippine power market under the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001. It discusses the key reforms introduced by EPIRA including the unbundling of the generation, transmission, and distribution sectors. It outlines the creation of the Wholesale Electricity Spot Market (WESM) and describes the buyers in the market including captive and contestable customers. The document also provides illustrations of the Luzon and Visayas grids as well as generation costs for different technologies.
The Experience of the Energy Regulatory Commission
The document discusses the key aspects of the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of the Philippines including restructuring of the electricity industry through privatization and introducing competition and open access. It provides an overview of the country's primary energy mix, power generation mix, and peak demand by grid. It also briefly discusses the Energy Regulatory Commission's role in regulating generation charges and reviewing power purchase agreements to ensure least cost supply of electricity.
Group2 current scenario of deregulation in developed and developing countries
The document summarizes the deregulation scenarios of developing and developed countries' power systems. For developing countries, governments traditionally controlled vertically integrated power utilities, leading to inefficiencies like irrational pricing, production inefficiencies, high transmission/distribution losses, overstaffing, and reliability issues. India introduced reforms in the 1990s including unbundling utilities and establishing independent regulators. Developed countries that deregulated include the UK, Nordic countries, and others since the 1980s/90s, featuring separation of generation, transmission and distribution and market-based pricing through power pools. Deregulation generally aimed to increase competition and improve efficiency/prices.
Utility Issues and the Site Selection Process Webinar
The document provides a history of utilities in the United States. It discusses how utilities originally had independent generators and distributors that competed for customers, but then began consolidating in the 1920s under large holding companies. Abuses by these holding companies led to regulations being passed in the 1930s establishing the regulatory compact between utilities and government regulators. The document then covers the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and state public service commissions in regulating utilities today.
Deregulation of electricity-background
one can go through it for information related to deregulation of Electricity.Examples of USA and few devloping countries given
An analysis of california’s electric utility industry introducing competitio...
A research paper that examines the economic forces behind the electricity market in California, specifically on the competition between Investor Owned Utilities (IOUs) and Community Choice Aggregation programs (CCAs). I develop a theoretical model using microeconomic theory to evaluate the nature and effectiveness of an 'exit fee' assessed to CCA customers, known as the Power Charge Indifference Adjustment (PCIA). Background information on the history of the electricity market, the development of the IOU, Community Choice Aggregation, and relevant legislation are also discussed.
Restructuring and Privatization
Here are the key points against privatization of the power sector:
- Access and affordability: Privatization may reduce access to power for low-income households who cannot afford higher tariffs set by private companies. Fulfilling universal service obligations may not be a priority for profit-driven private players.
- Remote areas: Private companies may have little incentive to expand networks and supply power to remote, low-density or less profitable areas due to high costs.
- Cartelization: There is a risk of cartelization or non-competitive behavior if the market is not properly regulated. Private players could collude to keep prices high and hamper consumer interests in a non-regulated or self-regulated market.
Restructuring of power grid
The document discusses India's restructuring of its power grid. It explains that India is undergoing power sector restructuring like other countries around the world. It then provides details on the components that make up the grid like transformers and circuit breakers. It discusses the need for restructuring due to financial constraints and the goal of improving efficiency. The document examines models used internationally and suggests the Transmission System Operator model is most suitable for India. It outlines features of the Electricity Act of 2003 that facilitates the restructuring.
Power sector in nigeria
Electricity generation in Nigeria started in 1896 although it was not until 1929 that the first utility company, the Nigerian Electricity Supply Company was established.
In the 1950s and 1960s the Nigerian government created the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria to control all existing diesel/coal fired isolated power plants across the country and the Niger Dams Authority to develop hydroelectric power in Nigeria. These two entities were amalgamated into the National Electric Power Authority in 1972.
By the late 1990s it became clear that the publicly owned and operated electricity system was failing to meet Nigeria’s power needs. The National Electric Power Policy of 2001 set the go-forward framework for power reform in Nigeria, leading to the National Electric Power Policy and thus the NIPP.
The players in the Nigerian electricity market are often referred to as market participants. In order to carry on business as a market participant, it is imperative that such entity(ies) obtain the appropriate licence from the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC).
Electricity Generation Licence.
Distribution Licence.
Transmission Licence.
System Operation Licence.
Trading Licence.
A generation licence authorises the licensee to construct, own, operate and maintain a generation station for purposes of generation and supply of electricity in accordance with the Electric Power Sector Reform Act, 2005. Subject to this Act, the holder ofa generation licence may sell power or ancillary services to any of the classes of persons specified in the licence. An electricity generation licence is needed for any power generation activity beyond 1MW.
A transmission licence authorises the licencee to carry on grid construction, operation, and maintenance of transmission system within Nigeria, or that connect Nigeria with a neighbouring jurisdiction limited to, the following activities as may be specified in the licence.
A trading license authorizes the licencee to engage in the purchasing, selling, and trading of electricity. The Commission (NERC) determines the terms and conditions of trading licences as may be appropriate in the circumstances.The Commission may also issue temporary bulk purchase and resale licence, giving the licensee, the ability to purchase electrical power and ancillary services from independent power producers and successor generation companies for the purpose of re-sale to one or more other licensees, or to an eligible customer. Example of a licensed trading entity in Nigeria is the NBET.
This is the Government administrative arm that deals with policy formulation and provides general direction to other agencies involved in the power sector.
The key function of the Ministry is to develop and facilitate the implementation of policies for the provision of adequate and reliable power supply in the country.
Electric markets
The document discusses the evolving U.S. electric utility industry, which is shifting from regulated monopolies to a more competitive model featuring independent power producers and transmission operators. It covers the industry's structure, key policies driving deregulation, generation technologies including solar PV, and the use of financial derivatives to manage risks in competitive power markets.
Indian power market design
The document discusses power market design in India. It provides background on the development of the power sector in India and reforms over time including the Electricity Act of 2003. The Act aims to promote competition in power generation, transmission and distribution. It also discusses different global power market structures such as monopoly, single buyer, open access and power pool models. When designing India's power market, factors specific to India's power situation such as power deficits, existing contracts and role of captive plants must be considered. The market will likely involve both bilateral contracts and a spot market for balancing supply and demand.
Bangkok | Mar-17 | ACCESS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PROJECT
The Philippine energy sector underwent major reforms through laws like the Electric Power Industry Restructuring Act of 2001 and Renewable Energy Act of 2008. This privatized the sector, introduced competition, and increased investment in renewable resources like solar and wind. Now the sector is mostly privately owned but still regulated by agencies like the Department of Energy and Energy Regulatory Commission. The goal is universal electrification by 2020, with a focus on remote and poor areas like Mindanao where access is lowest. The World Bank is assisting the development of sustainable energy projects to help achieve these targets through grid upgrades, off-grid solar home systems, and renewable energy integration.
Captive power Policy
The document discusses key provisions and issues related to captive power plants in India. The Electricity Act of 2003 legally enables the establishment of captive power plants. National policies also aim to promote captive power by ensuring cost-effective and reliable electricity. However, challenges remain around open access for selling surplus power to the grid and high transmission costs. Further development of captive power could help industries and support renewable energy growth.
Group captive mechanism
Introduction to the Group Captive Mechanism in India. Setting up a renewable energy project, especially solar and wind, under this mechanism is considered to be one of the most attractive options that would give a higher return on investment.
Top 5 West African (WAF) power markets - 2014
The document summarizes key facts and figures about the power markets in the top 5 countries in West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Senegal) in 2014. It outlines generation capacity, production, transmission infrastructure, distribution networks, electricity consumption, and main challenges for each country. It notes that while these countries have undertaken various reforms to liberalize their power sectors, including privatization, independent power production, and establishing regulatory bodies, they continue to face issues like supply shortfalls, aging infrastructure, high distribution losses, and low cost-reflective tariffs. The dominant role of state-owned utilities also persists in many cases.
Solving Nigeria's Power Problems
Solving Nigeria's Incessant power cuts through Small scale Captive Power Plants, Embedded Power Plant, renewable ENergy and the use of LNG regasification plants in Load centres. by Olumuyiwa Abiodun.
Regulations, Supply Rules and Standards of Electricity
This document summarizes key Indian electricity regulations, standards and supply rules over time. It discusses the Electricity Act of 1910 which established the basic framework for the electric supply industry. It then covers the Electricity (Supply) Act of 1948 which mandated the creation of State Electricity Boards. The Electricity Regulatory Commission Act of 1998 allowed for setting up commissions to determine tariffs independently of governments. Subsequent acts addressed energy efficiency, liberalized the electricity market, established regulatory bodies, and outlined requirements for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The document provides an overview of the regulatory evolution of the Indian electricity sector.
Captive gen
The document discusses India's captive power policy. Some key points:
- Captive generation was first recognized in 1948 and allowed under certain conditions. The Electricity Act of 2003 removed restrictions and allowed any person to set up a captive generating plant.
- A captive generating plant is defined as one set up primarily to generate power for one's own use. Excess power can be sold to the grid. Dedicated transmission lines are also allowed.
- The objective is to increase competitive pressure on utilities and prevent high cross-subsidies for industrial consumers. However, open access and transmission tariffs can limit available capacity for the grid.
- Rules require captive users to own at least 26% of
Epira ra9136
This document is the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001, which aims to restructure the Philippine electric power industry. It establishes the following key points:
1. It declares the state's policy to ensure reliable, affordable, and environmentally sustainable electricity supply through privatization, competition and an independent regulator.
2. It creates the Energy Regulatory Commission as an independent body to regulate the electric power industry and protect consumers.
3. It defines terms related to industry participants like generators, transmitters, distributors and consumers and outlines the transition to open access and competition between private entities.
Indian electricity market and power exchanges
This document discusses Indian electricity markets and power exchanges. It provides information on how electricity is traded as a commodity for both power and energy. An electricity market enables purchases through bids to buy and sales through offers to sell using supply and demand principles. Power exchanges facilitate transparent and efficient trading of electricity in India on a day-ahead basis through a double-sided closed auction. The two main power exchanges in India are the Indian Energy Exchange and Power Exchange India, which allow generators and distribution companies to trade electricity.
What's hot (20)
The Experience of the Energy Regulatory Commission
The Experience of the Energy Regulatory Commission
Group2 current scenario of deregulation in developed and developing countries
Group2 current scenario of deregulation in developed and developing countries
Utility Issues and the Site Selection Process Webinar
Utility Issues and the Site Selection Process Webinar
An analysis of california’s electric utility industry introducing competitio...
An analysis of california’s electric utility industry introducing competitio...
Bangkok | Mar-17 | ACCESS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PROJECT
Bangkok | Mar-17 | ACCESS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY PROJECT
Regulations, Supply Rules and Standards of Electricity
Regulations, Supply Rules and Standards of Electricity
Similar to Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Indian Power Sector- A Study of Effectiveness of Past Power Sector Reforms an...
The document discusses the evolution of power sector reforms in India since independence. It analyzes the effectiveness of past reforms in reducing demand-supply gap, transmission & distribution losses, increasing private sector participation and per capita consumption. While reforms have increased capacity and access, financial health of state electricity boards remains poor with high commercial losses. The document concludes more comprehensive reforms are needed to improve financial viability and further reduce losses to boost economic growth.
Beacon.march2014
March 2014 Edition of BEACON, A Monthly Newsletter by SIMCON.
Inside this issue:
INDUSTRY ANALYSIS : Power Sector
COMPANY ANALYSIS : Tata Power
Concept of the Month
Quiz
Did You Know?
Energy Crisis in Pakistan
The document discusses three key causes of Pakistan's power crisis: 1) Consumers are unwilling to pay the full economic cost of electricity, despite wanting an end to power cuts. 2) Subsidies disproportionately benefit higher-income households and industries rather than the poor. 3) High administrative and line losses due to theft and inefficiency, which account for billions in lost revenue annually. The National Power Policy aims to address these issues through cost-reflective tariffs, targeted subsidies for the poor only, and increased accountability to curb losses. However, bold reforms are needed to phase out subsidies faster and incentivize performance to truly solve Pakistan's long-standing power issues.
RBSA- Indian power industry analysis
The document provides an overview of the Indian power sector including its background, major challenges, mergers and acquisitions, and performance of key industry players. Some key points:
- India ranks 4th in energy consumption but 5th in generation capacity. The sector faces challenges like coal shortages, environmental clearances, and transmission/distribution issues.
- Major M&A deals include NTPC acquiring Nabinagar Power and FPM Power Holdings acquiring GMR Energy.
- Performance is analyzed using EV/EBITDA and Price/Book value multiples. NTPC and NHPC have relatively lower multiples indicating undervaluation. Reliance Power and Torrent Power have higher multiples.
- NTPC
Rbsa-Indian power industry analysis
The document provides an overview of the Indian power sector including its background, major challenges, mergers and acquisitions, and performance of key industry players. Some key points:
- India ranks 4th in energy consumption but 5th in generation capacity. The sector faces challenges like coal shortages, environmental clearances, and transmission/distribution issues.
- Major M&A deals include NTPC acquiring Nabinagar Power and FPM Power Holdings acquiring GMR Energy.
- Performance is analyzed using valuation multiples like EV/EBITDA and Price/Book Value. NTPC and NHPC have relatively lower multiples indicating undervaluation. Reliance Power and Torrent Power have higher multiples.
-
Investor Owned Electric Utility Regulation in Virginia
This document provides findings and recommendations from the Virginia Electric Utility Regulatory Work Group regarding electric utility regulation in Virginia. It discusses the history of regulation in Virginia including a period of rate caps from 1999-2004 during anticipated utility competition, and reregulation in 2007. It analyzes problems with the current system including excessive returns and lack of consumer protections. The Work Group recommends reverting to basic prior regulation or adding balance and fairness to the current system to ensure fair, just and reasonable rates.
Clareo jaouiche utility
Utilities today face a host of
significant challenges. Among them
are environmental regulations;
fuel price uncertainty; and fresh
capital needs for plant upgrades,
baseload generation investments,
and transmission investments.
One of the largest disruptors,
however, may be the erosion of
the utility business model itself.
Economy and Energy Security for Pakistan - What lies ahead
Economy and Energy Security for Pakistan - What lies ahead
The Economic Survey of Pakistan recognizes that during 2012 around 2 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) was lost due to the power sector outages.
The petroleum crude and products contributed to a third of total imports of Pakistan during 2012
The transmission and distribution (T&D) losses were valued at PKR 140 billion in 2012
Issues being currently faced can be categorised into policy, governance, technical and cost issues
NextEra Analyst Report
- The stock has a market price of $72.81 per share and a market capitalization of $30.555 billion. Its return last year was 23.6% with sales and earnings growth of -0.03350%.
- Analysts recommend holding the stock due to its diversification between regulated and unregulated energy markets. The company is well-positioned for growth in renewable energy.
Stellaris Covid-19 Nigeria energy update 2020
As Nigeria deals with the new realities of COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial for industries to evaluate what the future will look like especially from an energy perspective. In this paper, I walk through the new realities in the power and energy sector, and what industrial clients can do to adapt.
Vol. 1. no. 2. the escalade of power rates. (2008)
The document discusses issues with high electricity rates charged by Meralco, the largest power distribution company in the Philippines. Meralco is facing allegations that its rates are too high due to self-dealing with affiliated companies and passing down costs and debts to subscribers. Its rates are the second highest in Asia and highest among Philippine power companies. The document examines factors contributing to Meralco's high rates and discussions around reforming its management practices and regulatory oversight.
Economy and energy security for pakistan
This document summarizes the key issues facing Pakistan's economy and energy security, specifically in the power sector. It identifies three main causes of the ongoing problems: (1) an unwillingness by many to pay the true price for electricity due to subsidies and lack of enforcement, (2) political pressure to maintain subsidies across all consumers rather than targeting the poor, and (3) high transmission losses from theft and poor infrastructure that amount to $1.7 billion annually. The document evaluates some proposed solutions in Pakistan's new National Power Policy to address tariffs, losses, and competition, but questions who will be responsible to implement and oversee the reforms across different agencies.
Energy comsats 12_oct13_2
This document summarizes the key issues facing Pakistan's economy and energy security, specifically in the power sector. It identifies three main causes of the ongoing problems: (1) an unwillingness by many to pay the actual costs of electricity due to subsidies; (2) political pressure to maintain subsidies across all consumers; and (3) high transmission losses and theft due in part to weak accountability. The document reviews various proposals in Pakistan's new National Power Policy to address these issues through tariff reforms, curbing losses, and increasing competition in generation. Overall it argues comprehensive reforms are needed across regulatory bodies, state-owned companies, and the civil service to resolve the systemic problems plaguing the power sector.
Class 3 the power sector in india
The document provides an overview of India's power sector, including its generation, transmission, and distribution systems. It discusses the various sources of power generation in India, including thermal, hydro, nuclear, and renewable. It outlines the history and reforms of the power sector in India, including the establishment of state electricity boards, greater privatization post-1991, and more recent policies like the Electricity Act of 2003. The performance of the power sector is assessed, noting issues like high transmission and distribution losses. Key targets and reforms to improve the sector are also summarized.
Resch - Solar Vision Forum
Rhone Resch, President & CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Presentation credit suisse - v brazil equity ideas conference
AES Brasil Group operates in the energy generation and distribution sectors in Brazil. It is comprised of four companies with over 7,400 employees and has invested $6.9 billion from 1998-2010. AES Brasil has good governance practices and focuses on sustainability. It has strong cash generation and differentiated dividend practices among its companies. AES Tietê specifically has 17 hydroelectric plants in Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais with over 2,600 MW of installed capacity and high operational availability, generating over its physical guarantee levels. Nearly all of AES Tietê's energy is contracted to AES Eletropaulo until end of 2015.
Big Bet On Solar PV
The document discusses how promoting solar energy can create jobs and free America from foreign oil dependence. It argues that a pathway to changing the electricity mix is to focus on customer technologies like solar and energy efficiency in the short term, and central station renewables like wind and biomass in the mid-term. Political will is needed as the catalyst to drive these changes through government mandates and by converting positive public opinion into political force.
econoMAX - Energy price capping – does it address the right problem?
Ed Miliband’s promise at the Labour Party conference to cap energy prices for 20 months if Labour were to win the next election, has raised many questions about what we pay for domestic energy, how it compares with other countries, and what the energy companies do with their profits. Pondering those points has led me to an over-riding question, which is whether the price paid by consumers is really the most important issue for government intervention in the energy market.
Photovoltaic industry witnessing a paradigm shift
Photovoltaic industry witnessing a paradigm shift Find special reports on industries, latest innovations & technology trends, business analysis, intellectual property & patent industry & other knowledge reports created by Aranca, a global provider of outsourced research & analytics services firm & a trusted research partner for various global clients.
Similar to Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011 (20)
Indian Power Sector- A Study of Effectiveness of Past Power Sector Reforms an...
Indian Power Sector- A Study of Effectiveness of Past Power Sector Reforms an...
Investor Owned Electric Utility Regulation in Virginia
Investor Owned Electric Utility Regulation in Virginia
Economy and Energy Security for Pakistan - What lies ahead
Economy and Energy Security for Pakistan - What lies ahead
Vol. 1. no. 2. the escalade of power rates. (2008)
Vol. 1. no. 2. the escalade of power rates. (2008)
Presentation credit suisse - v brazil equity ideas conference
Presentation credit suisse - v brazil equity ideas conference
econoMAX - Energy price capping – does it address the right problem?
econoMAX - Energy price capping – does it address the right problem?
More from AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
Technical paper on ulysses flooding
On November 11, Typhoon Ulysses (international name: Typhoon Vamco) made landfall in the Philippines and caused widespread damage to eight provinces in the island group of Luzon. The most notable flooding events were in Marikina City in Metro Manila, adjacent Rizal province, and in Region 2 or Cagayan Valley in northeastern Luzon. This study analyzes the flooding events in these localities to identify key factors and how to mitigate risk. Four main determinants stand out: (1) the degradation of natural watersheds (2) the marginalization of the poor that render them vulnerable and exposed to disasters, (3) stop-gap solutions that do not address the roots of our disaster vulnerability, and (4) that the national government remains unprepared for disaster. Policy priorities among other reforms are recommended based on this assessment.
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
Layunin ng Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon na ipaliwanag ang pambansang industriyalisasyon, mga kongkretong batayan sa pagtataguyod nito at ang papel ng mamamayan sa pagsusulong at pagkakamit nito.
Presentation version: https://goo.gl/2Cbt0aPraymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon
Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyonAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
Ang pambansang industriyalisasyon (national industrialization) ay proseso ng pagtatatag at pagpapaunlad ng iba't-ibang antas at uri ng mga industriya na siyang magpapasigla ng ekonomiya at tutustos sa mga pangangailangan ng isang bansa.
Layunin ng praymer na ito na ipaliwanag ang pambansang industriyalisasyon, mga kongkretong batayan sa pagtataguyod nito at ang papel ng mamamayan sa pagsusulong at pagkakamit nito.
Vew full text here: https://goo.gl/Cw0qgZAgham Feed-in Tariff system Briefer
This document discusses the Feed-In Tariff (FIT) system in the Philippines, which aims to promote renewable energy development through fiscal incentives for developers and investors. It provides context on the country's renewable energy sources and potential. It then explains how the FIT system works, including the collection of fees from electricity consumers. While the FIT aims to support renewable energy, there are concerns about the costs imposed on consumers and businesses. Alternatives to the cost pass-through are proposed, such as using existing energy funds instead of new consumer fees.
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education ProgramAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
This document provides an analysis of the K-12 education program in the Philippines, specifically focusing on its impacts on science and mathematics education. It notes that Philippine education, and science/math education in particular, have historically been weak. The K-12 program aimed to address this by adding two years to basic education. However, the document argues that K-12 fails to address the root causes of weaknesses in science/math education, which include an inadequate curriculum that does not promote scientific thinking, shortcomings in teacher training, and shortages of educational facilities like science laboratories. It provides evidence that performance in science and math remains poor. Therefore, the document concludes that K-12 will not solve the systemic issues facing science and math educationMoving forward: Nationalize the lrt/mrt - agham
Moving forward: Nationalize the lrt/mrt - aghamAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
This paper discusses the rationale for the nationalization of the MRT and LRT system as a catalyst for the development of a quality national mass transit system in the Philippines.Dam guide for communities
This document has been prepared by the Agham Advocates of Science& Technology for the People (AGHAM) to aid local communities threatened by dam projects. This reference document contain information and tools that can be used by the community to have a better understanding of dams and make informed decisions how to collectively approach the dam project in their area. This guide is not exhaustive and complete, but centers on basic questions to learn more about the dam project in the area and to guide further research.
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National DevelopmentAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
The Philippines is a mineral-rich country. With this, it is but logical for mining to become one of the economic sources of the country and for many Filipinos to be engaged in it. Our ancestors have been mining before the Spanish colonization. Historically, mining has been a major and a significant contributor to the country’s economy, despite of the decline of the industry’s mineral production in the late 1990’s.
Mining in the Philippines can be classified into large-scale and small-scale. Large-scale mining is highly mechanized and uses heavy equipment. It produces sufficient commercial quantities to satisfy the requirements of the export market and large industries on a regular basis and therefore requires mobilization of substantial capital (Padilla, 1997). At present, it dominates the mining industry in terms of production, revenues and legal privileges.
Yet, small-scale mining undeniably remains a significant sector in the mining industry, especially with the closure of many large-scale mining operations starting in the 1990s. Such significance owes mainly to its economic contribution that comes with the large number of people involved in the industry. Unfortunately, only few studies have been devoted to it, compared to the wealth of literature on large-scale mining. Because of this, its overall aspects have yet to be fully understood by many.
Thus, this paper generally attempts to study the current state of small-scale mining in the Philippines in the context of our overall national development.
Note: This paper was written and researched for AGHAM by Erika M. Rey and Ricarido M. Saturay Jr. on 2005. It is being republished due to requests of communities hosting small scale mining activities. For questions, comments and suggestions, please contact the Agham secretariat at agham.national@gmail.com.AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines
AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
In this paper, Agham explores the issue of the use of renewable energy in the country and its place in achieving a pro-people, pro-environment national power industry. The paper would go through the basics of renewable energy (RE), the country's renewable energy resources and potentials vis-à-vis the current energy pattern. The overarching policy and program of the government will then be discussed, its impacts on the current energy landscape and Agham's critique on the current framework.Agham bits on power shortage and emergency powers
Agham bits on power shortage and emergency powersAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
In this article, Agham - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People’s presents its observations on the issue of energy shortage and the President’s bid for emergency powers based on a review of the data and computation of the DOE. The paper then cautions against a possible power shortage, artificial and real, based on the review of the character of the ownership of the country's power system.Gabay sa Pagtatalakay ng EPIRA
A discussion guide on the failures of power industry privatization in the Philippines as well as the unfulfilled promises of the Energy Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (EPIRA)
The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-su...
The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-su...AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
This document summarizes the proceedings of the 2nd National Peasant-Scientist Conference on Food Security and Self-sufficiency and Agricultural Modernization. It discusses the current state of Philippine agriculture, defines agricultural modernization, and how attaining food security and self-sufficiency can lead to agricultural modernization. Tables show the contribution of agriculture to GDP in various Asian countries. It argues that agricultural modernization is attainable in the Philippines and outlines how agriculture forms the base for developing industries in a country. It proposes that agricultural and rural development should include supporting light industries to supply domestic needs, heavy industries to support agricultural modernization, and rural industrialization to increase manufacturing and employment in rural areas.Mt.abo eim3
The document summarizes the findings of an environmental investigation mission in Mt. Negron. It assessed the area's biodiversity through surveys of flora, fauna, soil, water, and agriculture. Key findings included high tree diversity providing economic and medicinal uses for indigenous peoples. Soil analyses found deficiencies in nitrogen and potassium in some areas. Water quality passed standards. Geologic findings indicated Mt. Negron is part of an active volcanic chain and features pyroclastic deposits, demonstrating the area's geologic significance. The investigation aimed to inform conservation and management of Mt. Negron's ecosystem.
Beo!!!!
The document discusses the linear "story of stuff" system of extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal that is causing environmental degradation. It leads to social inequities as powerful entities exploit resources and communities for profit. Different views on environmentalism are examined, but the root cause is identified as the wasteful and polluting nature of capitalist production solely for profit, which destroys the environment and leads to crisis.
Cec feedback03
This document summarizes discussions from the Center for Environmental Concerns Philippines' (CEC) monthly educational program "Talakayan sa Kubo". In October, the discussion focused on food security and the situation of Philippine peasants, with a representative from Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas stating that the country's agrarian policies are worsening poverty and hunger. In December, the discussion centered on human rights issues in the Philippines, with a representative from Karapatan saying President Aquino's reform agenda resembles the repressive previous administration. The document also provides statistics on extrajudicial killings under the former president.
Radiation
This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the emission of energy through waves or particles. Ionizing radiation like alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons have sufficient energy to damage atoms and DNA. Sources include naturally occurring radioactive materials in the environment and man-made sources like nuclear reactors, medical equipment, and consumer products. Exposure to high doses of radiation can damage cells and lead to health issues like cancer, but risks are low from everyday sources like medical x-rays. The document recommends limiting radiation exposure through reducing time spent near sources, increasing distance, and using shielding when possible.
Radiation
This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the process of emitting energy through waves or particles, and identifies ionizing radiation as radiation that can knock electrons out of atoms. The types of ionizing radiation are identified as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Sources of radiation include naturally occurring materials, medical equipment, consumer products, and industrial uses. Exposure to radiation can damage cells and DNA, potentially leading to cell death or cancer development over time. Methods to control radiation exposure include minimizing time spent near sources, maximizing distance, and using shielding to block radiation.
Earthquake and tsunami
1) An earthquake is intense ground shaking caused by a sudden release of energy, often due to movement along faults within the Earth.
2) Earthquake magnitude is measured by the Richter Scale, where each whole number increase means the amplitude of shaking is 10 times greater. Magnitude 2.5 or less quakes are usually not felt, while anything above 8 can totally destroy communities near the epicenter.
3) Intensity refers to the amount of damage at a location and is measured by scales like Modified Mercalli, depending on factors like distance from the quake and duration of shaking.
More from AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People (19)
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines
AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines
The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-su...
The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-su...
Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
- 1. Power failure: 10 years of EPIRA A people’s review on the impact of the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001
- 2. Key findings Rates have more than doubled Only three groups now dominate the industry NAPOCOR remained heavily indebted Energy security remained precarious
- 3. 1. Rates have more than doubled
- 4. Factors behind the doubling of rates EPIRA did not cancel the notorious PPA EPIRA introduced new items that jacked up the rates, & it also removed the subsidies EPIRA deregulated power rates thru the AGRA (automatic adjustment of generation rates and systems loss rates) EPIRA introduced investor-biased method to adjust rates – Performance-Based Regulation (PBR)
- 5. 2. Only 3groups dominate the industry 3 biggest distribution utilities in the Phils.
- 6. Due to cross-ownership in distribution & generation… Unbundling of rates has become meaningless Spot market does not foster real competition venue for speculation
- 7. 3. NAPOCOR remained heavily indebted FROM 2001 TO 2010, NAPOCOR SHELLED OUT $18 BILLION TO PAY FOR ITS FINANCIAL OBLIGATIONS
- 8. Reasons for NAPOCOR’s continuing financial woes EPIRA legitimized the onerous supply contracts with the IPPs, consequently: Privatization proceeds failed to cover NAPOCOR’s financial obligations while delays in privatization forced NAPOCOR to continue operating the plants & managing the IPP contracts aggravating its need to seek more debts
- 9. 4. Energy security remained precarious Rotating brownouts In Luzon, despite excess capacity, due to uncoordinated shutdowns by privately-controlled power plants In Mindanao, due to power supply shortage resulting from lack of additional capacity in the past decade
- 10. Causes of energy insecurity Under EPIRA, government turned over its strategic role in planning, developing, and implementing power infrastructure to profit-oriented private sector Small PH energy market is not very attractive to investors unless guarantees and sweetheart deals are offered
- 11. Thank you!