Qualitative research definition and characteristics
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Definition and Characteristics of Qualitative Research by Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Khan, Department of Education, Hazara University, Pakistan
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Basic vs applied research
Basic research aims to explore the principles behind social phenomena and enhance understanding through developing theory, focusing on the "what", "why", and "when" of topics using academic terminology. Applied research focuses on applying outcomes practically to improve practices and solve issues, focusing on "how" in a more understandable style, such as improving classroom teaching in a specific school.
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Selecting a research topic
Selecting a research topic involves considering what topic to explore based on personal experiences, interests from initial readings and discussions, and determining why this topic should be explored for personal, academic, theoretical or professional significance. It also requires determining how to explore the topic through methodological considerations and feasibility of execution, and considering what the outcomes might be at a personal, academic or professional level at the end of the study.
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Basic vs applied research
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Selecting a research topic
Selecting a research topic involves considering what topic to explore based on personal experiences, interests from initial readings and discussions, and determining why this topic should be explored for personal, academic, theoretical or professional significance. It also requires determining how to explore the topic through methodological considerations and feasibility of execution, and considering what the outcomes might be at a personal, academic or professional level at the end of the study.
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Case study method is a qualitative analysis technique used in social sciences to intensively study a social unit exhibiting deviant behavior. It provides an in-depth, comprehensive examination of the unit within its real-world context to understand both its visible and hidden dimensions. Data is collected through various sources like life histories, documents, interviews, and observation to retain a holistic view of real-life events like individual life cycles or group behavior being analyzed.
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Historical research involves systematically collecting and evaluating data to describe and explain past events in order to understand them. It aims to learn from history to apply lessons to present problems and make predictions. Historical research uses primary sources like eyewitness accounts and objects from the past as well as secondary sources. The research process includes formulating a problem, gathering and criticizing sources, analyzing data through methods like coding, and interpreting findings. While historical research provides insights into the past, it also has limitations like potential for bias and an incomplete view.
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Qualitative research is in-depth research designed to understand customers' behaviors, feelings, and thoughts. There are six main types of qualitative research: in-depth interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, action research, content analysis, and case studies. In-depth interviews involve personal interviews with individual respondents to capture rich, descriptive data. Focus groups collect data through group discussions led by a researcher. Ethnographic research immerses researchers in participants' natural environments. Action research aims to solve problems through collaboration. Content analysis interprets words and images to draw conclusions. Case studies provide in-depth analysis of real-world situations or events.
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Qualitative research
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data through methods like interviews and observations to understand behaviors, feelings, and motivations. It aims to provide a detailed description of the research topic through an open-ended and interactive inquiry approach. The researcher is the primary instrument of data collection and analysis, seeking to holistically understand the human experience from the participant's perspective through themes and rich descriptions.
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Research Methods and Methodologies
The document provides an overview of research methodologies and methods. It discusses the differences between methodologies and methods, with methodologies representing the overall approach and lens for analyzing results, and methods being the specific tools used to collect data. Both qualitative and quantitative research are covered, with qualitative focusing on meanings and in-depth insights while quantitative examines relationships and trends. Key aspects of choosing and conducting qualitative research are outlined, including sampling techniques, common analysis methods like coding and triangulation, and examples of qualitative research questions.
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To those who would like to have a copy of this slide, just email me at martzmonette@yahoo.com and please tell me why would you want this presentation. Thank you very much and GOD BLESS YOU
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Sources of knowledge
On completing this chapter, you will be able to:
Describe alternative sources of evidence for nursing practice
Discuss Tradition, authority, Clinical experience, trail & error, assembled information,
Differentiate between Inductive & deductive reasoning
Explain disciplined research
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Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
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Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Qualitative Research-An Introduction)
Belajar apa itu metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif
Mengenal istilah-istilah Ontologi, Epistomologi, Methodologi, Metode dll
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Classification of research
This document classifies research into three main categories: basic research, applied research, and action research. It also describes strategies for research, dividing them into quantitative and qualitative methods. Basic research aims to develop and refine theory, while applied research focuses on problem solving. Action research involves practitioners studying their own problems. Quantitative research uses statistical analysis and large sample sizes, while qualitative research relies on collecting stories and developing narratives from smaller samples. The document provides examples of studies conducted with these different approaches.
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Qualitative research definition and characteristics
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1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdf
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Qualitative research, types, data collection and analysis
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Introduction to Research: Parts, Methods, and Designs.pptx
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Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif (Qualitative Research-An Introduction)
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Research Questions-Hypotheses-Objectives Dr M Ilyas Khan Hazara University.pptx
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The document discusses research questions, hypotheses, and objectives. It explains that research questions provide the focus and direction for a research study. Hypotheses are tentative explanations formulated before testing to explore relationships between variables. Research objectives specify how the study will explore answers to research questions or test hypotheses. Objectives should be clear, focused, and achievable to guide the research process.Conceptual and theoretical frameworks difference
This document discusses conceptual and theoretical frameworks in research. A conceptual framework links the main concepts in a study, such as the relationship between motivation and learning. A theoretical framework analyzes and interlinks relevant theories, such as theories of learning and motivation, to explore the research questions. Theoretical frameworks are used to examine how theories drive the objectives of a study, like investigating the impact of teacher motivation on student learning. Concepts, theories, and their interrelationships comprise conceptual and theoretical frameworks.
Characteristics of a good thesis
This document outlines the characteristics of a good research thesis. It discusses that a thesis should have a clear title, introduction with objectives and research questions, a comprehensive literature review leading to a gap identification, a justified methodology, findings presented in relation to objectives, and a discussion drawing conclusions and implications. It emphasizes using clear academic language, properly formatted references and appendices, and an abstract representing the full thesis in brief.
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The document discusses the four main types of sentences: declarative sentences that state or describe information, interrogative sentences that ask questions, imperative sentences that give commands or instructions, and exclamatory sentences that express emotions or feelings. Examples are provided for each sentence type to illustrate their purpose or function in communication. The document was written by Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Khan of the Department of Education at Hazara University Mansehra.
Sentence types by structure
This document defines sentences and describes their structure and types. It defines a sentence as a group of words that expresses a complete thought with a subject and predicate. Simple sentences contain one clause, compound sentences contain two main clauses joined by a conjunction, and complex sentences contain a main clause and subordinate clause. Sentences can also be declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory depending on their function in expressing a statement, asking a question, giving a command, or expressing strong feelings.
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The document discusses punctuation in English. It defines punctuation as the process of arranging and structuring words to make texts clearer and meaningful. It then provides examples of unpunctuated versus punctuated texts. The rest of the document discusses common punctuation marks used in English, including their general uses. It covers punctuation marks such as periods, question marks, exclamation marks, commas, semicolons, colons, apostrophes, quotation marks, hyphens, dashes, parentheses, brackets, ellipses, and slashes.
Parts of speech
This document defines and provides examples of the nine main parts of speech in English: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and article/determiner. It was written by Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Khan of the Department of Education at Hazara University Mansehra and defines each part of speech and provides an example using the name "Ali" to illustrate how each part of speech is used.
Functional English: an introduction
Functional English refers to using the English language in a practical sense for communication purposes like listening, speaking, reading and writing. It focuses on using English in routine life. To use English functionally requires having a good vocabulary, knowledge of grammar rules, parts of speech, tenses and good comprehension skills. The process of developing functional English involves building vocabulary, learning grammar, and polishing the four skills through regular listening, speaking, reading and writing activities in English.
Research hypotheses what, why, how
This document discusses research hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative explanation of a relationship between variables that is tested through empirical research. Good hypotheses clearly state relationships, use precise language, and represent research objectives. Developing hypotheses gives direction to the research process by providing tentative answers and guiding data collection and analysis. Hypotheses can be descriptive, relational, simple, complex, null, or alternative. The author provides examples to illustrate different types of hypotheses.
Research gap what-why-how
This document discusses identifying research gaps. It explains that a research gap is an unexplored, less explored, or inadequately explored area of knowledge that could add to the field if studied further. Identifying research gaps is important to rationalize and justify a research study. Potential sources of identifying gaps include personal experiences, reviewing previous related studies and their suggested further research, meta-analyses, popular topics on journals, and discussions with supervisors and colleagues. The document provides guidance on what a research gap is, why identifying one is important, and potential ways to find a gap.
Mixed method research design
Mixed-method research combines both qualitative and quantitative data and analysis techniques to explore research questions. It uses both methods simultaneously or sequentially. The rationale is that it brings rigor, richness, and triangulation to data collection and supports findings by using multiple data sources and methods. Researchers must justify using a mixed approach and ensure they have the expertise to deal with its complexities.
Research questions
The document discusses research questions in education research. It explains that research questions provide focus and direction for a research project by identifying what is being studied, such as the causes and consequences of bullying in schools. Good research questions are developed through reflection, extensive reading, discussion, drafting initial questions, and refinement. The type of research question depends on the type of research being conducted, such as descriptive questions for exploring phenomena or causal questions for determining relationships between variables.
Research types in social sciences by design
This document discusses research types in social sciences. It describes research design as referring to the overall structure of a research project, including paradigmatic considerations, research questions and objectives, and data collection and analysis processes. Research methods refer to specific processes for sampling data sources, collecting data through techniques like interviews and questionnaires, validating data, and analyzing data. The three main research designs are quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods research, which make use of quantitative, qualitative, or both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis methods, respectively.
Statement of problem
This presentation is about an elaboration of the definition, rationale, and structure, and content of PROBLEM STATEMENT as an important component of the research reports.
Literature review in text citation
This document discusses in-text citations which are used to authenticate sources of information included in literature reviews. There are different referencing styles like APA, MLA, and Chicago. In-text citations refer to sources inside the document and reference lists provide full details of citations at the end. In-text citations are used for direct quotes, paraphrasing others' work, or briefly mentioning other authors' ideas. They involve mentioning the author's name and year of publication. Long quotes are indented without quotes. Paraphrasing rewords others' ideas into one's own words.
Conceptual framework: an example
This document presents a conceptual framework for teacher education. It contrasts a technical focus approach where teachers are seen as classroom-focused subject experts who employ behaviorist teaching methods, versus a reflective practice approach. Reflective practice views teachers as agents of social change who critically examine the socio-economic relevance and aims of education to transform outcomes through moral craftsmanship. The framework positions reflective practice as transforming teachers into professionals who consider the broader impacts of education.
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Qualitative research definition and characteristics
- 1. Qualitative Research: Definition and Characteristics By Dr. Muhammad Ilyas Khan, Department of Education, Hazara University, Mansehra
- 2. Research: Quantitative/Qualitative • Research: Systematic/Scientific process of exploring possible answers to our questions regarding natural and social phenomena. • Origin of research in the ‘natural’ sciences: Physics, chemistry, biology. • Focus: Quantification, measurements, statistical analysis, calculations (Observations/Experimentation)
- 3. Research: Quantitative/Qualitative • Origin of research in the ‘natural’ sciences: Physics, chemistry, biology • Focus: • Quantification, measurements, statistical analysis, calculations, replicability, generalization. • Observations/Experimentation/ Manipulation • How much? How many? • Application of the scientific method in ‘social’ sciences: Sociology, Psychology, Education • Difficulties in quantification of social phenomena, human behaviour. • Focus: Understanding/Interpretation/ Contextuality/Naturalistic • Why? How?
- 4. Characteristic of Qualitative Research • Naturalistic • Focus on contextual understanding/Detailed description of the research settings • Development of theory rather than testing hypotheses • Inductive • Focus on ends rather than means • Flexible/evolving research designs • Usually begins with data rather than theory • Long-term personal involvement of the researcher in the field • Smaller/purposive samples • Textual (non-numerical data) focus • Validity/Reliability in broader sense