Given the content about Rabies.

1. R. Saraswathi
18UT17
III B. SC BIOTECHNOLOGY
Pharmaceutical marketing
RABIES ҧ

2. Rabies?
– Rabies is a preventable viral disease most often transmitted through the
bite of a rabid animal. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system
of mammals, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death. The vast
majority of the rabies cases reported to the centers for Disease Control
and Prevention(CDC) each year occur in wild animals like bats, raccoons,
skunks, and foxes, although any mammal can get rabies.

4. Rabies Virus
– Rabies virus belongs to the order monosemented, virus with a
nonsegmented, negative-strand RNA genomes. Within this group, viruses
with a distinct “bullet” shape are classified in the Rhabdoviridae family,
which includes at least three genera of animal viruses, Lyssavirus,
Ephemerovirus, and vesiculovirus.
– The genus Lyssavirus includes rabies virus, lagos bat, Mokola virus,
Duvenhage virus, European bat virus1&2 and Australian bat virus.

6. Rabies Virus structure
– The rabies virus measures about 60 by 180nm in size and helical in
symmetry and has the shape of a bullet with spikes on the surface of the
envelope; these spike like structure contain glycoproteins which cause the
body to neutralize the hemagglutination cause by the rabies virus.

9. symptoms
– The first symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu
including general weakness or discomfort, fever or headache. These
symptoms may last for days. There may be also discomfort or a prickling
or itching sensation at the site of bite, progressing within days to
symptoms of cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, agitation. As the
disease progresses, the person may experience delirium, abnormal
behaviour, hallucinations, and insomnia. Rabie lyssavirus may also be
inactive in its hosts body and become active after a long period of time.

10. Rabies epidemiology
– In humans, rabies is most invariably fatal once clinical symptoms have
developed. WHO reports around 50000 rabies deaths every year, out of
which 20000 are estimated to occur in India alone. There is often gross
underreporting of human rabies deaths in India.

11. Rabies pathogenesis and
prevention
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In most cases the disease is transmitted via the bite of rabid animals
which shed infectious virus with their saliva. The virus enters the body
through transdermal inoculation(i.e. wounds) or direct contact of
infectious material(i.e. tissue) to mucous membranes or skin lesions.
After entry the virus binds to cell receptors. Viruses may replicate within
striated muscle cells ore directly infect nerve cells
The virus then travels via retrograde axoplasmatic transport mechanisms
to the central nervous system. Both motor and sensory fibres may be
involved depending on the animal infected.

12. – Once it has reached the CNS, rapid virus replication takes
place, causing pathologic effects on nerve cell physiology.
The virus then moves from the CNS via anterograde
axoplasmic flow within peripheral nerves, leading to
infection of some of the adjacent non-virus tissues, for
example, secretory tissues of salivary glands. The virus is
widely disseminated throughout the body at the time of
clinical onset. With shedding of infectious virus in saliva the
infection cycle of rabies is completed.

13. Diagnosis of Rabies

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