The rabies virus causes rabies in humans and animals through transmission via saliva. It is a neurotropic virus that attacks the central nervous system. The virus has a bullet-like shape and encodes 5 genes in its RNA genome. It enters host cells through endocytosis mediated by the glycoprotein and then hijacks the host cell machinery to replicate its RNA and proteins. The virus spreads from the site of infection along neural pathways to the brain and then to salivary glands. A post-exposure vaccine is effective but must be administered promptly along with rabies immunoglobulin to prevent fatal encephalitis.
This presenation includes
Introduction
Etiology- structure, various species which comes under the genus lyssa virus
Epidemiology
Distribution
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
prevention and control
Resistance to physical and chemical action
Prophylaxis
This ppt is all about Japanese encephalitis a mosquito bitten disease cause, effects, precautions, affected areas, immunization.
EXPLORE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
This presenation includes
Introduction
Etiology- structure, various species which comes under the genus lyssa virus
Epidemiology
Distribution
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
prevention and control
Resistance to physical and chemical action
Prophylaxis
This ppt is all about Japanese encephalitis a mosquito bitten disease cause, effects, precautions, affected areas, immunization.
EXPLORE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the Nervous system, caused by the virus Neurotropic Lyssavirus. The virus is commonly transmitted to man through the bite of a rabid animal. More than 3.3 billon people are at risk of rabies worldwide, with approximately 55,000 deaths estimated per year. Rabies epidermis occurs in Asia with an estimated 31,000 deaths and Africa with an estimated 24,000 deaths. Rabies virus, the agent of the disease is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family (Genus: Lyssavirus). The virus travels to the brain through the peripheral nerves causing acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals (man). Early symptoms associated with the virus includes Malaise, headache and fever, progressing to acute pain, restlessness, hyperactivity, uncontrolled excitement, depression, hydrophobia, etc.
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the Nervous system, caused by the virus Neurotropic Lyssavirus. The virus is commonly transmitted to man through the bite of a rabid animal. More than 3.3 billon people are at risk of rabies worldwide, with approximately 55,000 deaths estimated per year. Rabies epidermis occurs in Asia with an estimated 31,000 deaths and Africa with an estimated 24,000 deaths. Rabies virus, the agent of the disease is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family (Genus: Lyssavirus). The virus travels to the brain through the peripheral nerves causing acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals (man). Early symptoms associated with the virus includes Malaise, headache and fever, progressing to acute pain, restlessness, hyperactivity, uncontrolled excitement, depression, hydrophobia, etc.
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the nervous system that primarily affects dogs and can also be transmitted to humans. It is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a virus. The word Rabies originated about 3000BC from the word Rabha, which means, “violence”
A detailed assignment presenting information about poliomyelitis , piovirus and polio vaccination.
Polio virus is first virus in history to be obtained in crystalline form . Poliomyelitis has been life threatening disabling disease in human history before vaccination. Vaccination is only method to defeat the virus . Once we will get 0% of infected cases then we will stop the oral polio vaccination. Oral poilo vaccination is more effective in preventing epidemic of poliomyelitis caused by wild polio virus than IPV .
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
Food hygiene is more than cleanliness ......
Protecting food from risk of contamination, including harmful bacteria, poison and other foreign bodies.
Preventing any bacteria present multiplying to an extent which would result in the illness of consumers or the early spoilage of the food.
Destroying any harmful bacteria in the food by thorough cooking
or processing.
Discarding unfit or contaminated food.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. Natural Causes of Extinction.
Difference between In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation
Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources helps protect, maintain and recover endangered animal and plant species. There are mainly two strategies for the conservation of wildlife: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation. Although, both the strategies aim to maintain and recover endangered species, they are different from each other. Let us see how they differ from each other!
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Subtle differences in one person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure as another person. As a result, some people may develop a disease after being exposed to something in the environment while others may not.
As scientists learn more about the connection between genes and the environment, they pursue new approaches for preventing and treating disease that consider individual genetic codes.
How to store food in hot
The Good News
To maximize benefit of preservation, keep your food as fresh as possible for as long as possible. You can do this, even in the heat, by creating a “cooler” made from two basic terra cotta pots, one larger than the other. Put the smaller pot in the larger one, fill the gap with sand, and saturate the sand with water. Then cover it with a cloth. To add additional insulation from the heat, bury the pot up to its rim. The evaporation of moisture from the wet sand will cool the air around the food and help keep it fresh.
What is IUPAC naming?
In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC nomenclature uses the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the basic root name of the compound. The root name is then modified due to the presence of different functional groups which replace hydrogen or carbon atoms in the parent structure.
Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view. For a tetrahedral coordinated carbon (e.g. methane CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms.
INTRODUCTION:
Hybrid Orbitals
Developed by Linus Pauling, the concept of hybrid orbitals was a theory created to explain the structures of molecules in space. The theory consists of combining atomic orbitals (ex: s,p,d,f) into new hybrid orbitals (ex: sp, sp2, sp3).
1. Why Firefly give light during night?
2. Why atomic mass and Atomic numbers are given to elements ?
3. Why elements have been characterized and classified into different groups?
4. What is the transition of elements and what they play their role in elements stability?
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
1. Rabies virus
The rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that causes rabies in humans and animals. Rabies
transmission can occur through the saliva of animals and less commonly through contact with
human saliva.
Rabiesis a deadly virus that attacks the CNS (central nervous system) and causes acuteencephalitis.
The rabies virus has a cylindrical morphology and is the type species of the Lyssavirus genus of
theRhabdoviridae family. These viruses are enveloped and have a single stranded RNA genome
withnegative-sense. The genetic information is packaged as a ribonucleoprotein complex in
which RNA is tightly bound by the viral nucleoprotein.
The RNA genome of the virus encodes five genes whose order is highly conserved. These genes
code for nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and the
viral RNA polymerase (L).The complete genome sequences range from 11,615 to 11,966 nt in
length.
All transcription and replication events take place in the cytoplasm inside a specialized “virus
factory”, the Negri body (named after Adelchi Negri. These are 2–10 µm in diameter and are
typical for a rabies infection and thus have been used as definite histological proof of such
infection .
Virus classification
Group: Group V ((-)ssRNA)
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Rhabdoviridae
Genus: Lyssavirus
Species: Rabies virus
2. Structure:
Lyssaviruses have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in
shape. They are characterized by an extremely broad host spectrum ranging from plants to
insects and mammals; human-infecting viruses more commonly have icosahedral symmetry
and take shapes approximating regular polyhedra.
The rabies virus has a bullet like shape with a length of about 180 nm and a cross-sectional
diameter of about 75 nm. One end is rounded or conical and the other end is planar or concave.
The lipoprotein envelope carries knob-like spikes composed of Glycoprotein G. Spikes do not
cover the planar end of the virion (virus particle). Beneath the envelope is the membrane or
matrix (M) protein layer which may be invaginatedat the planar end. The core of the virion
consists of helically arranged ribonucleoprotein.
Life cycle
After receptor binding, rabies virus enters its host cells through the endosomal transport
pathway. Inside the endosome, the low pH value induces the membrane fusion process, thus
enabling the viral genome to reach the cytosol. Both processes, receptor binding and
membrane fusion, are catalyzed by the glycoprotein G which plays a critical role in
pathogenesis (mutant virus without G proteins cannot propagate).
The next step after entry is the transcription of the viral genome by the P-L polymerase (P is an
essential cofactor for the L polymerase) in order to make new viral protein. The viral
polymerase can only recognizeribonucleoprotein and cannot use free RNA as template.
Transcription is regulated by cis-acting sequenceson the virus genome and by protein M which
is not only essential for virus budding but also regulates the fraction of mRNA production to
replication. Later in infection, the activity of the polymerase switches to replication in order to
produce full-length positive-strand RNA copies. These complementary RNAs are used as
templates to make new negative-strand RNA genomes. They are packaged together with
protein N to form ribonucleoprotein which then can form new viruses.
Infection
In September 1931, Joseph Lennox Pawan of Trinidad in the West Indies, a Government
Bacteriologist, found Negri bodies in the brain of a bat with unusual habits. In 1932, Pawan first
discovered that infected vampire bats could transmit rabies to humans and other animals. For a
3. brief history of some of the controversies surrounding the early discoveries relating to rabies in
Trinidad, see the brief history by James Waterman.
From the wound of entry, the rabies virus travels quickly along the neural pathways of
the peripheral nervous system. The retrograde axonal transport of the rabies virus to the CNS
(Central Nervous System) is the key step of pathogenesis during natural infection. The exact
molecular mechanism of this transport is unknown although binding of the P protein from
rabies virus to the dynein light chain protein DYNLL1 has been shown. P also acts as
an interferon antagonist, thus decreasing the immune response of the host.
From the CNS, the virus further spreads to other organs. The salivary glands located in the
tissues of the mouth and cheeks receive high concentrations of the virus, thus allowing it to be
further transmitted due to projectile salivation.
Fatality can occur from two days to five years from the time of initial infection. This however
depends largely on the species of animal acting as a reservoir. Most infected mammals die
within weeks, while strains of a species such as the African Yellow Mongoose (Cynictis
penicillata) might survive an infection asymptomatically for years.
Antigenicity
Upon viral entry into the body and also after vaccination, the body produces virus neutralizing
antibodies which bind and inactivate the virus. Specific regions of the G protein have been
shown to be most antigenic in leading to the production of virus neutralizing antibodies. These
antigenic sites, or epitopes, are categorized into regions I-IV and minor site a.
Previous work has demonstrated that antigenic sites II and III are most commonly targeted by
natural neutralizing antibodies. Additionally, a monoclonal antibody with neutralizing
functionality has been demonstrated to target antigenic site I. Other proteins, such as the
nucleoprotein, have been shown to be unable to elicit production of virus neutralizing
antibodies. The epitopes which bind neutralizing antibodies are both linear and conformational.
Transmission
All warm-blooded species, including humans, may become infected with the rabies virus and
develop symptoms. Birds were first artificially infected with rabies in 1884; however, infected
birds are largely if not wholly asymptomatic, and recover. Other bird species have been known
to develop rabies antibodies, a sign of infection, after feeding on rabies-infected mammals.
Rabies may also spread through exposure to infected domestic farm
animals, groundhogs, weasels, bears, and other wild carnivorans. Smallrodents, such
4. as squirrels, hamsters, guinea pigs, gerbils, chipmunks, rats, and mice, and lagomorphs such
as rabbits and hares, are almost never found to be infected with rabies and are not known to
transmit rabies to humans. Bites from mice, rats, or squirrels rarely require rabies prevention
because these rodents are typically killed by any encounter with a larger, rabid animal, and
would, therefore, not be carriers. The Virginia opossum is resistant but not immune to rabies.
The virus is usually present in the nerves and saliva of a symptomatic rabid animal. The route
of infection is usually, but not always, by a bite. In many cases, the infected animal is
exceptionally aggressive, may attack without provocation, and exhibits otherwise
uncharacteristic behavior. This is an example of a viral pathogen modifying the behavior of its
host to facilitate its transmission to other hosts.
Evolution
All extant rabies viruses appear to have evolved within the last 1500 years. There are seven
genotypes of rabies virus. In Eurasia cases are due to three of these—genotype 1 (classical
rabies) and to a lesser extent genotypes 5 and 6 (European bat lyssaviruses type-1 and -2).
Genotype 1 evolved in Europe in the 17th century and spread to Asia, Africa and the Americas
as a result of European exploration and colonization.
Bat rabies in North America appears to have been present since 1281 CE (95% confidence
interval: 906–1577 CE).
Rabies vaccine
A rabies vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rabies.[1] There are a number of available vaccines
that are both safe and effective. They can be used to prevent rabies before and for a period of
time after exposure to the virus such as by a dog or bat bite. The immunity that develops is long
lasting after three doses. They are usually given by injection into the skin or muscle.
After exposure vaccination is typically used along with rabies immunoglobulin. It is
recommended that those who are at high risk of exposure be vaccinated before potential
exposure. Vaccines are effective in humans and other animals. Immunizing dogs is very
effective in preventing human disease.
They may be safely used in all age groups. About 35 to 45 percent of people develop a brief
period of redness and pain at the injection site. About 5 to 15 percent of people may
have fever,headaches or nausea. After exposure to rabies there is no contraindication to its
use. Most vaccines do not contain thimerosal.
5. Vaccines made from nerve tissue, and relied upon by a few countries, mainly in Asia and Latin
America, are less effective and have greater side effects.Their use is thus not recommended by
the World Health Organization.
Millions of people globally have been vaccinated and it is estimated that this saves more than
250,000 people a year.]It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the
most important medication recommended for a basic health system.
Duck embryo vaccine
Purified Duck embryo vaccine (PDEV) was the first vaccine developed for human use in treating
pre- and postexposure to the rabies virus. It was developed in 1957 and was made of dried,
killed rabies virus. Vaccination with DEV involved a series of intradermal injections over several
days.
The World Health Organization still includes DEV in its list of recommended vaccines for
treatment of rabies virus exposure. However, newer vaccines are more commonly used. These
include the human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) first introduced in 1978; purified chicken embyro
cell vaccine (PCECV), developed in 1984; and a purified Vero cell rabies vaccine (PVCRV)
developed in 1986.
Application
Rabies virus is used in research for viral neuronal tracing to establish synaptic connections and
directionality of synaptic transmission.
References
1. "Rabies Fact Sheet N°99". World Health Organization. July2013. Retrieved 28 February2014.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c
Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N (2005). Robbinsand Cotran Pathologic Basisof Disease (7th ed.).
Elsevier/Saunders. p. 1375.ISBN 0-7216-0187-1.
3. Jump up^"Rabies, Australian bat lyssavirus and other lyssaviruses". The Department of Health. Dec 2013. Retrieved 1
March 2014.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c
Tintinalli, Judith E. (2010). EmergencyMedicine: A Comprehensive StudyGuide (EmergencyMedicine
(Tintinalli)). McGraw-Hill. pp. Chapter 152. ISBN 0-07-148480-9.
5. Jump up^William H. Wunner (2010). Rabies: Scientific Basis of the Disease and Its Management. Academic Press.
p. 556. ISBN 9780080550091.
6. Jump up^Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J (May2013).
"Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.". Lancet neurology 12(5): 498–
513. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3.PMID 23602163.