Quadricep Contusion.pdf
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A quadricep contusion is a bruise of the thigh muscle caused by blunt force trauma. It results in bleeding within the muscle. Symptoms include swelling, tenderness, pain, and limited range of motion. Contusions are classified as mild, moderate, or severe depending on factors like range of knee flexion, ability to walk, and average time lost from activities. Treatment involves RICE (rest, ice, compression, and elevation), bracing, NSAIDs, and physical therapy starting with isometric exercises and stretching, then progressing to full range of motion and functional rehabilitation.
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Introduction:-
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Hoffa's fat pad contains pluripotent cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
Hoffa's pad becomes inflamed or Damaged by The crushing of the pad between the femur and tibia during extension, causes inflammation of Hoffa's fat pad.
Nerve supply of fat pad is excellent( It receives branches of the femoral , common peroneal and saphenous nerves) so if it occurs any injury ,causes a sharp anterior knee pain.
The infrapatellar fat pad is a pad of adipose tissue underneath or deep to the patella tendon and the top of the fat pad attaches to the lower part of patella (knee cap).
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when you flex your knee ,upper part of fat pad becomes tensioned, it moves backwards in the knee.
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hyperextension sports such as basketball, volleyball or high jumping may also cause inflammation of Hoffa's pad.
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hoffas fat pad syndrome.pptx
Introduction:-
Hoffa's pad syndrome also known as Infrapatellar fat syndrome is an intrinsic disease of Hoffa's fat pad and a problem of knee joint which causes the pain at the front of knee joint so this pain is known as anterior knee pain.
Hoffa's fat pad contains pluripotent cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts and chondrocytes.
Hoffa's pad becomes inflamed or Damaged by The crushing of the pad between the femur and tibia during extension, causes inflammation of Hoffa's fat pad.
Nerve supply of fat pad is excellent( It receives branches of the femoral , common peroneal and saphenous nerves) so if it occurs any injury ,causes a sharp anterior knee pain.
The infrapatellar fat pad is a pad of adipose tissue underneath or deep to the patella tendon and the top of the fat pad attaches to the lower part of patella (knee cap).
hoffa's pad is a shock absorber ,when there is a direct force on the patella can result in pinching of the fat pad between femur and tibial plateau. The tibial plateau is the proximal tibial surface on which the femur rests.
HFP is surrounded anteriorly by the patellar tendon and the joint capsule, superiorly by the inferior pole of the patella, inferiorly by the proximal tibia and the deep infrapatellar bursa, and posteriorly by the joint synovium .
The main function of the HFP is to reduce friction between the patella, the patellar tendon, and the deep skeletal structures. In addition, it prevents pinching of the synovial membrane and it facilitates the vascularization of adjacent structures.
Causes:-
cause is usually due to single or repetitive traumatic episodes.
when you extend your knee the fat pad act as a cushion and reduces friction between outer patella facets and quadriceps tendons .
when you flex your knee ,upper part of fat pad becomes tensioned, it moves backwards in the knee.
it develops gradually over time if you repeatedly move your knee.
This is when your knee is forced to move forward from its completely straight normal position.
You may have always been able to over straighten your knee, which is called knee hyperextension or genu recurvatum .
hyperextension sports such as basketball, volleyball or high jumping may also cause inflammation of Hoffa's pad.
Hoffa's disease is more frequent in young women and the symptoms are anterior knee pain when upstairs and downstairs.
Sign and Symptoms:-
Complaints of anterior knee pain occurs when playing hyperextension sports such as basketball ,volleyball or high jumping .effusion and inflammation may be occurs and decreases the ROM of joint , stair negotiation .
Symptoms may worsen if the knee is overly straightened or bent for too long a period. Complications may include an inability to fully straighten the knee.
Diagnosis:-
Hoffa's syndrome completely diagnosed by MRI .we have requirement of an experienced orthopaedics to diagnose it.
primary Assessment have to check the Active and Passive Range Of Motion(AROM/PROM) of Hip joint and Knee joint.
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This document discusses ankle sprains, including the anatomy, classification, grading, examination, and management. It notes that ankle sprains are common injuries presenting to emergency departments. The three main types of ankle sprains are lateral, medial, and syndesmotic. Grades range from I to III based on the severity of ligament tearing. Examination involves special tests like the squeeze, talar tilt, and anterior drawer. Initial management consists of RICE along with exercises to maintain range of motion. Rehabilitation focuses on functional exercises and proprioception training to aid return to activity and prevent chronic instability. Surgery may be considered in severe cases involving ligament ruptures.
Scoliosis and cobb angle
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature of the spine that occurs most often during periods of rapid growth before puberty. Mild cases of scoliosis may require only monitoring, but more severe curves can impair lung function. The Cobb angle measurement is used to assess the degree of spinal curvature, with treatment such as bracing or surgery considered for curves over 20-40 degrees.
Hallux valgus Deformity
Hallux valgus, also known as a bunion, is a progressive foot deformity where the first metatarsophalangeal joint is affected, causing the big toe to deviate laterally away from the second toe. This is often accompanied by pain and functional impairment. Non-surgical treatments include footwear modifications and orthotics to reduce pressure and pain. Surgical options vary based on severity, from osteotomies like the Chevron procedure for mild cases to joint fusions for severe deformities. Post-operative management focuses on gradually restoring range of motion and strengthening through physical therapy exercises.
Special tests
This document describes various special tests used to evaluate the cervical spine and shoulders. It provides the patient position, positive sign, clinical significance, and procedure for each test. Some of the tests described include Spurling's test and Jackson's test for the cervical spine, load and shift test and apprehension test for the shoulder, and supraspinatus test and drop arm test to assess the rotator cuff. The document serves as a reference for physical therapists and other clinicians to choose the appropriate orthopedic tests based on the patient's symptoms and medical history.
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Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is an overuse injury causing pain on the inner side of the elbow where forearm muscles attach. It results from repetitive motions like swinging a golf club or racket. Physiotherapy treatments include ultrasound, laser therapy, stretching and strengthening exercises to reduce pain and inflammation, improve range of motion and muscle strength, and prevent reinjury. Conservative treatments are usually tried first before considering corticosteroid injections or surgery. Proper form, rest, stretching, strengthening, and equipment choices can help prevent golfer's elbow.
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This document discusses the anatomy and biomechanics of the lumbar spine. It begins with an introduction describing the basic structure and lordotic curves of the spine. It then covers topics like the typical vertebrae, articulating joints, intervertebral discs, and ligaments. It discusses concepts such as the articular tripod mechanism and load distribution across the facets. The document provides clinical relevance for various anatomical structures and their relationship to pathologies like fractures, spondylolysis, and nerve impingement. In summary, the document provides a detailed overview of lumbar spine anatomy, biomechanics, and common pathomechanics.
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Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain that results from inflammation of the plantar fascia. It occurs when excess stress is placed on the fascia, often due to activities like long-distance running. Symptoms include pain along the bottom of the heel that is usually worst with first steps in the morning. Risk factors include age over 40, obesity, tight calf muscles, and wearing poorly fitting shoes. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and examination, while imaging can show thickening of the plantar fascia. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and stress on the fascia through stretching, orthotics, night splints, and heel pads.
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Compartment syndrome is a condition in which increased pressure within one of the body's anatomical compartments results in insufficient blood supply to tissue within that space.
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This document discusses compartment syndrome of the lower extremities. [1] It describes the anatomy of the four compartments of the lower leg and defines compartment syndrome as elevated intracompartmental pressure above 35-40 mmHg, causing capillary collapse and impaired blood flow. [2] It lists causes such as fractures and tight casts, and symptoms like severe pain disproportionate to the injury. [3] Early diagnosis by measuring compartment pressures and immediate fasciotomy decompression is important to prevent muscle and nerve damage.
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This document discusses various musculoskeletal conditions seen in orthopedic practice including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, trigger finger, tennis elbow, ganglion cysts, fractures, and low back pain. For each condition, it provides details on symptoms, causes, diagnostic approach and treatment options. Non-surgical treatments discussed include medications, bracing, exercise, and physical therapy. Surgical interventions like injections, arthroscopy and joint replacement are mentioned for more severe cases.
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1. Fractures of the clavicle and scapula are most commonly caused by direct trauma to the shoulder from falls or sports injuries.
2. Clavicle fractures usually occur in the middle third and are typically treated conservatively with slings or figure-of-eight bandages. Scapula fractures most often involve the body or neck and are also usually treated non-surgically with slings.
3. Complications can include malunion, nonunion, and stiffness; surgical treatment may be required for displaced fractures or those that do not heal properly.
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This document discusses carpal tunnel syndrome, including:
1. It provides an overview of carpal tunnel syndrome, defining it as pressure on the median nerve in the wrist that causes numbness, tingling, weakness, or muscle damage in the hand and fingers.
2. Risk factors include repetitive wrist motions, obesity, arthritis, and diabetes. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, and pain that is worse at night. Diagnosis involves physical exams and nerve conduction tests.
3. Treatment begins with splinting, medications, injections, and physical therapy. Surgery to cut the transverse carpal ligament may be considered if more conservative treatments fail.
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ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE.pdf
1. The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone and is commonly ruptured during sports that involve sudden stops or jumps.
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3. Treatment involves either immobilizing the foot to allow the tendon to heal naturally or surgical repair, followed by physical therapy to regain strength and range of motion.
Hip dislocation
This document discusses hip dislocations, including the anatomy of the hip joint, mechanisms of injury, types of dislocations, management, and complications. Some key points:
- Hip dislocations are usually caused by high-energy trauma and are often associated with other injuries. Early reduction can improve blood flow to the femoral head and decrease risks of avascular necrosis.
- There are three main types of dislocations - posterior, anterior, and central. Posterior dislocations result from the hip being flexed, internally rotated, and adducted. Anterior dislocations involve hyperextension and abduction forces.
- Treatment involves evaluation with history, exam, and imaging to determine type and any reductions.
Hamstring injuries in sport - Fadi Hassan
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Compartment syndrome is an elevated pressure within a closed muscle compartment that restricts blood flow. It can be acute, caused by injury, or chronic from exertion. Symptoms include pain, numbness, and weakness. Diagnosis involves measuring compartment pressure. If pressure is over 30mmHg, fasciotomy surgery is required to cut fascial layers and release pressure to prevent muscle and nerve damage. Without release of pressure, complications like contractures can occur.
regonal pain (1) (1).pptx..............
1. The document provides information on examining the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand, including anatomy, inspection, palpation, range of motion tests, and special tests.
2. Common causes of pain in these areas are described, including rotator cuff injuries, arthritis, tendinitis, bursitis, and neurological issues.
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- 1. COntU51on Quadricep Contusion Contusions Caused by impac t to a muscle. a quadrioep for example. _,.,.thig)I . ........._. ... ...,.h 1 .,. 1twt=~~11nr ~ - Pubali Kalita BPT
- 2. Quaclricep Contusion - It usually happens when someone gets hard badly in the thigh region . - It is more common in athletics . So ,in sports padding is of utmost importance . -Mechanism of injury is basically direct blow to the quadriceps muscle . r of the thlg at the level indicated Blunt trauma to the thigh that causes bleeding deep within the m115Cle
- 3. Contusions Caused by impact to a muscle, a quadricep for example: Front of the lhJgh (quadriceps muade) {CroM Stttion o( the thigh rJ at the level ( Indicated Blunt trauma lo the thigh lh&t aLdn bleeding deep w ithin the muscle
- 4. Quadricep Contusion Clinical Presentation : Swelling Tenderness Haematoma formation (skin discoloration) Pain Limited range of motion Blunt traWM lo tM lh.Jgh INI CIUHSblttdlft8 dttp within the 11111.sde
- 5. Quaclricep Contusion Classification - Mild pain (Active knee flexion : > 90degree, Gait : normal , Average loss of activity : 6 days , Description : Capillary rupture - Blood into connective tissue , Mild ecchymosis , Feels soreness after cooling down or the fallowing day , The injured area may be tender to touch , Ability to stretch the muscle may be reduced slightly , The strength of the muscle may also be slightly affected. 0 Quadriceps Contusion Shani tnum.a to the thigh lhatCIUHS blttdlng deep within the muscle
- 6. Quadricep Contusion Classification - Moderate Pain • t lhe ln indicatN ( Active knee flexion 45 - 90 degree , Gait: Antalgic gait, Average loss of activity : 56 days , Description : Crushing of the muscle fibres with vasomotor reaction , Minimum stiffness after rest, Swelling , Pain , Tenderness . ) o Quadriceps Contusion Blunt trauma IO tM thigh U..t,...,.blttdlng dttp within the muscie
- 7. Quadricep Contusion Classification -Severe Pain (Active knee flexion : <45 degree , Gait : Severely antalgic gait , Average loss of activity : > 60 days , Description : Rapid swelling and bleeding , The patient will be unable to walk properly without the aid of crutches , Pain , Tenderness . 0 Quadriceps Contusion Blunt trauma to the thigh INIcauses bleedingdttp within the mmde
- 8. Quadricep Contusion Management : NSAIDs Bracing followed by physiotherapy . PT Mx - Initially follow the protocol Rice , Ice , Compression . Immobilization (hinged knee brace ) Frequentcryotherapy After removing brace go for isometric exercise of the quads then AROM & PROM quads stretching till pain free range initially then with time progress with it , functional rehabilitation .