The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-sufficiency
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This document summarizes the proceedings of the 2nd National Peasant-Scientist Conference on Food Security and Self-sufficiency and Agricultural Modernization. It discusses the current state of Philippine agriculture, defines agricultural modernization, and how attaining food security and self-sufficiency can lead to agricultural modernization. Tables show the contribution of agriculture to GDP in various Asian countries. It argues that agricultural modernization is attainable in the Philippines and outlines how agriculture forms the base for developing industries in a country. It proposes that agricultural and rural development should include supporting light industries to supply domestic needs, heavy industries to support agricultural modernization, and rural industrialization to increase manufacturing and employment in rural areas.
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This document discusses strategies for boosting agricultural productivity in India. It analyzes current agricultural productivity in India compared to global levels and identifies reasons for slow growth. Some key points made include:
- Agricultural productivity in India is among the lowest in the world for most major crops.
- Slow growth is due to factors like degradation of land from erosion and salinization, inefficient water usage, and slow adoption of new technologies.
- Immediate action is needed to uplift productivity through using advanced technologies, organic farming practices, improving water management policies, and providing more support to farmers.
Case study food security By Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses Pakistan's national program for food security and a case study on enhancing productivity of small farmers. It notes that food security exists when people have access to enough safe and nutritious food. Agriculture plays an important role in Pakistan's economy and in addressing issues of unemployment, poverty and food security. However, average yields for major crops like wheat, rice and maize are below potential yields, contributing to food insecurity challenges for Pakistan. The case study project aims to enhance productivity of small farmers in 1012 villages.
Food Security Situation in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province a case Study by Allah ...
The document discusses a case study on productivity enhancement of small farmers in 1012 villages as part of Pakistan's National Program for Food Security. It summarizes the results of an initial pilot project from 1998-2002 that increased wheat, basmati rice, and maize yields by 60-100% in 3 locations. This led the government to allocate $8.47 million to expand the program to 109 villages from 2002-2006 as the Crop Maximization Project I. However, changes in project design, such as providing credit through banks instead of villages organizations, resulted in lower farmer participation and productivity increases of only 20-50%.
A Case study food security by Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses a case study on productivity enhancement of small farmers in 1012 villages as part of Pakistan's National Program for Food Security. It summarizes the results of an initial pilot project from 1998-2002 that increased wheat, rice, and maize yields by 60-100% in 3 locations. This led the government to allocate $8.47 million to expand the program to 109 villages from 2002-2006 as the Crop Maximization Project I. However, changes in credit disbursement and empowerment of villages organizations led to lower farmer participation and yields increased only 20-50% under CMP I.
Review of Indonesian development corridors - Bustanul Arafin
Review of Indonesian development corridors - Bustanul ArafinIndependent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR
1. The document reviews Indonesia's development corridors strategy and argues for greater inclusion of agricultural research to support economic goals.
2. It notes that while outside Java has seen growth, inequality remains and food production remains centered on Java due to issues of economies of scale and efficiency for smallholder farmers.
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World hunger day 2015 focused on food security, past, present, and future. There are four pillars of food security: availability, access, utilization, and stability. Food security exists when all people have access to sufficient nutritious food at all times. Key challenges to food security include declining resources, climate change impacts, and lack of access to markets. Climate change is expected to negatively affect food production in South Asia and Southeast Asia, increasing prices and extreme weather events. Vulnerable countries that will need assistance include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Nepal.
NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION 2007 REPORT
This document provides an overview of the National Food Security Mission (NFSM) in India. Some key points:
1. NFSM was launched in 2007 with the goal of increasing production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8, and 2 million tonnes respectively by 2011 in order to meet India's growing food demand.
2. It aims to boost production through area expansion, productivity enhancement, soil fertility restoration, and creating employment opportunities.
3. NFSM is implemented through state and district level committees in a farmer-centric approach across 27 states and 561 districts.
4. Strategies include expanding wheat and pulse areas, bridging yield gaps through improved seeds, nutrients, pest management,
status of india in agriculture production
This document provides an overview of India's status in agricultural production. Some key points:
- Agriculture is a strong sector in India's economy, providing livelihoods for over 58% of the population.
- India ranks 2nd globally in farm output and is a top producer of crops like rice, wheat, sugar, fruits and vegetables. Milk production is the highest in the world.
- Initiatives like the Green Revolution have helped increase food grain production and self-sufficiency. However, average yields remain lower than other countries.
- Ongoing issues include inadequate irrigation, low productivity, and the decline of agriculture as a share of GDP. The document outlines opportunities to boost the sector through technology, exports,
Agriculture Share
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, with over half of Indians employed in the sector. India is a leading global producer of many agricultural products, ranking first in production of milk, pulses, jute and second in rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnuts and more. However, agricultural productivity in India is low due to issues like government subsidies that discourage investment, overregulation, inadequate infrastructure and technology, and inefficient water allocation. There is a need to boost agricultural growth to 4-4.5% to sustain employment and livelihoods in India where agriculture remains important.
Food Security in 2030: Availability, Access and Nutrition
Food Security in 2030: Availability, Access and NutritionCenter for Economic Research (CER, Uzbekistan)
On August 8-14, the 29th Triennial International Conference of Agricultural Economists (ICAE) is taking place in Milan, Italy. One of the Symposiums is titled "Food Security and Food Self-Sufficiency in Central Asia", where CER presented the results of its research on "Food Security in 2025: Availability, Accessibility and Nutrition".
The elements of Uzbekistan’s Food policy are now widely recognized and considered as internationally accepted best practices because it has proved its effectiveness and averted the threats to the nation’s food security.South asia
This document provides a summary of the importance of livestock to the economy and food security of South Asia. It notes that the subregion contains over 1.4 billion people on 3% of the world's land area. Agriculture plays a major role in the economy, providing most food and employing around 60% of the population on average. Livestock contributes between 3-18% of GDP across countries. The document presents tables on population, GDP, land use, and the role of agriculture in each country in the subregion. It establishes the significance of the livestock sector to livelihoods and food security in South Asia.
Fourth South-South Cooperation Workshop on Rural Development and Poverty Redu...
Fourth South-South Cooperation Workshop on Rural Development and Poverty Redu...IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development
The document discusses China's rural policies and agricultural development trends. It notes that China's policies aim to increase farmers' incomes while ensuring food supply and stability. Key points include focusing on crop production and strengthening agricultural technologies. Challenges include natural disasters, limited resources, and rising production costs. The government provides subsidies and supports technology innovation to address these challenges and transition Chinese agriculture to a more modern, productive model.National Food Security Mission-Seminar
M.Sc. (Ag.) in Agricultural Marketing & Cooperation
This includes the inception, present status and future aspects of the Mission as a comprehensive manner.
AEC 2015: Philippines Industry Perspective
The Impact of ASEAN Economic Community 2015 to the ASEAN Food Industry: A Philippines Food Industry Perspective. 47-page slide
Mainstreaming sustainability in the Nigerian agricultural transformation agenda
The document discusses issues around sustainability in Nigeria's Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) program. It notes that while the ATA aims to modernize Nigerian agriculture, its heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers and ambiguous stance on GMOs could negatively impact future generations. Specifically, the program's fertilizer policy focuses on chemicals over organic alternatives, and does not take a clear position on GMOs, which have been linked to health, environmental and economic risks. The document concludes that while the ATA aims to empower farmers, its approach may actually benefit others at farmers' expense if sociological factors and sustainability are not properly incorporated.
Agricultural Development Planning And Resource Mobilization
This document provides an overview of Pakistan's agricultural sector and development plans through 2025. It discusses key crops, livestock, and policies. The major targets of development plans are to increase water storage capacity by 64 MAF through new dams and canals to meet future needs from population growth and develop 64 MAF of storage capacity through projects in phases, with initial fast track projects from 2002-2006 adding 5 MAF of storage and irrigation. The vision is to mobilize resources and modernize the agricultural sector to ensure food security and economic growth.
Uma Lele's ICID Presentation, World Irrigation Forum, 29 Sept-5 Oct, Turkey
The document discusses challenges and developments in financing irrigation and drainage sectors globally. Key points include:
1) Agricultural intensification is critical but water is also critical for intensification and improving water use efficiency.
2) New paradigms are needed for financing irrigation and drainage given changes like globalization, technology advances, and climate impacts.
3) Modernizing surface irrigation systems is important but modernization alone is not a silver bullet and must be adapted to different country and regional contexts.
WORLD AND MALAYSIA AGRICULTURE:FOOD SECURITY,FERTIGATION AND HYDROPONIC
This document discusses agriculture in Malaysia, including food security, fertigation, and hydroponics. It contains sections on the contribution of agriculture to Malaysia's GDP, employment in the agriculture sector, imports and exports of agricultural products, and issues in Malaysian agriculture from 2000 to 2014. The final section discusses the relationship between hydroponics, fertigation, and ensuring food security. It defines key terms and outlines how these techniques can increase food availability and production.
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Technical paper on ulysses flooding
On November 11, Typhoon Ulysses (international name: Typhoon Vamco) made landfall in the Philippines and caused widespread damage to eight provinces in the island group of Luzon. The most notable flooding events were in Marikina City in Metro Manila, adjacent Rizal province, and in Region 2 or Cagayan Valley in northeastern Luzon. This study analyzes the flooding events in these localities to identify key factors and how to mitigate risk. Four main determinants stand out: (1) the degradation of natural watersheds (2) the marginalization of the poor that render them vulnerable and exposed to disasters, (3) stop-gap solutions that do not address the roots of our disaster vulnerability, and (4) that the national government remains unprepared for disaster. Policy priorities among other reforms are recommended based on this assessment.
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
Layunin ng Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon na ipaliwanag ang pambansang industriyalisasyon, mga kongkretong batayan sa pagtataguyod nito at ang papel ng mamamayan sa pagsusulong at pagkakamit nito.
Presentation version: https://goo.gl/2Cbt0aPraymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyon
Praymer hinggil sa Pambansang industriyalisasyonAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
Ang pambansang industriyalisasyon (national industrialization) ay proseso ng pagtatatag at pagpapaunlad ng iba't-ibang antas at uri ng mga industriya na siyang magpapasigla ng ekonomiya at tutustos sa mga pangangailangan ng isang bansa.
Layunin ng praymer na ito na ipaliwanag ang pambansang industriyalisasyon, mga kongkretong batayan sa pagtataguyod nito at ang papel ng mamamayan sa pagsusulong at pagkakamit nito.
Vew full text here: https://goo.gl/Cw0qgZAgham Feed-in Tariff system Briefer
This document discusses the Feed-In Tariff (FIT) system in the Philippines, which aims to promote renewable energy development through fiscal incentives for developers and investors. It provides context on the country's renewable energy sources and potential. It then explains how the FIT system works, including the collection of fees from electricity consumers. While the FIT aims to support renewable energy, there are concerns about the costs imposed on consumers and businesses. Alternatives to the cost pass-through are proposed, such as using existing energy funds instead of new consumer fees.
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education ProgramAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
This document provides an analysis of the K-12 education program in the Philippines, specifically focusing on its impacts on science and mathematics education. It notes that Philippine education, and science/math education in particular, have historically been weak. The K-12 program aimed to address this by adding two years to basic education. However, the document argues that K-12 fails to address the root causes of weaknesses in science/math education, which include an inadequate curriculum that does not promote scientific thinking, shortcomings in teacher training, and shortages of educational facilities like science laboratories. It provides evidence that performance in science and math remains poor. Therefore, the document concludes that K-12 will not solve the systemic issues facing science and math educationMoving forward: Nationalize the lrt/mrt - agham
Moving forward: Nationalize the lrt/mrt - aghamAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
This paper discusses the rationale for the nationalization of the MRT and LRT system as a catalyst for the development of a quality national mass transit system in the Philippines.Dam guide for communities
This document has been prepared by the Agham Advocates of Science& Technology for the People (AGHAM) to aid local communities threatened by dam projects. This reference document contain information and tools that can be used by the community to have a better understanding of dams and make informed decisions how to collectively approach the dam project in their area. This guide is not exhaustive and complete, but centers on basic questions to learn more about the dam project in the area and to guide further research.
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National DevelopmentAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
The Philippines is a mineral-rich country. With this, it is but logical for mining to become one of the economic sources of the country and for many Filipinos to be engaged in it. Our ancestors have been mining before the Spanish colonization. Historically, mining has been a major and a significant contributor to the country’s economy, despite of the decline of the industry’s mineral production in the late 1990’s.
Mining in the Philippines can be classified into large-scale and small-scale. Large-scale mining is highly mechanized and uses heavy equipment. It produces sufficient commercial quantities to satisfy the requirements of the export market and large industries on a regular basis and therefore requires mobilization of substantial capital (Padilla, 1997). At present, it dominates the mining industry in terms of production, revenues and legal privileges.
Yet, small-scale mining undeniably remains a significant sector in the mining industry, especially with the closure of many large-scale mining operations starting in the 1990s. Such significance owes mainly to its economic contribution that comes with the large number of people involved in the industry. Unfortunately, only few studies have been devoted to it, compared to the wealth of literature on large-scale mining. Because of this, its overall aspects have yet to be fully understood by many.
Thus, this paper generally attempts to study the current state of small-scale mining in the Philippines in the context of our overall national development.
Note: This paper was written and researched for AGHAM by Erika M. Rey and Ricarido M. Saturay Jr. on 2005. It is being republished due to requests of communities hosting small scale mining activities. For questions, comments and suggestions, please contact the Agham secretariat at agham.national@gmail.com.AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines
AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
In this paper, Agham explores the issue of the use of renewable energy in the country and its place in achieving a pro-people, pro-environment national power industry. The paper would go through the basics of renewable energy (RE), the country's renewable energy resources and potentials vis-à-vis the current energy pattern. The overarching policy and program of the government will then be discussed, its impacts on the current energy landscape and Agham's critique on the current framework.Agham bits on power shortage and emergency powers
Agham bits on power shortage and emergency powersAGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
In this article, Agham - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People’s presents its observations on the issue of energy shortage and the President’s bid for emergency powers based on a review of the data and computation of the DOE. The paper then cautions against a possible power shortage, artificial and real, based on the review of the character of the ownership of the country's power system.Mt.abo eim3
The document summarizes the findings of an environmental investigation mission in Mt. Negron. It assessed the area's biodiversity through surveys of flora, fauna, soil, water, and agriculture. Key findings included high tree diversity providing economic and medicinal uses for indigenous peoples. Soil analyses found deficiencies in nitrogen and potassium in some areas. Water quality passed standards. Geologic findings indicated Mt. Negron is part of an active volcanic chain and features pyroclastic deposits, demonstrating the area's geologic significance. The investigation aimed to inform conservation and management of Mt. Negron's ecosystem.
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
After 10 years of implementing the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001:
1) Power rates have more than doubled, with residential electricity prices rising 112.5% and NAPOCOR generation charges jumping 95%. EPIRA led to privatization that benefited private corporations over consumers.
2) Energy security remains precarious as the country relies on private investors and IPPs to build power capacity only when profitable, threatening an adequate supply. The 2010 power shortage in Mindanao illustrates this risk.
3) NAPOCOR remains deeply in debt despite paying billions to service obligations, as EPIRA legitimized passing on costs of inefficient contracts to consumers through rate adjustments like thePower failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People
EPIRA led to electricity rates more than doubling in the Philippines over 10 years. The law failed to cancel unfair contracts and introduced new fees. It also led to industry consolidation with just three groups now dominating distribution. NAPOCOR remained heavily indebted, paying $18 billion to cover previous financial obligations. Energy security also remained precarious with brownouts occurring due to plant shutdowns and lack of new capacity expansion.Beo!!!!
The document discusses the linear "story of stuff" system of extraction, production, distribution, consumption and disposal that is causing environmental degradation. It leads to social inequities as powerful entities exploit resources and communities for profit. Different views on environmentalism are examined, but the root cause is identified as the wasteful and polluting nature of capitalist production solely for profit, which destroys the environment and leads to crisis.
Cec feedback03
This document summarizes discussions from the Center for Environmental Concerns Philippines' (CEC) monthly educational program "Talakayan sa Kubo". In October, the discussion focused on food security and the situation of Philippine peasants, with a representative from Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas stating that the country's agrarian policies are worsening poverty and hunger. In December, the discussion centered on human rights issues in the Philippines, with a representative from Karapatan saying President Aquino's reform agenda resembles the repressive previous administration. The document also provides statistics on extrajudicial killings under the former president.
Radiation
This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the emission of energy through waves or particles. Ionizing radiation like alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons have sufficient energy to damage atoms and DNA. Sources include naturally occurring radioactive materials in the environment and man-made sources like nuclear reactors, medical equipment, and consumer products. Exposure to high doses of radiation can damage cells and lead to health issues like cancer, but risks are low from everyday sources like medical x-rays. The document recommends limiting radiation exposure through reducing time spent near sources, increasing distance, and using shielding when possible.
Radiation
This document provides an overview of radiation and its effects on the human body. It defines radiation as the process of emitting energy through waves or particles, and identifies ionizing radiation as radiation that can knock electrons out of atoms. The types of ionizing radiation are identified as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, and neutrons. Sources of radiation include naturally occurring materials, medical equipment, consumer products, and industrial uses. Exposure to radiation can damage cells and DNA, potentially leading to cell death or cancer development over time. Methods to control radiation exposure include minimizing time spent near sources, maximizing distance, and using shielding to block radiation.
Earthquake and tsunami
1) An earthquake is intense ground shaking caused by a sudden release of energy, often due to movement along faults within the Earth.
2) Earthquake magnitude is measured by the Richter Scale, where each whole number increase means the amplitude of shaking is 10 times greater. Magnitude 2.5 or less quakes are usually not felt, while anything above 8 can totally destroy communities near the epicenter.
3) Intensity refers to the amount of damage at a location and is measured by scales like Modified Mercalli, depending on factors like distance from the quake and duration of shaking.
More from AGHAM - Advocates of Science and Technology for the People (19)
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
Primer on National Industrialization (Full Text Filipino)
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
Science, Technology and the K-12 Education Program
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
Small Scale Mining in the Philippines: Towards Genuine National Development
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AGHAM Notes on Renewable Energy in the Philippines
Report on Power failure: Ten (10) Years of EPIRA jun 2011
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
ここ3000字までしか入らないけどタイトルの方がたくさん文字入ると思います。
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みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
みなさんこんにちはこれ何文字まで入るの？40文字以下不可とか本当に意味わからないけどこれ限界文字数書いてないからマジでやばい文字数いけるんじゃないの？えこ...
The Role of Agricultural Modernization in Achieving Food Security and Self-sufficiency
- 1. Food Security and Self-sufficiency and Agricultural Modernization 2nd National Peasant-Scientist Conference Visayas Avenue, Quezon July 30, 2014
- 2. • State of the Philippine Agriculture • What is agricultural modernization? • Attainment of food security and self- sufficiency towards agricultural modernization
- 6. Table 1. Contribution to GDP by agriculture in Asian and Pacific countries (%) (World Bank 2009). Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) 2000 2005 2007 2008 Burma 57 - - - Laos 56 46 40 - Nepal 41 36 34 34 Cambodia 38 32 32 - Mongolia 33 25 23 - Pakistan 26 21 21 20 Bangladesh 26 20 19 19 Vietnam 25 21 20 - India 23 19 18 18
- 7. Table 1. Contribution to GDP by agriculture in Asian and Pacific countries (%) (World Bank 2009). Agriculture, value added (% of GDP) 2000 2005 2007 2008 Fiji 17 15 - - Indonesia 16 13 14 14 Philippines 16 14 14 15 China 15 13 11 11 Thailand 9 11 12 - South Korea 5 3 3 3 Malaysia 1 8 10 -
- 9. Is agricultural modernization attainable in the Philippines?
- 11. Agriculture as the base for industries • Provide means of subsistence • Source of industrial raw materials • Vast market for industrial products; • Main reservoir of labor power for industry and other sectors of economy • Important source of accumulation funds Heavy industries base metals, basic chemicals, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, precision instruments, electronics, and consumer durables. LEADING FACTOR Light industries processing of grains, cereals, fruits and vegetables, beverages and dairy products, meat and poultry; aquaculture and fisheries, clothing-footwear, textile and garment industries and mass housing BRIDGING FACTOR Agriculture (modernized and mechanized) BASE
- 12. Agricultural and rural development • Light industry supplies the needs of domestic population (most in rural areas) • Heavy industry supports agricultural modernization • Rural industrialization build on rural markets and agricultural modernization to increase manufacturing and employment in rural areas. • Set up foundries and metal workshops
- 16. AGHAM-Advocates of Science and Technology for the People