This document discusses various topics related to air pollution and the environment. It begins with a section on acid rain that describes its causes as emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the use of coal, smelting, and vehicle combustion. These pollutants are converted into acids that can travel long distances and return to earth as acid rain, snow, or fog, harming wildlife, plants, and infrastructure. Subsequent sections cover agricultural burning regulations and effects, how to file an air pollution complaint, health effects of carbon monoxide, CFCs and their impact on the ozone layer, ultra low sulfur diesel fuel standards, diesel particulate matter health risks, and the differences between stratospheric and ground level ozone.
The document discusses ways to protect the ozone layer from depletion. It first provides background on how the ozone layer is being depleted by man-made chemicals like CFCs and halons. It then lists five ways to protect the ozone layer: 1) Limit private vehicle use to reduce emissions; 2) Use eco-friendly cleaning products instead of toxic chemicals; 3) Avoid using pesticides which also contain chemicals; 4) Develop stringent regulations for rocket launches which release ozone-depleting compounds; 5) Ban the dangerous nitrous oxide which was not included in the Montreal Protocol. The document emphasizes individual actions like choosing cleaner transportation but also calls for government bans and regulations of industrial chemicals.
Oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and over 70 other hazardous chemicals are polluting the air we breathe every day through various sources such as agriculture, fuel burning, and smoking. These chemicals are making people sick and causing health issues like pneumonia, cancer, and leukemia, with air pollution killing an estimated 2,400 Australians annually. The pollution is also damaging the environment by thickening the ozone layer and contributing to global warming, which threatens plant and animal life. Small actions like using energy efficient appliances, purchasing green energy, and wearing warmer clothes can help reduce pollution and create a better world.
The document discusses the stratospheric ozone layer, the causes and impacts of its depletion, and efforts to address the problem. It notes that the ozone layer protects the Earth from UV radiation but has been thinning due to ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. Increased UV exposure can harm humans, agriculture, and ecosystems. The Montreal Protocol banned production of major ozone-depleting chemicals and governments are regulating their use, but continued actions are needed to prevent further ozone layer depletion.
Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV rays but its concentration is being reduced by ozone-depleting pollutants like CFCs and NOx. CFCs were commonly used in aerosol sprays and refrigerants until they were banned, but their effects will persist for a long time. When CFCs and NOx reach the stratosphere, their breakdown releases chlorine and nitrogen atoms that catalyze the destruction of ozone molecules, reducing the protective ozone layer. Alternatives to CFCs without chlorine, like HFCs and HCFCs, have been developed to prevent further ozone depletion.
Ozone is the protective layer around the Earths surface which protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiations of sun. It is the layer which lies in stratosphere and absorbs the harmful radiation, in other words it acts like an umbrella. But anthropocentric activities causing the destruction of ozone layer by emission n of CFC's from coolants and refrigerators. This ozone layer is to be protected for existence of life on Earth. In order to protect this layer ever year 16th September. is celebrated as a world ozone day. Lets join the fight to protect this layer and to live without any fear.
The document discusses the ozone layer and its depletion. It begins by defining ozone and describing where it is located in the atmosphere, forming an important protective layer. It then explains that ozone depletion is primarily caused by chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone depleting substances released into the air. This leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface and causes problems like skin cancer, as well as broader issues like global warming. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out the harmful substances and allow the ozone layer to recover over time.
The ozone layer, situated 15-30 km above the Earth's surface, protects life by absorbing harmful UV radiation from the sun. CFCs released into the atmosphere are destroying the ozone layer, with depletion rates highest in polar regions. This destruction increases harmful UV rays, risking skin cancer, eye cataracts, and damage to plants and small organisms. CFCs were widely used but are being phased out and banned due to their ozone-destroying effects.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the formation and importance of the ozone layer. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer and increasing UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. This poses risks to human health through higher rates of skin cancer and to food supplies and other animal populations. The Montreal Protocol was adopted in 1987 to phase out CFC production and help restore the ozone layer, though it will take decades for effects to be reversed.
The document discusses ways to protect the ozone layer from depletion. It first provides background on how the ozone layer is being depleted by man-made chemicals like CFCs and halons. It then lists five ways to protect the ozone layer: 1) Limit private vehicle use to reduce emissions; 2) Use eco-friendly cleaning products instead of toxic chemicals; 3) Avoid using pesticides which also contain chemicals; 4) Develop stringent regulations for rocket launches which release ozone-depleting compounds; 5) Ban the dangerous nitrous oxide which was not included in the Montreal Protocol. The document emphasizes individual actions like choosing cleaner transportation but also calls for government bans and regulations of industrial chemicals.
Oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and over 70 other hazardous chemicals are polluting the air we breathe every day through various sources such as agriculture, fuel burning, and smoking. These chemicals are making people sick and causing health issues like pneumonia, cancer, and leukemia, with air pollution killing an estimated 2,400 Australians annually. The pollution is also damaging the environment by thickening the ozone layer and contributing to global warming, which threatens plant and animal life. Small actions like using energy efficient appliances, purchasing green energy, and wearing warmer clothes can help reduce pollution and create a better world.
The document discusses the stratospheric ozone layer, the causes and impacts of its depletion, and efforts to address the problem. It notes that the ozone layer protects the Earth from UV radiation but has been thinning due to ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. Increased UV exposure can harm humans, agriculture, and ecosystems. The Montreal Protocol banned production of major ozone-depleting chemicals and governments are regulating their use, but continued actions are needed to prevent further ozone layer depletion.
Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV rays but its concentration is being reduced by ozone-depleting pollutants like CFCs and NOx. CFCs were commonly used in aerosol sprays and refrigerants until they were banned, but their effects will persist for a long time. When CFCs and NOx reach the stratosphere, their breakdown releases chlorine and nitrogen atoms that catalyze the destruction of ozone molecules, reducing the protective ozone layer. Alternatives to CFCs without chlorine, like HFCs and HCFCs, have been developed to prevent further ozone depletion.
Ozone is the protective layer around the Earths surface which protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiations of sun. It is the layer which lies in stratosphere and absorbs the harmful radiation, in other words it acts like an umbrella. But anthropocentric activities causing the destruction of ozone layer by emission n of CFC's from coolants and refrigerators. This ozone layer is to be protected for existence of life on Earth. In order to protect this layer ever year 16th September. is celebrated as a world ozone day. Lets join the fight to protect this layer and to live without any fear.
The document discusses the ozone layer and its depletion. It begins by defining ozone and describing where it is located in the atmosphere, forming an important protective layer. It then explains that ozone depletion is primarily caused by chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone depleting substances released into the air. This leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface and causes problems like skin cancer, as well as broader issues like global warming. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out the harmful substances and allow the ozone layer to recover over time.
The ozone layer, situated 15-30 km above the Earth's surface, protects life by absorbing harmful UV radiation from the sun. CFCs released into the atmosphere are destroying the ozone layer, with depletion rates highest in polar regions. This destruction increases harmful UV rays, risking skin cancer, eye cataracts, and damage to plants and small organisms. CFCs were widely used but are being phased out and banned due to their ozone-destroying effects.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the formation and importance of the ozone layer. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere were depleting the ozone layer and increasing UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. This poses risks to human health through higher rates of skin cancer and to food supplies and other animal populations. The Montreal Protocol was adopted in 1987 to phase out CFC production and help restore the ozone layer, though it will take decades for effects to be reversed.
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer and its depletion. It discusses how the ozone layer protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It then explains how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were depleting the ozone layer when they were released into the atmosphere. CFCs break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere. The document also outlines observations that show the ozone layer depletion peaked around 2010 and is expected to fully recover by 2065 as CFC use has been restricted by the Montreal Protocol.
Ozone Depletion Potential of Different RefrigerantsHaroon Rashid
Ozone depletion occurs when CFCs and HCFCs released into the atmosphere reach the stratosphere. Ultraviolet radiation causes these compounds to break down and release chlorine atoms which then catalyze the breakdown of over 100,000 ozone molecules each. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led countries to phase out ozone depleting substances and strengthen protections for the ozone layer.
Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerantsharanadhreddy2
The document discusses ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants and the mechanisms by which CFCs and HCFCs damage the ozone layer when they reach the stratosphere. It explains that chlorine atoms released from these refrigerants can break down over 100,000 ozone molecules each. It also provides details on common types of refrigerants like CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and their ozone depletion potentials.
The document discusses ozone, its importance for protecting life on Earth from UV radiation, and the problem of ozone depletion caused by ozone depleting substances (ODS) like CFCs. It notes that ozone exists in different layers of the atmosphere and that the ozone layer in the stratosphere shields the planet from harmful UV rays. It then explains how certain man-made chemicals released into the air can destroy ozone molecules, leading to ozone depletion. The document outlines international agreements like the Montreal Protocol to phase out the production of ODS and protect the ozone layer. It concludes by suggesting individual actions people can take to help limit ozone depletion.
This slides includes all the topics about the ozone layer, ozone depletion, causes and effects. the significant of ozone layer.
This slide emphasize the purpose of ozone layer in our daily living.
Ozone is a bluish gas composed of three oxygen atoms that exists in two main layers in the atmosphere. The majority of ozone exists in the stratosphere, where it forms the ozone layer that protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. Ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons released by industry break down in the stratosphere, releasing chlorine atoms that destroy ozone molecules. This depletion increases ultraviolet radiation at the surface with negative impacts on human health, agriculture, plants, animals and materials. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led countries to ban ozone-depleting substances to prevent further damage to the protective ozone layer.
The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes and effects. It states that the ozone layer was discovered to be depleting in the 1980s due to CFC emissions. Antarctica has seen significant ozone destruction, with a hole forming over it that threatens both Antarctica and other areas if Antarctica's icecaps melt. CFCs released into the stratosphere cause chlorine atoms to break down ozone molecules, with one chlorine able to destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules. Ozone depletion leads to increased UV radiation, which can cause skin cancer in humans and affect plants, animals, and ecosystems. Many countries have signed treaties restricting CFCs to address the problem.
The document discusses the importance of the ozone layer in protecting life on Earth from harmful UV rays. It explains that while the ozone layer formed naturally, human activities involving chemicals like CFCs are depleting it. The effects of ozone depletion include increased UV radiation at the surface. International agreements have sought to regulate emissions and find alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. The document also discusses the formation of ozone holes over the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in shielding the Earth from UV radiation, and the threats to it. It notes that ozone is found mainly in the stratosphere, where it forms the ozone layer between 6-30 miles above the surface. The ozone layer absorbs most of the sun's UV rays and plays a key role in atmospheric temperature. However, chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances have damaged the ozone layer, leading to the Antarctic ozone hole. This depletion increases UV levels and can harm both human health and the environment. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have sought to phase out ozone-harming chemicals and find alternatives.
Tropospheric ozone, also known as ground-level or "bad" ozone, forms when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react with sunlight in the air. It is a major air pollutant that poses risks to human health and the environment. Ground-level ozone is the main component of smog and can cause respiratory issues in humans as well as damage crops and other plants. While it is naturally occurring in small amounts, emissions from vehicles, power plants, chemical solvents and other sources are increasing tropospheric ozone levels globally with harmful effects. Reducing NOx and VOC emissions through international cooperation is needed to address the growing threat from tropospheric ozone pollution.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone layer. It begins with an overview of the earth's atmosphere and ultraviolet radiation. It then discusses ozone, its physical properties, types (stratospheric and tropospheric), and effects on human health. The document outlines how CFCs and other ozone depleting substances cause ozone layer depletion, leading to formation of the ozone hole over Antarctica. This in turn causes effects like increased skin cancer and damage to marine life. The Montreal Protocol was adopted to phase out ozone depleting substances and protect the ozone layer. Individual actions and use of substitutes can also help mitigate ozone depletion.
Ozone occurs naturally in low concentrations in the troposphere but human activities have increased tropospheric ozone levels. Tropospheric ozone forms from chemical reactions involving sunlight and pollutants from vehicle exhaust, power plants, and industry. High ground-level ozone can cause respiratory health effects and damage plants by inhibiting photosynthesis and entering tissues. It is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Reducing emissions of ozone precursors from fossil fuel combustion can help decrease tropospheric ozone pollution and its impacts on human health and vegetation.
Observe World Ozone Day
16 September 2009
About World Ozone Day
In 1994, the United Nations General Assembly voted to designate 16 September as
World Ozone Day, to commemorate the establishment of the Montreal Protocol
on this date in 1987. The theme for 2009 is “Universal participation: Ozone
protection unifies the world”.
The document summarizes the ozone layer, how it is formed through the Chapman Cycle of chemical reactions involving oxygen and ozone, and maintained by a balance of these reactions. It also discusses how ozone protects life by absorbing harmful UV rays and the health and environmental effects of ozone depletion caused by substances like CFCs. The Montreal Protocol was created to help address ozone depletion by reducing CFC production.
Ozone exists in two layers of the atmosphere - the troposphere and stratosphere. Stratospheric ozone protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful UV radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone depleting substances released chemicals that destroyed stratospheric ozone, causing thinning of the ozone layer. Thinning of the ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health risks like skin cancer as well as risks to plants, animals, and ecosystems. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol aimed to phase out ozone depleting substances and allow recovery of the ozone layer.
Montreal Protocol and Ozone Layer DepletionBaral Pradeep
This presentation provides comprehensive information about Ozone, Ozone Layer, Ozone Layer Depletion, International Initiatives and Analysis of Montreal Protocol.
The document discusses ozone layer depletion and the formation of holes in the ozone layer over Antarctica. It describes how ultraviolet radiation breaks apart DNA and ozone absorbs UV light. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were found to catalyze the destruction of ozone through a series of reactions. Strong winds isolate air over Antarctica in winter, allowing ice clouds and CFC reactions to deplete ozone and form holes that grow larger each year. International agreements have led to a ban on CFCs to help the ozone layer recover.
hi everyone it is the most usefull of our some solution of routine life like what is responsibility of our envoronment and atmosphere...so see the ppt and know the problem,solution and many more future of deplating our ozone layer.......
This is PPT was presented by Mr. Girishwar of 9th std, JNV Lepakshi, to the INOVIT-2015 organised by Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu on 24-25th Jan 2015.
The document discusses ozone layer depletion caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the international response. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere rise into the stratosphere and destroy ozone molecules, thinning the ozone layer. This allows more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health and environmental risks. In response, the 1987 Montreal Protocol phased out CFC production and led to the ozone layer's gradual recovery, with full restoration expected by 2060-2075. The Montreal Protocol is considered very successful global environmental cooperation.
The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in protecting Earth from UV radiation, and causes of its depletion. The ozone layer is a layer of gas in the stratosphere that contains ozone, which absorbs 97-99% of harmful UV radiation from the sun. Depletion of the ozone layer began in the 1970s due to man-made chemicals like CFCs released into the atmosphere. CFCs are stable but rise to the stratosphere where they break down ozone molecules. Depletion of the ozone layer increases risks of health issues like skin cancer from higher UV exposure at the surface. Actions to prevent further depletion include limiting CFC and halon emissions and developing alternatives.
The document discusses various topics related to environmental science including:
1. It describes different types of environmental factors like biotic and abiotic that affect organisms.
2. It discusses various sources of air, water, and soil pollution including primary and secondary pollutants.
3. It explains concepts like greenhouse gases, global warming, carbon footprint, and protocols to mitigate climate change like Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement.
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer and its depletion. It discusses how the ozone layer protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation from the sun. It then explains how chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were depleting the ozone layer when they were released into the atmosphere. CFCs break down ozone molecules in the stratosphere. The document also outlines observations that show the ozone layer depletion peaked around 2010 and is expected to fully recover by 2065 as CFC use has been restricted by the Montreal Protocol.
Ozone Depletion Potential of Different RefrigerantsHaroon Rashid
Ozone depletion occurs when CFCs and HCFCs released into the atmosphere reach the stratosphere. Ultraviolet radiation causes these compounds to break down and release chlorine atoms which then catalyze the breakdown of over 100,000 ozone molecules each. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led countries to phase out ozone depleting substances and strengthen protections for the ozone layer.
Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerantsharanadhreddy2
The document discusses ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants and the mechanisms by which CFCs and HCFCs damage the ozone layer when they reach the stratosphere. It explains that chlorine atoms released from these refrigerants can break down over 100,000 ozone molecules each. It also provides details on common types of refrigerants like CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and their ozone depletion potentials.
The document discusses ozone, its importance for protecting life on Earth from UV radiation, and the problem of ozone depletion caused by ozone depleting substances (ODS) like CFCs. It notes that ozone exists in different layers of the atmosphere and that the ozone layer in the stratosphere shields the planet from harmful UV rays. It then explains how certain man-made chemicals released into the air can destroy ozone molecules, leading to ozone depletion. The document outlines international agreements like the Montreal Protocol to phase out the production of ODS and protect the ozone layer. It concludes by suggesting individual actions people can take to help limit ozone depletion.
This slides includes all the topics about the ozone layer, ozone depletion, causes and effects. the significant of ozone layer.
This slide emphasize the purpose of ozone layer in our daily living.
Ozone is a bluish gas composed of three oxygen atoms that exists in two main layers in the atmosphere. The majority of ozone exists in the stratosphere, where it forms the ozone layer that protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. Ozone depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons released by industry break down in the stratosphere, releasing chlorine atoms that destroy ozone molecules. This depletion increases ultraviolet radiation at the surface with negative impacts on human health, agriculture, plants, animals and materials. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have led countries to ban ozone-depleting substances to prevent further damage to the protective ozone layer.
The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes and effects. It states that the ozone layer was discovered to be depleting in the 1980s due to CFC emissions. Antarctica has seen significant ozone destruction, with a hole forming over it that threatens both Antarctica and other areas if Antarctica's icecaps melt. CFCs released into the stratosphere cause chlorine atoms to break down ozone molecules, with one chlorine able to destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules. Ozone depletion leads to increased UV radiation, which can cause skin cancer in humans and affect plants, animals, and ecosystems. Many countries have signed treaties restricting CFCs to address the problem.
The document discusses the importance of the ozone layer in protecting life on Earth from harmful UV rays. It explains that while the ozone layer formed naturally, human activities involving chemicals like CFCs are depleting it. The effects of ozone depletion include increased UV radiation at the surface. International agreements have sought to regulate emissions and find alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. The document also discusses the formation of ozone holes over the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in shielding the Earth from UV radiation, and the threats to it. It notes that ozone is found mainly in the stratosphere, where it forms the ozone layer between 6-30 miles above the surface. The ozone layer absorbs most of the sun's UV rays and plays a key role in atmospheric temperature. However, chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances have damaged the ozone layer, leading to the Antarctic ozone hole. This depletion increases UV levels and can harm both human health and the environment. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have sought to phase out ozone-harming chemicals and find alternatives.
Tropospheric ozone, also known as ground-level or "bad" ozone, forms when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react with sunlight in the air. It is a major air pollutant that poses risks to human health and the environment. Ground-level ozone is the main component of smog and can cause respiratory issues in humans as well as damage crops and other plants. While it is naturally occurring in small amounts, emissions from vehicles, power plants, chemical solvents and other sources are increasing tropospheric ozone levels globally with harmful effects. Reducing NOx and VOC emissions through international cooperation is needed to address the growing threat from tropospheric ozone pollution.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone layer. It begins with an overview of the earth's atmosphere and ultraviolet radiation. It then discusses ozone, its physical properties, types (stratospheric and tropospheric), and effects on human health. The document outlines how CFCs and other ozone depleting substances cause ozone layer depletion, leading to formation of the ozone hole over Antarctica. This in turn causes effects like increased skin cancer and damage to marine life. The Montreal Protocol was adopted to phase out ozone depleting substances and protect the ozone layer. Individual actions and use of substitutes can also help mitigate ozone depletion.
Ozone occurs naturally in low concentrations in the troposphere but human activities have increased tropospheric ozone levels. Tropospheric ozone forms from chemical reactions involving sunlight and pollutants from vehicle exhaust, power plants, and industry. High ground-level ozone can cause respiratory health effects and damage plants by inhibiting photosynthesis and entering tissues. It is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Reducing emissions of ozone precursors from fossil fuel combustion can help decrease tropospheric ozone pollution and its impacts on human health and vegetation.
Observe World Ozone Day
16 September 2009
About World Ozone Day
In 1994, the United Nations General Assembly voted to designate 16 September as
World Ozone Day, to commemorate the establishment of the Montreal Protocol
on this date in 1987. The theme for 2009 is “Universal participation: Ozone
protection unifies the world”.
The document summarizes the ozone layer, how it is formed through the Chapman Cycle of chemical reactions involving oxygen and ozone, and maintained by a balance of these reactions. It also discusses how ozone protects life by absorbing harmful UV rays and the health and environmental effects of ozone depletion caused by substances like CFCs. The Montreal Protocol was created to help address ozone depletion by reducing CFC production.
Ozone exists in two layers of the atmosphere - the troposphere and stratosphere. Stratospheric ozone protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful UV radiation from the sun. Chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone depleting substances released chemicals that destroyed stratospheric ozone, causing thinning of the ozone layer. Thinning of the ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health risks like skin cancer as well as risks to plants, animals, and ecosystems. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol aimed to phase out ozone depleting substances and allow recovery of the ozone layer.
Montreal Protocol and Ozone Layer DepletionBaral Pradeep
This presentation provides comprehensive information about Ozone, Ozone Layer, Ozone Layer Depletion, International Initiatives and Analysis of Montreal Protocol.
The document discusses ozone layer depletion and the formation of holes in the ozone layer over Antarctica. It describes how ultraviolet radiation breaks apart DNA and ozone absorbs UV light. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were found to catalyze the destruction of ozone through a series of reactions. Strong winds isolate air over Antarctica in winter, allowing ice clouds and CFC reactions to deplete ozone and form holes that grow larger each year. International agreements have led to a ban on CFCs to help the ozone layer recover.
hi everyone it is the most usefull of our some solution of routine life like what is responsibility of our envoronment and atmosphere...so see the ppt and know the problem,solution and many more future of deplating our ozone layer.......
This is PPT was presented by Mr. Girishwar of 9th std, JNV Lepakshi, to the INOVIT-2015 organised by Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu on 24-25th Jan 2015.
The document discusses ozone layer depletion caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the international response. It explains that CFCs released into the atmosphere rise into the stratosphere and destroy ozone molecules, thinning the ozone layer. This allows more harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth's surface, increasing health and environmental risks. In response, the 1987 Montreal Protocol phased out CFC production and led to the ozone layer's gradual recovery, with full restoration expected by 2060-2075. The Montreal Protocol is considered very successful global environmental cooperation.
The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in protecting Earth from UV radiation, and causes of its depletion. The ozone layer is a layer of gas in the stratosphere that contains ozone, which absorbs 97-99% of harmful UV radiation from the sun. Depletion of the ozone layer began in the 1970s due to man-made chemicals like CFCs released into the atmosphere. CFCs are stable but rise to the stratosphere where they break down ozone molecules. Depletion of the ozone layer increases risks of health issues like skin cancer from higher UV exposure at the surface. Actions to prevent further depletion include limiting CFC and halon emissions and developing alternatives.
The document discusses various topics related to environmental science including:
1. It describes different types of environmental factors like biotic and abiotic that affect organisms.
2. It discusses various sources of air, water, and soil pollution including primary and secondary pollutants.
3. It explains concepts like greenhouse gases, global warming, carbon footprint, and protocols to mitigate climate change like Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement.
Acid rain is caused by sulfur and nitrogen emissions from burning fossil fuels which react in the atmosphere to form acids. These acids fall to the earth as rain, snow, or dry deposition which can harm forests, lakes, and infrastructure. Effects include damaged trees, lowered lake pH levels harming aquatic life, and corroded buildings. Governments are regulating emissions and promoting cleaner energy to reduce acid rain impacts.
This document provides information about the atmosphere and ozone layer. It begins by outlining syllabus objectives related to the ozone layer, greenhouse gases, and air pollution. It then defines the atmosphere and describes its composition. Subsequent sections explain how ozone is formed and maintained in the stratosphere, how CFCs deplete the ozone layer, and the environmental effects of ozone depletion. The document also discusses the importance of maintaining carbon dioxide levels and explains terms like the greenhouse effect.
The document discusses global environmental concerns, specifically focusing on ozone layer depletion and global warming. It provides details on:
- The process of ozone depletion caused by CFCs and other ozone depleting substances releasing chlorine and bromine atoms that destroy ozone.
- Effects of ozone layer depletion including increased UV radiation impacting human health, plants, aquatic ecosystems and air quality.
- International agreements like the Montreal Protocol to phase out ozone depleting substances.
- Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane causing global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere.
- Potential impacts of climate change like rising sea levels and temperatures threatening food security and biodiversity.
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The document discusses various topics related to chemistry and the environment, including:
- The composition and layers of the atmosphere, including how temperature and pressure vary with altitude.
- How the atmosphere protects the Earth from radiation from the sun.
- How chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were depleting the ozone layer by reacting with ozone in the upper atmosphere.
- Other air pollutants like nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and their effects on air quality and health.
- The greenhouse effect of gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor in regulating the Earth's temperature.
- Water purification processes like desalination, reverse osmosis, and the use of chemicals
The document discusses environmental chemistry, specifically the chemistry of the troposphere and stratosphere. It outlines several chemical reactions that occur in the atmosphere including the formation of acid rain, ozone, ammonium nitrates and sulfates, and carbon dioxide. It also discusses the release of oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, and volatile organic compounds associated with combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. Finally, it outlines problems associated with the release of these pollutants such as acid rain and hazardous inorganic and organic compounds like peroxyacetyl nitrate.
Guyana faces several land use issues that impact its development. Improper land use planning has led to environmental problems, such as deforestation and pollution. This damages the country's ecosystems and natural resources. It also brings social issues like lack of adequate housing and settlement areas. Without a structured approach to land allocation, Guyana's economic growth is hindered. The researchers aim to understand how Guyana can implement better land use planning to promote more sustainable and equitable development.
The document discusses several topics related to air pollution and global warming including:
1) It describes different types of air pollution such as smog and their causes.
2) Health effects of air pollution include respiratory diseases and damage to plants and aquatic life.
3) Global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases from human activities and can lead to issues like rising sea levels and more extreme weather.
4) Solutions discussed include international agreements to reduce emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.
The document provides an overview of air pollution, including natural and human-caused sources, conventional pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, indoor and outdoor effects on health, and international efforts to regulate pollution through agreements like the Montreal Protocol. Key topics covered include the various types of primary and secondary pollutants, criteria pollutants defined by the Clean Air Act, long-range transport of pollutants globally, and the formation of the ozone hole from CFC emissions.
Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms that exists in both the upper and lower atmosphere. In the stratosphere, ozone forms a layer that protects the Earth from UV radiation, but in the troposphere it is a air pollutant. The document discusses the formation of ozone, its roles in the atmosphere, and how CFCs were depleting the ozone layer until they were regulated by the Montreal Protocol.
The document discusses World Ozone Day which is observed annually on September 16th to commemorate the signing of the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. It provides background on the formation of the ozone layer and how it allowed life to evolve on land. It also describes the causes and effects of ozone depletion and the various international agreements to phase out ozone depleting substances like CFCs. Satellite images show the Antarctic ozone hole has reduced in size in recent decades but recovery is still ongoing. Continued enforcement of protocols and further scientific study are needed.
Ozone Layer Depletion, Greenhouse Effect & Global WarmingNeetha Joseph
This is a presentation regarding some of those little threats our Earth is going through....The presentation is made interesting with a wide range of pictures, illustrations and animations...Please download to see the animated slideshow...Hope this comes of help to you!
This document discusses various types of air and water pollution. It begins by defining air pollution as the contamination of air by unwanted substances that have harmful effects. Major sources of air pollution are identified as vehicles, industries, biomass burning, and fossil fuel combustion. Effects of air pollution like acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and global warming are explained. Indoor air pollution from biomass burning is highlighted as a major issue for developing countries. Water pollution is defined as the addition of harmful substances to water bodies. Untreated sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff are identified as primary sources of water pollution, which can contaminate drinking water and harm aquatic life. Methods of water purification like filtration, boiling, and chlorination
Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical processes that occur in natural environments, including air, water, soil, and living organisms. It involves understanding the chemical properties and behavior of natural substances, such as minerals, gases, and organic matter, as well as the impact of human activities on the environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
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Acid Rain
What causes acidic deposition?
Acid deposition - commonly called acid rain - is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Although
natural sources of sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides do exist, more of the sulphur and of the nitrogen emissions
occurring are of human origin. These primary air pollutants arise from the use of coal in the production of electricity, fr om
base-metal smelting, and from fuel combustion in vehicles. Once released into the atmosphere, they can be converted
chemically into such secondary pollutants as nitric acid and sulfuric acid, both of which dissolve easily in water. The
resulting acidic water droplets can be carried long distances by prevailing winds, returning to Earth as acid rain, snow, or
fog.
What is acid rain?
"Acid rain" is a broad term used to describe several ways that acids fall out of the atmosphere. A more precise term is ac id
deposition, which has two parts: wet (rain, fog, and snow) and dry (particles and gases).
Acid rain's effects include:
harming fish and other organisms living in lakes and streams harming to a variety of plants and animals on land
damaging human health
reducing how clearly we see through the air damaging to materials like those found in statues and buildings.
The specific effects and their severity depends on several factors, including soil and surface water chemistry, the amount of
air pollution that creates acid rain, and the specific species involved. For more information, see the acid rain home page.
Agricultural Burning
What are the local regulations for agricultural burning in my area?
Local burning restrictions vary with current atmospheric and weather conditions. To check whether or not there is a
burning restriction in your area check the local air pollution authority that oversees your county or state.
What are the effects of agricultural burning?
Burning agricultural waste is a source of particulate matter and other criteria pollutants. It can greatly effect the regional
air quality, visibility and ground level ozone potential.
Where can I get a burn permit?
Contact your state or local agency for a permit availability and a allocation location near you..
Air Pollution Complaints
Where do I go to make a complaint about air pollution in my area?
All complaints about violations of air quality, whether from a point source or general regional air quality, should go to the
local air pollution authority. See State and local contacts page.
Carbon Monoxide
What are health effects of Carbon Monoxide?
When we breathe air containing carbon monoxide, it is absorbed through the bloodstream where it displaces oxygen and
bonds with the hemoglobin in your blood. Carbon monoxide has a greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen; CO bonds to
hemoglobin about 250 times better than oxygen. Without oxygen, vital organs, your heart and brain become deprived and
will begin to deteriorate. To compensate, your heart rate increases, breathing may become difficult and in the most serious
circumstances cardiac trauma, brain damage, coma and even death will result.
What are the health effects of Carbon Monoxide?
When we breathe air containing carbon monoxide, it is absorbed through the bloodstream where it displaces oxygen and
bonds with the hemoglobin in your blood. Carbon monoxide has a greater affinity to hemoglobin than ox ygen; CO bonds to
hemoglobin about 250 times better than oxygen. Without oxygen, vital organs, your heart and brain become deprived and
will begin to deteriorate. To compensate, your heart rate increases, breathing may become difficult and in the most serious
circumstances cardiac trauma, brain damage, coma and even death will result.
What are the sources of Carbon Monoxide at home?
Clogged chimney, wood stove, wood and gas fireplace, automobile garage, gas and water heater, gas appliances, gas or
kerosene heater, cigarette smoke.
CFC's and the Ozone Layer
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What are CFC's?
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They
are used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as
refrigerants. CFC= s react with sunlight in the earth's stratosphere to break down the protective ozone layer, a layer of gas
that shields the earths surface from damaging UV-B rays.
What are ozone and the ozone layer?
Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. The oxygen we breathe (O2) is similar but has only two oxygen
atoms. High up in a region of the upper atmosphere known as the stratosphere, light rays can break down breathable
oxygen into two individual oxygen atoms. Single oxygen atoms are quite reactive, and ozone is formed when one of these
lone oxygens bump into and combine with O2.
But ozone isn't very stable either. If a high-energy light ray, in particular ultraviolet-B (UV-B), strikes an ozone molecule, it
too will break down, back to the lone oxygen and O2. Other molecules naturally found in the stratosphere, such as nitrous
oxide, can also react with O3 and break it down.
Over time, as the atmosphere formed, the reactions that create and break down ozone came into a dynamic equilibrium.
The result was a small residual amount of ozone concentrated in a band between nine and twenty-two miles high in the
stratosphere. This is the band popularly referred to as the ozone layer. But the equilibrium is delicate, and ozone is rare
even in the ozone layer. For every ten million molecules of air, two million are breathable O2, and only three are ozone. Yet
this small amount of ozone is enough to prevent most UV-B radiation from reaching the surface of the earth. (from UCS).
How is increased surface UV-B radiation harmful?
The harmfulness of UV-B stems from the high energy of these light rays, which allows them to penetrate deeply into water,
leaves, and skin. Because of this, increased UV-B radiation can harm the metabolism of cells and even damage genetic
material. Although living organisms have always been exposed to some UV-B, cellular repair mechanisms evolved to
protect against its damaging effects. The problem with increased UV-B is that it causes more damage than the natural
protection can cope with. Increased UV-B radiation leads to increased incidence of such problems as skin cancer, eye
damage and cataracts, and possible inhibition of immune system function in humans as well as other animals. Plants also
suffer under increased UV-B, and their vulnerability could result in reduced crop yields, damage to forest ecosystems, and
decreased populations of phytoplankton in the world's oceans.
What has been done to protect the ozone layer?
Through extensive research, scientists identified the human-produced chemicals that are responsible for the destruction of
stratospheric ozone. As evidence emerged on the extent of the threat to the ozone layer, the international community
agreed to control ozone-depleting substances and schedule a timetable for completely phasing them out. This agreement
is known as the Montreal Protocol and is a monumental achievement in international cooperation and environmental
protection. Furthermore, the protocol provides for an on-going process so that, as the scientific understanding of ozone
depletion improved, the phasing out process could be accelerated. The agreement also provides a powerful precedent for
similar international efforts to deal with global warming and loss of biodiversity.
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency is charged with enforcing the terms of the Montreal Protocol.
The treaty provisions are given the force of law through the Clean Air Act of 1990. Accordingly, chlorofluorocarbon, carbon
tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform production ended at the end of 1995; methyl bromide is currently scheduled to be
phased out by 2001; and all hydrochlorofluorocarbons will be phased out by 2030.
Is ozone depletion related to global warming?
No. Ozone depletion and global warming are separate problems, though some agents contribute to both.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the principle cause of ozone deletion, but they also happen to be potent heat-trapping
gases. Still, CFCs are responsible for less than 10 percent of total atmospheric warming, far less than the 63 percent
contribution of carbon dioxide. Thus, attention paid to CFCs has been on their ozone depletion role. This will change as
CFCs are phased out and replaced by hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs such as R-134a).
These chemicals have little or no effect on the ozone layer but are strong heat-trapping gases. As their concentration in the
atmosphere is already rising, the likely net effect in the future is that reductions in the CFC-related contribution to global
warming will be offset by the presence of HCFCs and HFCs. (UCS)
Cleaner Diesel fuel
What is ultra low sulfur diesel?
Because of the harmful effects that diesel fuel emissions can have on human health and the environment, the EPA has
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imposed a new rule requiring cleaner diesel fuel to be sold by September 2006 for use in large diesel trucks and bus es.
What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel is a clean burning mono-alkyl ester-based oxygenated fuel, made from vegetable oil, cooking grease, or animal
fats. Currently, the most common source is virgin rapeseed oil, with biodiesel also being processed from recycled frying oils.
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be domestically produced from agricultural resources, simple to use, biodegradable,
nontoxic and free of sulfur and aromatic compounds and meets the 2007 sulfur standards. Biodiesel is registered as a fuel
and fuel additive with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and meets clean diesel standards established by the
California Air Resource Board (CARB). Neat biodiesel fuel (100% biodiesel) has been designated as an alternative fuel by
the Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT).
What are ASTM standards? (Biodiesel.org)
All engines are designed and manufactured for a fuel that has certain characteristics. In the US, the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM). In the case of diesel fuel (and biodiesel), the responsibility for setting standards lies within
ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants. In order to assure that the standards are rigorous and robust,
ASTM committee D02 is comprised of fuel producers, engine equipment manufacturers, and third party interests (users,
government agencies, consultants). ASTM also uses a complicated ballot process in which a single negative vote is enough
to defeat a ballot, so this is a true consensus organization. An ASTM standard is not easily achieved. Some standards can
take over 10 years to gain agreement and be issued by ASTM. This rigorous, time-consuming process is why ASTM
standards are recognized and adopted by others worldwide.
ASTM fuel standards are the minimum accepted values for properties of the fuel to provide adequate customer satisfaction
and/or protection. For diesel fuel, the ASTM standard is ASTM D 975. All engine and fuel injection manufacturers design
their engines around ASTM D 975. In cooperative discussions with the engine community early in the biodiesel industry's
development, engine manufacturers strongly encouraged the biodiesel industry to develop an ASTM standard for biodiesel
fuel which would allow them to provide their customers with a more definitive judgment on how the fuel would affect
engine and fuel system operations compared to ASTM D 957 fuel for which an engine was designed.
Delegations
Diesel Particulate Matter
What is Diesel Particulate Matter?
Diesel particulate matter is part of a complex mixture that makes up diesel exhaust. Diesel exhaust is commonly found
throughout the environment. Diesel exhaust is composed of two phases, either gas or particle and both phases contribute
to the risk. The gas phase is composed
of many of the urban hazardous air pollutants, such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The particle phase also has many different types of particles that can be classified by
size or composition. The size of diesel particulates that are of greatest health concern are those that are in the categories
of fine, and ultra fine particles. The composition of these fine and ultra fine particles maybe composed of elemental carbon
with adsorbed compounds such as organic compounds, sulfate, nitrate, metals and other trace elements. Diesel exhaust is
emitted from a broad range of diesel engines; the on road diesel engines of trucks, buses and cars and the off road diesel
engines that include locomotives, marine vessels and heavy duty equipment.
How Do I Get Exposed to Diesel Particulate Matter?
The most common exposure pathway is breathing the air that contains the diesel particulate matter. The fine and ultra fine
particles are respirable which means that they can avoid many of the human respiratory system defense mechanisms and
enter deeply into the lung. In the National Scale Assessment, there are several steps used to characterize public health
risks. For diesel particulate matter, not all of the steps could be completed but a qualitative assessment was provided that
provided modeling estimates of population exposures. The estimated population exposure concentrations for diesel
particulate matter were the highest exposure concentrations in all of the New England states. EPA has medium confidence
in the overall NATA estimate for diesel particulate exposure based on the emissions and exposure modeling.. Exposure to
diesel particulate matter comes from both on road and off road engine exhaust that is either directly emitted from the
engines or aged through lingering in the atmosphere.
How Can Diesel Particulate Matter Affect My Health?
Diesel exhaust causes health effects from both short term or acute exposures and also long term chronic exposures, such
as repeated occupational exposures. The type and severity of health effects depends upon several factors including the
amount of chemical you are exposed to and the length of time you are exposed. Individuals also react differently to
different levels of exposure. There is limited information on exposure to just diesel particulate matter but there is enough
evidence to indicate that inhalation exposure to diesel exhaust causes acute and chronic health effects.
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Acute exposure to diesel exhaust may cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs, some neurological effects such
as lightheadedness. Acute exposure may also elicit a cough or nausea as well as exacerbate asthma. Chronic exposure in
experimental animal inhalation studies have shown a range of dose dependent lung inflammation and cellular changes in
the lung and there are also diesel exhaust immunological effects. Based upon human and laboratory studies, there is
considerable evidence that diesel exhaust is a likely carcinogen. Human epidemiological studies demonstrate an association
between diesel exhaust exposure and increased lung cancer rates in occupational settings.
At What Levels Should I Be Concerned?
There areseveral types of health hazard information to provide a quantitative "threshold of concern" or a health benchmark
concentration at which it is expected that no adverse health effects occur at exposures to that level. Health effects
information on carcinogenic, short and long term non carcinogenic end points are used to establish selective protective
health levels to compare to the modeled exposures levels. Unfortunately the exposure response data in human studies are
considered too uncertain to develop a carcinogenic unit risk for EPA's use. There is a Reference Concentration (RFC) that is
used as a health benchmark protective of chronic non carcinogenic health effects but it is for diesel exhaust and not
specifically set for diesel particulate matter which is what was modeled in NATA. The RFC for diesel exhaust, which includes
diesel particulate matter is 5 ug/m3. This value is similar to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard established for fine
particulate matter which is 15ug/m3.
What Can I Do To Minimize My Risk?
Avoid idling if you have a diesel vehicle, this means turn off your engine when your vehicle is not in motion. Keep your
diesel vehicle well tuned and maintained. If possible, retrofit diesel engines with pollution control de vices. If purchasing
trucks or buses, consider buying those that meet EPA's new standards ahead of schedule.
Health Assessment Document for Diesel Exhaust EPA HQ
NOx (Nitrous Oxides)
Where does NOx come from?
Natural sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) include volcanoes, lightening strikes and biological decay. Estimates range from
between 20 million and 90 million tons per year NOx released from natural sources, compared to around 24 million tons
from human sources world-wide. Nitrogen oxides are produced when fossil fuels are burned. The major sources of NOx in
the UK in 1999 were road transport (44%), power stations (21%) and industry (including iron and steel, and refineries)
(12%).
What are effects of NOx on Air Quality?
health effects of nitrogen oxides are similar to those caused by ozone. However, health effects of nitrogen oxides only
occur when higher concentrations are absorbed. Nitrogen oxides are fashioned during high-temperature combustion.
What is done to regulate NOx emissions by mobile and stationary sources?
Various control technologies are applied to combustion technologies. For a full description of the regulations imposed on
NOx by the EPA please see the page describing NOx as a criteria pollutant.
Ozone/Stratospheric and Ground level
What is ozone?
Ozone is a gas that is made up of three oxygen atoms (O3 ). Ozone is classified as either stratospheric (good ozone) or
ground level (bad ozone.
What difference between stratospheric and ground level ozone?
Stratospheric ozone or A good ozoneis a layer surrounding the earths atmosphere. It protects all life on earth from the
damaging effects of the sun's rays. Ground level ozone is formed by a photochemical reaction between atmospheric
oxygen (O2) and smog forming chemicals at the earths surface. It is odorless and colorless, but can have profound effects
on the human respiratory system.
What is the Ozone Hole?
The ozone hole is a well-defined, large-scale destruction of the ozone layer over Antarctica that occurs each Antarctic
spring. The word "hole" is misnomer; the hole is really a significant thinning, or reduction in ozone concentrations, which
results in the destruction of up to 70% of the ozone normally found over Antarctica. The A hole or A thinning of the ozone
5. Compiled by Prof. Purabee Purnasha Mishra. Page 5
layer is a result of a heat catalyzed reaction between Chloroflorocarbon and Ozone that breaks it down into atmospheric
oxygen (O2) and an oxygen radical. Once ozone is broken down, it takes a much more energy and time to react back into
its original form.
Particulate Matter
What is particulate matter?
Particulate matter, or PM, is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets .
Particles can be suspended in the air for long periods of time. Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot
or smoke. Others are so small that individually they can only be detected with an electron microscope. Some particles are
directly emitted into the air. They come from a variety of sources such as cars, trucks, buses, factories, construction sites,
tilled fields, unpaved roads, stone crushing, and burning of wood. Other particles may be formed in the air from the
chemical change of gases. They are indirectly formed when gases from burning fuels react with sunlight and wa ter vapor.
These can result from fuel combustion in motor vehicles, at power plants, and in other industrial processes.
How does particulate matter adversely affect human health and the environment?
Many scientific studies have linked breathing PM to a series of significant health problems, including: aggravated asthma
increases in respiratory symptoms like coughing and difficult or painful breathing chronic bronchitis decreased lung
function premature death. Particulate matter can also cause visual impairment and is a major cause of reduced visibility or
A haze that is a common problem in many of our national parks and urban areas. PM can cause deposition of heavy metals
and other environmental solids that contaminate soil and water across large distances. This long range deposition can,
making lakes and streams acidic changing the nutrient balance in coastal waters and large river basins depleting the
nutrients in soil damaging sensitive forests and farm crops affecting the diversity of ecosystems.
Pollution Prevention
What is pollution prevention?
Pollution Prevention (P2), also known as "source reduction," is any practice which reduces, eliminates, or prevents
pollution at its source. By reducing the total amount of pollution that is produced, there is less waste to control, treat, or
dispose of, and there are less hazards posed to public health and the environment. As Benjamin Franklin once said, "an
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure."
How can pollution prevention be achieved?
Pollution may be prevented by many types of approaches. Reduction of pollutants can be achieved by using raw materials,
energy, and water more efficiently. Conserving and protecting natural resources can also reduce the amount of waste
produced.
Actions which may prevent and reduce pollution include:
product redesign
substitution of raw materials
process or equipment modifications
improvements in maintenance, training, inventory control, or housekeeping
Why is pollution prevention important?
Preventing pollution offers important benefits, as pollution never created avoids the need for expensive investments in
waste management and cleanup. By anticipating the future, pollution prevention reduces both financial costs (waste
management and cleanup) and real environmental costs (health problems and environmental damage). As a result,
pollution prevention holds the exciting potential of protecting the environment and strengthening economic growth through
more efficient production and natural resource use.
How does pollution prevention fit into national policy?
The ranking of environmental management strategies is as follows:
1.Prevention--reduce pollution at the source
2.Reuse--reuse/recycle when you can not reduce
3.Treatment--treat pollution when you can not reduce or
reuse/recycle
4.Disposal--safely dispose of pollution as a last resort
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Radiation
What is radioactivity?
Some atoms (for instance uranium) are unstable and tend to change into other types of atoms. When they change they
release energy and sometimes particles.These atoms are radioactive and the energy or particles released is radiation.
Radiation can damage materials, including living tissue.
Is all radioactivity manmade?
We don't usually think about it, but radioactivity is part of the natural world. We are all exposed to background radiation
which includes cosmic rays, radon, and radioactive materials (like uranium) in rocks and soil. Background varies with
location. Radiation exposure in Denver, for instance, is generally higher than in Seattle because of differences in altitude
and natural radioactivity in the environment. There is no indication, however, that Denver cancer risks are any higher as a
result.
What about radiation risks?
Generally speaking there are high levels and low levels of radiation exposure . High levels include atomic bomb exposures
and exposures from some industrial accidents. We know that people exposed to high levels of radiation can become
sick.Radiation sickness or poisoning can occur within days or weeks of exposure. People exposed to high levels also have
an increased risk of cancer over the long term. Low levels of exposure (such as from regulated sources and background
exposures) are different. They are not high enough to cause radiation sickness. When it comes to cancer risk, the data on
effects is all based on high level exposures. It is not known for certain whether or not low levels of exposure increase
cancer risk. To be protective for public health purposes, the assumption is generally made that even small exposures could
have some risk. Therefore exposures are reduced as much as practical.
Are some types of radiation worse than others?
Different radiations present different kinds of problems. Gamma radiation is like X-rays: penetrating and shielded by lead
and other dense materials. Note that x-ray machines are not radioactive. They create radiation when turned on. Beta
radiation often accompanies gamma and consists of energetic electrons. Alpha particles consist of two protons and two
neutrons (the nucleus of a helium atom). They do not penetrate paper or skin, but could be of concern if inhaled or
ingested. For alpha, protecting from inhalation or ingestion is the first concern. For gamma, most of the exposure comes
from the radiation field produced by the source (like an x-ray beam). Reducing time of exposure, increasing distance from
the source, and using shielding are standard methods for controlling gamma radiation exposure. Some radioactive
materials target specific organs (radioactive iodine targets the thyroid).
Are microwaves and radio waves radiation?
Microwaves and radio waves are a kind of electromagnetic radiation, but they lack the energy needed to break chemical
bonds in cells. They are called A non-ionizing radiation to distinguish them from higher energy radiation such as gamma
rays. Non-ionizing radiation has not been shown to cause the same health effects as ionizing radiation.
What is my largest source of radiation exposure?
By far the average person's largest source of radiation exposure is from naturally-occurring radiation, primarily radon
indoors. Another significant source of exposure is the medically-related radiation most of us receive as part of medical
exams and treatment. Exposure from regulated sources is maintained as a very small fraction of these levels.
Aerosols
•
• Aerosols in the Stratosphere
Asbestos
• Indoor Air Quality
• Asbestos in Your Home
• Asbestos Health Effects
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Indoor Air Quality
• Protect Your Family and Yourself from
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning (PDF)(2pp,
Lead (Pb)
• Lead in Air
• Lead and Compounds
• National Air Quality Trends
• Indoor Air Quality
• Nonattainment Areas
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Ozone Depletion Glossary
Mercury (Hg)
• EPA Mercury Site
• Clean Air Markets
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65k,About PDF)
• National Air Quality Trends
• Automobiles and CO (PDF)(4pp,
21k,About PDF)
• Carbon Monoxide Nonattainment Areas
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Integrated Science Assessment on Carbon
Monoxide
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Ozone Depletion Glossary
• CFC Phaseout
• Title VI of the Clean Air Act
• Myth: CFCs Are Heavier Than Air
• Black Market CFCs and You
Criteria Air Pollutants
• The Six Common Air Pollutants
• The Plain English Guide To The Clean Air
Act
• Green Book Nonattainment Areas for
Criteria Pollutants
• Integrated Science Assessments
• National Air Quality Trends
Ground Level Ozone
• EPA Ground Level Ozone Site
• Good Up High, Bad Nearby
• National Air Quality Trends
• Health and Environmental Effects
• Automobiles and Ozone (PDF)
• AIRNow
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Integrated Science Assessment of Ozone
Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)
• Air Toxics Website: Basic Facts
• Pollutants and Sources
• Health Effects Notebook
• Hazardous Air Pollutants Information
• Radionuclides
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC)
• Ozone Depletion Glossary
• HCFC Phaseout Schedule
• Mercury and Air Toxics Standards
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• EPA Nitrogen Oxides Site
• Clean Air Markets
• NOx Trading Programs
• National Air Quality Trends
• Indoor Air Quality: NO2
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Integrated Science Assessment of Nitrogen
Dioxide
Particulate Matter (PM)
• EPA Particle Pollution Site
• Clean Air Markets
• National Air Quality Trends
• Effects of Particulate Matter
• Nonattainment Areas
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Integrated Science Assessment of
Particulate Matter
Propellants
• Acceptable Substitute Propellants
Radiation
• Radiation Protection Program
Radon
• Indoor Air Quality: Radon
Refrigerants
• CFCs and Substitute Refrigerants
• Vehicle Air Conditioners
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
• EPA Sulfur Dioxide Site
• Acid Rain Program
• Clean Air Markets
• National Air Quality Trends
• Nonattainment Areas
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards
• Integrated Science Assessment of Sulfur
Dioxide
Toxic Air Pollutants (see Hazardous Air Pollutants)
Volatile Organic Compounds
• Indoor Air Quality: VOCs
8. Compiled by Prof. Purabee Purnasha Mishra. Page 8
Are there litter laws where you live? If so, what is the penalty for littering?
Do you think cars should be banned from city centers?
Do you think people should recycle newspapers?Why or why not?
Do you think there are lessons to learn from nature?
How has the world changed since you were a child? (technology, values,
environment, health)
How often is garbage collected in your neighborhood?
If humans are really intelligent and not simply manipulated by their genes like any
other animal, why can't they do anything about overpopulation?
What are some things that can be recycled?
What are some things that your community is doing to help the?
What are some things which you recycle?
What are some types of pollution?
What are some ways that you can reduce pollution in this country?
What can you do to help prevent pollution?
What can you do to make this world a better place?
What do you think of people who smoke cigarettes indoors?
Which is more important, increasing people's standard of living, or protecting the
environment?
• Think of a situation in your area involving this issue.
• Which side would you choose?
Who do you think is more responsible for pollution, individual people or the
government? Explain.
What is the most important issue facing the environment today?
Do you know about any anti-pollution programs in your community?
• What about programs in your native country?
Do you usually drink bottled water? Why or Why not?
If you could chooseone alternative energy sourceto develop which one would
you choose?Why?
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Are companies more or less environmentally responsible now than they were in
the past? Why do you think that is?
Do you think recycling is an important community service?
• Do you recycle?
Who should pay for the costs associated with renewable energy?
Should we make the development of renewable energy sources an economic
priority?
What are some ways energy is wasted?
What types of energy are popular in your native country?
What is the main problem with renewable energy sources?
What can large cities do to improve their air quality?
How can we protect the environment and at the same time improve people's
standard of living?
Do you think overpopulation is an important environmental issue? Why or why
not?
Should an environmental levy be imposed on SUVs not used in the farming
community?
• How would this help the environment?
Should gas for motorists be more expensive?
• What would be the advantages and disadvantages of this?
Do think global warming is real?
• Do you think this is an effect of pollution?
Are worried about global warming?
If you live on an island or on the coastdoes this increase the danger from global
warming? Why?
What's happening to forests in the world?
What happens when we remove forests?
What can we do to protectforests?
Why should we recycle?
Does your local government make it easy or hard for citizens to recycle?
Are there people in your country who make their living from picking-up other
people's garbage?
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How is pollution effecting the environment of the United States today?
• How about your own country?
Does your country have a smoking ban law in place?
What are the benefits/ disadvantages of a smoking ban?
How do individual decisions about number of children affect overall population
numbers?
What is global warming?
Do you think nuclear power safe? Who should be allowed it and why? Who
should police it?
In what ways can we save more water? Please tell your experiences.
What should we do to increase the awareness about environmental pollution?
Do you have any ideas on how to minimize the use of plastic bags and Styrofoam
boxes?
Does your local government make it easy or hard for citizens to recycle?