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R/3 Quality
Management                                             SN
                                                       G




Zhiquan Yuan
2005/06/13
ยฉ 2004 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
Strictly Confidential โ€“ Not for general distribution
Mission of Quality management


------provide the products without quality defect
to customers
                                      SN
                                      G
Market Requirements for QM
Systems

Objectives for                         Industry-specific
 total Quality                         standards for QM
Management       TQM             FDA   systems
                               VDA
                 QM system
                             GMP

                               ISO 9000 SN
                                     QS 9000
                                        G




                                        Standards for
                                        QM systems
QM Application Components

                                 MM

                                 PP
          QM
                                 PP-PI

                                 SD
                            SN
                            G
                                 SM


                           CO
                      PM
Master data in QM
๏ฌ Inspection type
๏ฌ Sampling procedure
๏ฌ Sampling scheme
๏ฌ Dynamic modification rules
๏ฌ Master inspection characteristic   SN
                                     G
๏ฌ Inspection plan
๏ฌ Material specification
Inspection type
๏ฌ Inspection type is defined in material master to
  trigger an inspection lot.

                                  01 Goods receipt inspection


                                  02 Goods issue inspection

                                  03 inspection during production
                                             SN
                                             G

                                   04 inspection at GR from
                                 production

                                  10 insp for delivery to customer

                              06 customer return inspection
Sampling procedure
sample size is determined by sampling procedure.

                Sampling procedure


   Dependent on lot size   Independent of lot size

                                          SN
                                          G
            %                   Fixed sample

         ISO2859                User defined
Sampling scheme
๏ฌ Sampling scheme consists of different sampling
  table.
๏ฌ Sampling scheme is assigned to corresponding
  sampling procedure to determine sample size.

   Sampling table
                                        SN
                                        G
    Lot size
    Sample size
    Acceptance/rejection number
Dynamic modification rule
๏ฌ The dynamic modification rule defines the inspection
  stages and the conditions for an inspection stage
  change.

Inspection stage

                                              tightened
                                         SN
                                         G    normal
                                              reduced
                                              skipped
                                              time
Master inspection characteristic
                                       Water
                                       13.5%




                                SN
                                G
                        Color: Green

   Ph value
    2.77
Inspection plan
๏ฌ inspection plan defines in which order individual
  inspection operations should occur and which
  inspection characteristics should be inspected.




                                           SN
                                           G
Material specification

Master inspection
                                             (Link)                   General characteristics
 characteristics



                            Material                      Batch class
        QM                specification
                                                                                CA
Basic data                                     A
                         Inspection specs.                  Results            R/3
                    QM                         Batch                    SNClassification
                                              material                  G    System
           General
          master data


  Inspection lot                               Quality
                                             inspection                    Usage decision
  creation
QM inspection planning data

                                    Sampling         Sampling
    DMR                            Procedures         Scheme




Inspection Plan   Operations       Characteristics
                                                SN
                                                G




                               Methods           Catalogs
   Material
QM Processes in the Logistics Supply
Chain


               inspection processes




                  Event-controlled processes
                                      SN
                                      G




                      Information management
Inspection Processes in supply chain
                           Request for
    Cause                                          Inspection                Decision
                           inspection

                             Inspection
                             stock


๏ฌ Goods movements       ๏ฌ Inspection lot                                  ๏ฌ Usage decision
๏ฌ Orders                ๏ฌ Inspection instruction
๏ฌ Deadline monitoring   ๏ฌ Sample-drawing
                          procedure                                        What is to happen
                                                                     SN
  What triggers an        What and how much        What are the      G     to the goods?
  inspection?             is to be inspected?      inspection results?




                        Logistics Supply Chain
Inspection lot origin

                      Goods
                      movement
                      Order
                      (production/
                      maintenance)

                      Sales
                      order          Inspection
                                         SN
                                     lot G
                      Delivery
                                     Quality inspection
               12
             11 1
           10
           9
                  2
                  3   Deadline
           8
              765
                  4   monitoring

                      Manual
Recording inspection results
                                      Inspection
                                      Lot




                          Recording inspection results for
                          operations in inspection lot


                        Unplanned                  Planned

                        Defect data                  Characteristic results
                                                                        SN
                                                                        G
        Defect data
                               Qualitative characteristics     Quantitative characteristics



                                                      Quality control
       Activate
 Quality notification
Recording sequence


   Inspection op. 10                                 Sample
                              Record results         Unit to be inspected
                                   for:              Physical sample
       Inspection char   .1
                                                     Equipment
                                                     Functional location

                                 Valuate
    Valuation modes:           characteristic       SN
   Manual                                           G
   Attribute codes
   Control charts
                                   Close
                                characteristic



                              Make usage decision
                               for inspection lot
Inspection completion


             No
               tO                       Dynamic modification rule
                            e:
  OK
                    K   Not

       Inspection
        lot
                             90
                                        4
                                        3                           Mail
                                        2
                                                            SN
                                        1
                                                          STG




  Make usage            Quality score       Quality level is Follow-up actions
  decision              Is calculated       Updated          are triggered
Inspection in procurement
 Purchase
  Order
               vendor


                             Usage decision
                             not ok
            Goods receipt    SN
                             G



                                  Invoice
            Inspection lot
Inspection in procurement
๏ฌ QM system
  --------QM system defines materialโ€™s quality requirements
  in material mater, for example ISO9001.
๏ฌ Skip for certification
  --------For certified vendor inspection lot will not be
  created during goods receipt.               SN
                                               G
Inspection in procurement
Vendor evaluation
                Mat : 60 - 100F


                              GR       Complaints   Price   Quality

                    Bates
                                  85      10        1,50     88

                Martin
                 M้ผ„ller           93      5         1,80
                                                      SN     92
                                                      G

                    Baxter        70      20        1,95     78




                                         QM
    purchase
Inspection in production


     Production order
     4711




                                        SN
                                        G
                            Inspection lot
                            4711
     Routing

  Operation.10
         .
  Operation.20
  Operation.30
                        Sample calculation
Inspection in production

Inspection lot
 4711




                                                                          Z

  Inspection point ๏ผš 1
                                                              SN
              char     target    Real                         G



                                                     n
                                                  io
                 Ph value 2.55   2.37
                                                at       Defect records
                 Color    green blue
                                             ic
                                          tif
                                        no




                           Nr .
                           Task
SPC

                                        Action limits

      Inspection results




                                        SN
                                        G
                                                Process

                      Control chart




                           Production
Sample Management in production
                                        the
                                   rming le
                              Confi -samp
                                               Sample no. 1250
                                   cal
                              physi wing
                                  dra
   Sampling
   procedure                                       Sample no. 1251
                       Inspection
Inspection                 lot
   plan                                               Sample no. 1252

                                              SN
                                              G

                                                   Sample no. 1253

    Planning               Creating
 Physical samples   Physical-sample records

                          Automatic
                                                   Quality inspection

                           Manual
Recording Results for Physical Samples
            Processing

      Physical-sample drawing


        Confirm the drawing     Record inspection results
        Of physical samples
                                 Insp.lot 345
                                      Lab A
        Distribute physical
                                              Phys.-sample no. PL1
        samples to the labs
                                                   Characteristic 001
                                                   Characteristic 002

                                              Physโ€”sampleSN PL2
                                                         no.
                                                           G
                                      Lab B
          Pooled samples
                                              Phys-sample no. PL1
        Lab A         Lab B                   Phys-sample no. PL1



                                    Make usage decision


                                   Store physical sample(s)
Inspection in sales and distribution

  Sales order              delivery                  Service




๏ฌ Customer specific    ๏ฌ Control info          ๏ฌ Customer complaints
                                                    SN
  Insp specification                                 G
                       ๏ฌ Inspection lot
                                               ๏ฌ Return inspection
๏ฌ customer/material
  Info records         ๏ฌ Quality certificate
Quality certificate


                      Quality certificates
      QM
                       Certificate planning


                                      SN
                      Certificate processing
                                      G
Certificate planning
 Content and form
                                      Certificate type ๏ผš

         Form
                        certificate
                                       Test certificate


                                        Certificate of
                                         SN
                                        Conformity
         Certificate                     G
         profile
                                       Certificate of analysis


 ๏ฌ Charact value from
   Product
 ๏ฌ Product specific
   content                                        R
Certificate processing

                                             Delivery
   Certificate profile
                                              Material
                                              /batch      Output
   Inspection data
                         QM             SD                determination

                                                         Output medium
                                                         Recipient
   Data from batch
                                                         SN
   /classification                                       G

                              Certificate


            R/3
        Archive link
                                                         Goods issue
Event-Controlled Processes
  Logistics Supply Chain


  Procurement         Production            Sales            Service



                           Pr oblem


                                                              SN
                                                              G


                           Notification
    Complaint
                             Defects               Customer complaint
    against a
     vendor                  Damage




                   Internal problem notification
Structure of a Notification
              Quality notification

                                        Tasks




Partners                             Activities
                                       SN
              Defect item              G




                   Tasks               Cause
 Activities
Early warning system



                  Mai
                        l         Number of quality notifications




                                                  SN
                                                  G




          QM Information System
Quality related cost


                                            Defect!
    Appraisal costs

                                           Quality notification
                      Quality inspection
                            QM
                                             Nonconformity
       QM order                              costs     SN
                                                         G
                                                QM order



                             CO

                      Cost settlement
Information Management

     Problem
      motifs.
                                  QM
      Quality                 Information
    inspection                                         Early
                                System                Warning
      results
                                                      System
                                                 SN
                                                 G
                                                   7865
$
                                                  Defect
                  x

        x                           Analysis/
            Product quality        Evaluations
Thanks


         SN
         G

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Qm introduction gdc ca

  • 1. R/3 Quality Management SN G Zhiquan Yuan 2005/06/13 ยฉ 2004 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Strictly Confidential โ€“ Not for general distribution
  • 2. Mission of Quality management ------provide the products without quality defect to customers SN G
  • 3. Market Requirements for QM Systems Objectives for Industry-specific total Quality standards for QM Management TQM FDA systems VDA QM system GMP ISO 9000 SN QS 9000 G Standards for QM systems
  • 4. QM Application Components MM PP QM PP-PI SD SN G SM CO PM
  • 5. Master data in QM ๏ฌ Inspection type ๏ฌ Sampling procedure ๏ฌ Sampling scheme ๏ฌ Dynamic modification rules ๏ฌ Master inspection characteristic SN G ๏ฌ Inspection plan ๏ฌ Material specification
  • 6. Inspection type ๏ฌ Inspection type is defined in material master to trigger an inspection lot. 01 Goods receipt inspection 02 Goods issue inspection 03 inspection during production SN G 04 inspection at GR from production 10 insp for delivery to customer 06 customer return inspection
  • 7. Sampling procedure sample size is determined by sampling procedure. Sampling procedure Dependent on lot size Independent of lot size SN G % Fixed sample ISO2859 User defined
  • 8. Sampling scheme ๏ฌ Sampling scheme consists of different sampling table. ๏ฌ Sampling scheme is assigned to corresponding sampling procedure to determine sample size. Sampling table SN G Lot size Sample size Acceptance/rejection number
  • 9. Dynamic modification rule ๏ฌ The dynamic modification rule defines the inspection stages and the conditions for an inspection stage change. Inspection stage tightened SN G normal reduced skipped time
  • 10. Master inspection characteristic Water 13.5% SN G Color: Green Ph value 2.77
  • 11. Inspection plan ๏ฌ inspection plan defines in which order individual inspection operations should occur and which inspection characteristics should be inspected. SN G
  • 12. Material specification Master inspection (Link) General characteristics characteristics Material Batch class QM specification CA Basic data A Inspection specs. Results R/3 QM Batch SNClassification material G System General master data Inspection lot Quality inspection Usage decision creation
  • 13. QM inspection planning data Sampling Sampling DMR Procedures Scheme Inspection Plan Operations Characteristics SN G Methods Catalogs Material
  • 14. QM Processes in the Logistics Supply Chain inspection processes Event-controlled processes SN G Information management
  • 15. Inspection Processes in supply chain Request for Cause Inspection Decision inspection Inspection stock ๏ฌ Goods movements ๏ฌ Inspection lot ๏ฌ Usage decision ๏ฌ Orders ๏ฌ Inspection instruction ๏ฌ Deadline monitoring ๏ฌ Sample-drawing procedure What is to happen SN What triggers an What and how much What are the G to the goods? inspection? is to be inspected? inspection results? Logistics Supply Chain
  • 16. Inspection lot origin Goods movement Order (production/ maintenance) Sales order Inspection SN lot G Delivery Quality inspection 12 11 1 10 9 2 3 Deadline 8 765 4 monitoring Manual
  • 17. Recording inspection results Inspection Lot Recording inspection results for operations in inspection lot Unplanned Planned Defect data Characteristic results SN G Defect data Qualitative characteristics Quantitative characteristics Quality control Activate Quality notification
  • 18. Recording sequence Inspection op. 10 Sample Record results Unit to be inspected for: Physical sample Inspection char .1 Equipment Functional location Valuate Valuation modes: characteristic SN Manual G Attribute codes Control charts Close characteristic Make usage decision for inspection lot
  • 19. Inspection completion No tO Dynamic modification rule e: OK K Not Inspection lot 90 4 3 Mail 2 SN 1 STG Make usage Quality score Quality level is Follow-up actions decision Is calculated Updated are triggered
  • 20. Inspection in procurement Purchase Order vendor Usage decision not ok Goods receipt SN G Invoice Inspection lot
  • 21. Inspection in procurement ๏ฌ QM system --------QM system defines materialโ€™s quality requirements in material mater, for example ISO9001. ๏ฌ Skip for certification --------For certified vendor inspection lot will not be created during goods receipt. SN G
  • 22. Inspection in procurement Vendor evaluation Mat : 60 - 100F GR Complaints Price Quality Bates 85 10 1,50 88 Martin M้ผ„ller 93 5 1,80 SN 92 G Baxter 70 20 1,95 78 QM purchase
  • 23. Inspection in production Production order 4711 SN G Inspection lot 4711 Routing Operation.10 . Operation.20 Operation.30 Sample calculation
  • 24. Inspection in production Inspection lot 4711 Z Inspection point ๏ผš 1 SN char target Real G n io Ph value 2.55 2.37 at Defect records Color green blue ic tif no Nr . Task
  • 25. SPC Action limits Inspection results SN G Process Control chart Production
  • 26. Sample Management in production the rming le Confi -samp Sample no. 1250 cal physi wing dra Sampling procedure Sample no. 1251 Inspection Inspection lot plan Sample no. 1252 SN G Sample no. 1253 Planning Creating Physical samples Physical-sample records Automatic Quality inspection Manual
  • 27. Recording Results for Physical Samples Processing Physical-sample drawing Confirm the drawing Record inspection results Of physical samples Insp.lot 345 Lab A Distribute physical Phys.-sample no. PL1 samples to the labs Characteristic 001 Characteristic 002 Physโ€”sampleSN PL2 no. G Lab B Pooled samples Phys-sample no. PL1 Lab A Lab B Phys-sample no. PL1 Make usage decision Store physical sample(s)
  • 28. Inspection in sales and distribution Sales order delivery Service ๏ฌ Customer specific ๏ฌ Control info ๏ฌ Customer complaints SN Insp specification G ๏ฌ Inspection lot ๏ฌ Return inspection ๏ฌ customer/material Info records ๏ฌ Quality certificate
  • 29. Quality certificate Quality certificates QM Certificate planning SN Certificate processing G
  • 30. Certificate planning Content and form Certificate type ๏ผš Form certificate Test certificate Certificate of SN Conformity Certificate G profile Certificate of analysis ๏ฌ Charact value from Product ๏ฌ Product specific content R
  • 31. Certificate processing Delivery Certificate profile Material /batch Output Inspection data QM SD determination Output medium Recipient Data from batch SN /classification G Certificate R/3 Archive link Goods issue
  • 32. Event-Controlled Processes Logistics Supply Chain Procurement Production Sales Service Pr oblem SN G Notification Complaint Defects Customer complaint against a vendor Damage Internal problem notification
  • 33. Structure of a Notification Quality notification Tasks Partners Activities SN Defect item G Tasks Cause Activities
  • 34. Early warning system Mai l Number of quality notifications SN G QM Information System
  • 35. Quality related cost Defect! Appraisal costs Quality notification Quality inspection QM Nonconformity QM order costs SN G QM order CO Cost settlement
  • 36. Information Management Problem motifs. QM Quality Information inspection Early System Warning results System SN G 7865 $ Defect x x Analysis/ Product quality Evaluations
  • 37. Thanks SN G

Editor's Notes

  1. ่ดจ้‡็ฎก็†็š„ๆœ€็ปˆ็›ฎ็š„ๆ˜ฏไฟ่ฏๆไพ›็ป™ๅฎขๆˆทๆฒกๆœ‰่ดจ้‡็ผบ้™ท็š„ไบงๅ“ , ๅ›ด็ป•่ฟ™ไธ€็›ฎๆ ‡้œ€่ฆ้’ˆๅฏนๅฏ่ƒฝๅผ•่ตท่ดจ้‡้—ฎ้ข˜็š„ๅ„ไธช็Žฏ่Š‚่ฟ›่กŒ่ดจ้‡ๆฃ€้ชŒ . ้€šๅธธๅผ•่ตทๆœ€็ปˆไบงๅ“่ดจ้‡้—ฎ้ข˜็š„ๆœ‰ไธ‰ไธชๅ› ็ด  , ่ฎพ่ฎก็ผบ้™ท , ๅŽŸๆ–™็š„้—ฎ้ข˜ , ็”Ÿไบง่ฟ‡็จ‹็š„ๅทฅ่‰บ้—ฎ้ข˜ .
  2. ่ดจ้‡็ณป็ปŸ็š„ๆ ธๅฟƒๅ†…ๅฎนๆ˜ฏ็‰นๅฎš็š„ๆŒ‡ๆ ‡ๅ’Œ่ง„่Œƒ็š„ๆต็จ‹ , ่ฟ™ไบ›ๆต็จ‹ๅŠ่ง„่Œƒๅบ”็”จๅœจ้‡‡่ดญ , ็”Ÿไบงๅ’Œๆฃ€ๆต‹็š„ๅ„ไธชๆ–น้ข , ็”จไปฅไฟ่ฏไผไธš่ฟ่ฅๅ’Œไบงๅ“่ดจ้‡็š„ไธ€่‡ดๆ€ง . ๆ ธๅฟƒๆ€ๆƒณๆ˜ฏๅผบ่ฐƒ้ข„้˜ฒ , ๆ‰ง่กŒ , ๅ’Œ้—ฎ้ข˜ๅค„็† . ไธๅŒ็š„่กŒไธšๆœ‰ไธๅŒ็š„่ดจ้‡ๆ ‡ๅ‡† . ๆ ธๅฟƒๆ€ๆƒณๆ˜ฏ้€š่ฟ‡ๆ‰ง่กŒๆ ‡ๅ‡†็จ‹ๅบ้ข„้˜ฒ่ดจ้‡้—ฎ้ข˜็š„ๅ‘็”Ÿ .SAP ่žๅˆไบ†ไธๅŒ่ดจ้‡ไฝ“็ณป็š„็ฎก็†ๆ€ๆƒณ , ไพ‹ๅฆ‚ๆŠฝๆ ท็จ‹ๅบ , ่ดจ้‡ๅ›พๆ ‡ๅ’Œ้—ฎ้ข˜ๅค„็†ๆต็จ‹็ญ‰ .
  3. ๅœจๆฃ€้ชŒๆ‰นไธญๆ‰ง่กŒๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ๆŠฝๆ ท่ฟ‡็จ‹ . ๅŒ…ๅซไบ†ไธ€ไธชๆฃ€้ชŒ็š„ๆ ทๆœฌ .
  4. ๅ–ๆ ท่ฟ‡็จ‹ๅ’Œๆฃ€้ชŒๆ‰น็›ดๆŽฅ็š„ๅ…ณ็ณป .
  5. ๆŠฝๆ ท่กจ็กฎๅฎš็š„ๆ˜ฏๆฃ€้ชŒๆ‰น้‡ๅ’Œๆ ทๆœฌ้‡ไน‹้—ด็š„ๅ…ณ็ณป .
  6. ๆฏไธชๆŠฝๆ ท็จ‹ๅบ็š„ไธๅŒๆŠฝๆ ท่กจไปฃ่กจไธๅŒ็š„ๆฃ€้ชŒไธฅๆ ผ็จ‹ๅบฆ , ๅฏไปฅๆ นๆฎๅฎž้™…็š„ๆฃ€้ชŒ็ป“ๆžœ่‡ชๅŠจ่ฐƒๆ•ดๆฃ€้ชŒไธฅๆ ผๅบฆ .
  7. ็‰ฉๆ–™็š„ๆฃ€้ชŒๅฑžๆ€ง , ็กฎๅฎš่ดจ้‡ๆ˜ฏๅฆๅˆๆ ผ็š„ๅ…ณ้”ฎๅฑžๆ€ง . ๆŒ‡ๅฎšๆฃ€้ชŒ็š„ๅฏน่ฑก .
  8. ๆฃ€้ชŒๅ‘็”Ÿๅœจๅ…ทไฝ“็š„ๆฃ€้ชŒๅทฅๅบ้‡Œ้ข , ๆฏไธชๅทฅๅบๆฃ€้ชŒไธๅŒ็š„็‰นๆ€ง . ๆฃ€้ชŒ่ฎกๅˆ’็กฎๅฎšๆฃ€้ชŒๅทฅๅบๅ’Œๆฃ€้ชŒ็‰นๆ€งไน‹้—ด็š„ๅˆ†้…ๅ…ณ็ณป . ๆŒ‡ๅฎšๆฃ€้ชŒ็š„ๅ…ทไฝ“ๅœฐ็‚น .
  9. ้’ˆๅฏนๆ‰นๆฌก็ฎก็†็š„็‰ฉๆ–™ , ๆŸไบ›็‰นๆ€งๆ—ขๆ˜ฏๆฃ€้ชŒ็‰นๆ€งๅˆๆ˜ฏๆ‰นๆฌก็‰นๆ€ง , ๅนถไธ”ๆฃ€้ชŒ็‰นๆ€ง็š„็ป“ๆžœ้œ€่ฆไผ ้€’ๅˆฐๆ‰นๆฌก็‰นๆ€งไธญ .
  10. ๅฆ‚ไฝ•ไบง็”Ÿๆฃ€้ชŒๆ‰นๅŠ็กฎๅฎšๆ ทๆœฌๆ•ฐ้‡ .
  11. ๅ’Œ็‰ฉๆ–™็งปๅŠจๅ‘็”Ÿ็š„็›ธๅ…ณๆฃ€้ชŒ้ƒฝๆ˜ฏ็›ธๅŒ็š„่ฟ‡็จ‹ .
  12. ็ณป็ปŸ่‡ชๅŠจ่งฆๅ‘ๅŽ่€…ๆ˜ฏๆ‰‹ๅทฅๅˆ›ๅปบ .
  13. ๆฃ€้ชŒ็‰นๆ€งๅช้’ˆๅฏนๅ…ณ้”ฎ็š„ๆฃ€้ชŒๆŒ‡ๆ ‡่ฎพ็ฝฎ , ้’ˆๅฏนๆฃ€ๆต‹ไธญๅ‘็Žฐ็š„ๆ„ๅค–้—ฎ้ข˜่€Œไธ”ๆฒกๆœ‰ๆฃ€้ชŒ็‰นๆ€งๅฎšไน‰ , ้‚ฃไนˆไฝฟ็”จ็ผบ้™ทๆ่ฟฐ , ็ผบ้™ทๅฏไปฅๆฟ€ๆดป่ดจ้‡้€š็Ÿฅๅ• , ๅฐ†็ผบ้™ท้—ฎ้ข˜้€š็Ÿฅ็›ธๅ…ณ่ดŸ่ดฃไบบ .
  14. ๆฃ€้ชŒ็ป“ๆžœๅฏๆ˜ฏๆ˜ฏ้’ˆๅฏนๆ ทๆœฌๆ€ปไฝ“็š„ , ไนŸๅฏๆ˜ฏ้’ˆๅฏนๆฏไธชๅ…ทไฝ“ๅ•ไฝ็š„ . ไธๅŒ็š„ๆฃ€้ชŒ็ป“ๆžœๆœ‰ไธๅŒ็š„่ดจ้‡่ฎฐๅˆ† .
  15. ไฝฟ็”จๅ†ณ็ญ–ๆ—ถ็š„ๅบ“ๅญ˜่ฝฌๆข . ไธๅŒ็š„ๅ†ณ็ญ–ๅฏนๅบ”ไบŽไธๅŒ็š„่ดจ้‡่ฎฐๅˆ† .
  16. ่ฎค่ฏไพ›ๅบ”ๅ•†ๅ…ๆฃ€ .
  17. Notification ๆ่ฟฐ้—ฎ้ข˜็š„ๆฅๆบ , ็›ธๅ…ณ็š„ๅ‡ญ่ฏ , ไพ›ๅบ”ๅ•† , ๅฎขๆˆทไฟกๆฏ . ๆŒ‡ๅฎš้’ˆๅฏน็‰นๅฎš็š„้—ฎ้ข˜ๆ‰€้œ€่ฆ้‡‡ๅ–็š„ไปปๅŠก .
  18. ้ข„้˜ฒๆˆๆœฌ ), ๆฃ€้ชŒๆˆๆœฌ ), ๅบŸๅ“ๆˆๆœฌ , ้€€ๅ›ž , ๆŠ•่ฏ‰ๅค„็† , ็ดข่ต”ๆˆๆœฌ .