Environmental chemistry is the study of the chemical and biochemical processes that occur in natural environments, including air, water, soil, and living organisms. It involves understanding the chemical properties and behavior of natural substances, such as minerals, gases, and organic matter, as well as the impact of human activities on the environment.
The document is a report on environmental chemistry and different types of pollution. It discusses water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. It describes the causes of each type of pollution and provides examples. For air pollution specifically, it details the primary and secondary pollutants, major pollutant sources like combustion of fossil fuels and their effects like respiratory problems. It concludes with solutions to air pollution like using public transport, conserving energy, and emphasizing clean energy resources.
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, and soil pollution. It outlines the key causes and effects of different types of air pollution such as smog, acid rain, and the ozone hole. The document also discusses different strategies to control environmental damage such as proper waste management through landfills, reducing waste generation, and other avoidance and reduction methods.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, effects, and classification. It begins by defining air pollution and noting its harmful impacts. It then describes the layers of the atmosphere and composition of air. Major causes of air pollution include industry, vehicles, and natural sources. Air pollutants are classified by origin, state of matter, and source. The document outlines various health, environmental, and economic impacts of air pollution.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This document provides information about a student presentation on climate change and greenhouse gases. It includes the names and student IDs of 10 presenters, definitions and explanations of the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases, descriptions of the major greenhouse gases and their sources, effects of climate change, ways to reduce greenhouse gases, and conclusions about the importance of the greenhouse effect for life on Earth.
1. The document discusses various types of pollution including air pollution, greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, and acid rain.
2. It notes that pollution can be in the form of chemical substances or energy and outlines some of the causes and effects of different pollutants.
3. Finally, it provides some recommendations for controlling pollution such as enforcing anti-pollution laws and properly disposing of materials.
Unit XIV discusses environmental chemistry and pollution. It introduces the topics of air, water, and soil pollution and the chemical reactions involved in atmospheric pollution like smog formation, acid rain, and ozone depletion. Major pollutants in the air are discussed like sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and dioxide. The greenhouse effect and global warming due to increased carbon dioxide are also summarized. The document provides definitions of environmental chemistry and pollution and classifies pollution sources and their impacts on the environment.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, sources, classification, effects, and the structure of the atmosphere. It defines air pollution and describes the major layers of the atmosphere. It then covers the causes and sources of air pollution, how pollutants are classified, and the effects of air pollution on human health, vegetation, and animals. Key pollutants and their health impacts are also mentioned.
The document is a report on environmental chemistry and different types of pollution. It discusses water pollution, air pollution, and soil pollution. It describes the causes of each type of pollution and provides examples. For air pollution specifically, it details the primary and secondary pollutants, major pollutant sources like combustion of fossil fuels and their effects like respiratory problems. It concludes with solutions to air pollution like using public transport, conserving energy, and emphasizing clean energy resources.
The document discusses various types of environmental pollution including atmospheric, water, and soil pollution. It outlines the key causes and effects of different types of air pollution such as smog, acid rain, and the ozone hole. The document also discusses different strategies to control environmental damage such as proper waste management through landfills, reducing waste generation, and other avoidance and reduction methods.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, effects, and classification. It begins by defining air pollution and noting its harmful impacts. It then describes the layers of the atmosphere and composition of air. Major causes of air pollution include industry, vehicles, and natural sources. Air pollutants are classified by origin, state of matter, and source. The document outlines various health, environmental, and economic impacts of air pollution.
This a presentation about the Air pollution and its causes & effects for the educational uses
It describe the definitions, types, info diagrams, sources, effects, and their controls
I hope this science could be a benefit for anyone who search the information
This document provides information about a student presentation on climate change and greenhouse gases. It includes the names and student IDs of 10 presenters, definitions and explanations of the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases, descriptions of the major greenhouse gases and their sources, effects of climate change, ways to reduce greenhouse gases, and conclusions about the importance of the greenhouse effect for life on Earth.
1. The document discusses various types of pollution including air pollution, greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, and acid rain.
2. It notes that pollution can be in the form of chemical substances or energy and outlines some of the causes and effects of different pollutants.
3. Finally, it provides some recommendations for controlling pollution such as enforcing anti-pollution laws and properly disposing of materials.
Unit XIV discusses environmental chemistry and pollution. It introduces the topics of air, water, and soil pollution and the chemical reactions involved in atmospheric pollution like smog formation, acid rain, and ozone depletion. Major pollutants in the air are discussed like sulfur and nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and dioxide. The greenhouse effect and global warming due to increased carbon dioxide are also summarized. The document provides definitions of environmental chemistry and pollution and classifies pollution sources and their impacts on the environment.
The document discusses air pollution and its causes, sources, classification, effects, and the structure of the atmosphere. It defines air pollution and describes the major layers of the atmosphere. It then covers the causes and sources of air pollution, how pollutants are classified, and the effects of air pollution on human health, vegetation, and animals. Key pollutants and their health impacts are also mentioned.
Air pollution from fossil fuel power stations and vehicle emissions contains chemicals like nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons that can form ground-level ozone and particulate matter through photochemical reactions. These pollutants present health risks and contribute to issues like acid rain and reduced air quality. Particulate matter less than 1 micrometer can remain suspended in the air for long periods and travel long distances, making air pollution a continental and global problem. Chemical pollution also affects water and soil through activities like burning fossil fuels and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. Prevention efforts include using alternative fuels and more sustainable agricultural practices.
CBSE-Class 11 - Chemistry -Chapter 14-Environmental ChemistryAarti Soni
Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical phenomena that occur in natural environments and how human activity affects these phenomena. It involves understanding natural chemical concentrations and effects, in order to study human impacts. Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates produced from fossil fuel combustion. These primary pollutants can form secondary pollutants like ground-level ozone and acid rain through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Air pollution is linked to various health issues and is a leading cause of noncommunicable diseases worldwide.
Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural environments. It involves understanding how the uncontaminated environment works and the effects of human pollution through chemical releases. Some key forms of pollution discussed are air pollution including smog, acid rain, water pollution, soil pollution from pesticides and industrial waste, and stratospheric ozone depletion from CFCs. Proper waste management and disposal is important to control pollution and protect the environment.
this presentaion will tell you about air pollution.. its my first time to upload a ppt. so sorry for the mistakes i have made..but next i will try my best
This document discusses various topics related to air pollution including:
1. Sources of air pollution can be natural like volcanoes or human activities like burning fossil fuels.
2. Major air pollutants include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.
3. Air pollutants can be primary emissions or form secondary pollutants through chemical reactions.
4. Effects of air pollution include harm to human health, crops, forests, and climate change. Control measures aim to reduce emissions and ambient pollution levels.
The document discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and health impacts. It defines air pollution and lists several primary and secondary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds. Sources of air pollution include industry, vehicles, and indoor sources. Health effects of air pollution include increased risk of respiratory and cardiac disease as well as premature death. Specific conditions like cystic fibrosis and COPD are exacerbated by air pollution.
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
The document summarizes various topics related to air pollution:
1) It describes the different layers of the atmosphere and the composition of air. Outdoor air pollution comes from both natural and human-caused sources like burning fossil fuels.
2) Smog forms from reactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Industrial smog contains particles from burning coal and oil. Photochemical smog irritates the respiratory system.
3) Acid deposition occurs as rain or particles and can damage statues, decrease visibility, and kill fish by acidifying lakes. Prevention efforts aim to reduce emissions.
This document provides information about various types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone layer depletion. It discusses the causes and health effects of major air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter which can be emitted from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like burning fossil fuels. Secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants are also addressed, including ground-level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its causes, types, and health effects. It discusses major primary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter that are emitted directly from sources like vehicle exhaust and coal burning. Secondary pollutants like ozone and smog are formed when primary pollutants react in the air. Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased risk of respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mathematical models are used to analyze and predict the dispersion of air pollutants.
The document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution with a focus on air pollution. It defines the different types of air pollutants including primary and secondary pollutants. It describes the major sources of air pollution from both anthropogenic and natural sources. It then discusses the impacts of various air pollutants on human health, the environment, and climate change through global warming. It provides details on indoor air pollution, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and remedial measures to control air pollution. The document also discusses national ambient air quality standards in India.
Rama Khadka's presentation discusses ozone layer depletion and global warming. It defines good and bad ozone, and explains how CFCs released from products deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, increasing UV rays at the surface. Climate change effects include rising seas, extreme weather, species loss. While international agreements aim to reduce emissions, urgent action is still needed given the threats of global warming. The presentation notes Nepal's vulnerability to climate impacts like changing rainfall patterns.
The document discusses various topics related to environmental pollution. It defines pollution and describes it as the addition of constituents to the environment that adversely alter its natural quality. Pollution can be natural or artificial, with the latter resulting from human activities. Major pollutants include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter emitted from sources like thermal power plants and industries. The document also discusses the classification of pollutants, types of environmental pollution like air pollution, and impacts of pollution like greenhouse effect, acid rain, and ozone depletion.
Learn all about Global warming and Ozone layer, find out why are we victims of global warming and what can we do to control the situation. Get a clear view of Ozone layer, Ozone Depletion as well as what to avoid in order to stop Ozone Depletion. Enjoy!!!
Environmental chemistry covers the study of chemical phenomena occurring in the environment, including the origin, transport, reaction, effect, and fate of chemical species in air, water, and soil. Major topics discussed include atmospheric, water, and soil pollution. Atmospheric pollution includes issues like global warming, acid rain, smog, and the ozone layer. The document discusses the causes and effects of these problems and stresses the importance of controlling environmental damage through strategies to protect air, water, and soil quality. It provides an overview of pollution issues specific to the author's hometown of Baddi, an industrial area facing water, air, land, and noise pollution problems.
This document provides an overview of the environment, biosphere, ecosystems, atmosphere, and various types of pollution including atmospheric, acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, and noise pollution. It defines key terms like biosphere, ecosystem, and the layers of the atmosphere. Diagrams show the biosphere model and how acid rain and the greenhouse effect occur. Tables list the major gases in the atmosphere and their sources and concentrations. Human activities like transportation, industry and waste are identified as leading causes of air pollution. The effects of pollution on health and the environment are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
This document discusses air pollution and its causes, effects, and potential solutions. It defines air pollution as a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. The major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels for energy and transportation, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and vehicle emissions. The effects of air pollution include respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, impacts on wildlife, and depletion of the ozone layer. Proposed solutions include using public transportation, better household practices, conserving energy, reducing and recycling waste, developing clean energy sources, and using energy-efficient devices.
This ppt had been made by me for National Science Concours level 2. Ihad won the !st place in India for this ppt.
This ppt was made to increase the awareness about the increasing levels of pollution in today's world. A fact has also been added in this ppt - a fact that most of the science students might be unaware of.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
Air pollution from fossil fuel power stations and vehicle emissions contains chemicals like nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons that can form ground-level ozone and particulate matter through photochemical reactions. These pollutants present health risks and contribute to issues like acid rain and reduced air quality. Particulate matter less than 1 micrometer can remain suspended in the air for long periods and travel long distances, making air pollution a continental and global problem. Chemical pollution also affects water and soil through activities like burning fossil fuels and overuse of fertilizers and pesticides. Prevention efforts include using alternative fuels and more sustainable agricultural practices.
CBSE-Class 11 - Chemistry -Chapter 14-Environmental ChemistryAarti Soni
Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical phenomena that occur in natural environments and how human activity affects these phenomena. It involves understanding natural chemical concentrations and effects, in order to study human impacts. Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulates produced from fossil fuel combustion. These primary pollutants can form secondary pollutants like ground-level ozone and acid rain through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Air pollution is linked to various health issues and is a leading cause of noncommunicable diseases worldwide.
Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural environments. It involves understanding how the uncontaminated environment works and the effects of human pollution through chemical releases. Some key forms of pollution discussed are air pollution including smog, acid rain, water pollution, soil pollution from pesticides and industrial waste, and stratospheric ozone depletion from CFCs. Proper waste management and disposal is important to control pollution and protect the environment.
this presentaion will tell you about air pollution.. its my first time to upload a ppt. so sorry for the mistakes i have made..but next i will try my best
This document discusses various topics related to air pollution including:
1. Sources of air pollution can be natural like volcanoes or human activities like burning fossil fuels.
2. Major air pollutants include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.
3. Air pollutants can be primary emissions or form secondary pollutants through chemical reactions.
4. Effects of air pollution include harm to human health, crops, forests, and climate change. Control measures aim to reduce emissions and ambient pollution levels.
The document discusses air pollution, its causes, effects, and health impacts. It defines air pollution and lists several primary and secondary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and volatile organic compounds. Sources of air pollution include industry, vehicles, and indoor sources. Health effects of air pollution include increased risk of respiratory and cardiac disease as well as premature death. Specific conditions like cystic fibrosis and COPD are exacerbated by air pollution.
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
The document summarizes various topics related to air pollution:
1) It describes the different layers of the atmosphere and the composition of air. Outdoor air pollution comes from both natural and human-caused sources like burning fossil fuels.
2) Smog forms from reactions between nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Industrial smog contains particles from burning coal and oil. Photochemical smog irritates the respiratory system.
3) Acid deposition occurs as rain or particles and can damage statues, decrease visibility, and kill fish by acidifying lakes. Prevention efforts aim to reduce emissions.
This document provides information about various types of air pollution including smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone layer depletion. It discusses the causes and health effects of major air pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter which can be emitted from natural sources like volcanoes or human sources like burning fossil fuels. Secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions between primary pollutants are also addressed, including ground-level ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate.
This document provides an overview of air pollution, including its causes, types, and health effects. It discusses major primary pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter that are emitted directly from sources like vehicle exhaust and coal burning. Secondary pollutants like ozone and smog are formed when primary pollutants react in the air. Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to increased risk of respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD as well as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Mathematical models are used to analyze and predict the dispersion of air pollutants.
The document discusses various types and sources of environmental pollution with a focus on air pollution. It defines the different types of air pollutants including primary and secondary pollutants. It describes the major sources of air pollution from both anthropogenic and natural sources. It then discusses the impacts of various air pollutants on human health, the environment, and climate change through global warming. It provides details on indoor air pollution, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and remedial measures to control air pollution. The document also discusses national ambient air quality standards in India.
Rama Khadka's presentation discusses ozone layer depletion and global warming. It defines good and bad ozone, and explains how CFCs released from products deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, increasing UV rays at the surface. Climate change effects include rising seas, extreme weather, species loss. While international agreements aim to reduce emissions, urgent action is still needed given the threats of global warming. The presentation notes Nepal's vulnerability to climate impacts like changing rainfall patterns.
The document discusses various topics related to environmental pollution. It defines pollution and describes it as the addition of constituents to the environment that adversely alter its natural quality. Pollution can be natural or artificial, with the latter resulting from human activities. Major pollutants include carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter emitted from sources like thermal power plants and industries. The document also discusses the classification of pollutants, types of environmental pollution like air pollution, and impacts of pollution like greenhouse effect, acid rain, and ozone depletion.
Learn all about Global warming and Ozone layer, find out why are we victims of global warming and what can we do to control the situation. Get a clear view of Ozone layer, Ozone Depletion as well as what to avoid in order to stop Ozone Depletion. Enjoy!!!
Environmental chemistry covers the study of chemical phenomena occurring in the environment, including the origin, transport, reaction, effect, and fate of chemical species in air, water, and soil. Major topics discussed include atmospheric, water, and soil pollution. Atmospheric pollution includes issues like global warming, acid rain, smog, and the ozone layer. The document discusses the causes and effects of these problems and stresses the importance of controlling environmental damage through strategies to protect air, water, and soil quality. It provides an overview of pollution issues specific to the author's hometown of Baddi, an industrial area facing water, air, land, and noise pollution problems.
This document provides an overview of the environment, biosphere, ecosystems, atmosphere, and various types of pollution including atmospheric, acid rain, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, and noise pollution. It defines key terms like biosphere, ecosystem, and the layers of the atmosphere. Diagrams show the biosphere model and how acid rain and the greenhouse effect occur. Tables list the major gases in the atmosphere and their sources and concentrations. Human activities like transportation, industry and waste are identified as leading causes of air pollution. The effects of pollution on health and the environment are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to air pollution presented by Capt. Adib Bin Rashid. It defines air pollution and discusses the types and sources, including the burning of fossil fuels, agricultural activities, exhaust from factories and industries, mining operations, and indoor air pollution. Major air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and effects like respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, and depletion of the ozone layer are explained. Solutions to air pollution like using public transportation and conserving energy are also provided.
This document discusses air pollution and its causes, effects, and potential solutions. It defines air pollution as a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. The major causes of air pollution include the burning of fossil fuels for energy and transportation, industrial activities, agricultural activities, and vehicle emissions. The effects of air pollution include respiratory and heart problems, global warming, acid rain, impacts on wildlife, and depletion of the ozone layer. Proposed solutions include using public transportation, better household practices, conserving energy, reducing and recycling waste, developing clean energy sources, and using energy-efficient devices.
This ppt had been made by me for National Science Concours level 2. Ihad won the !st place in India for this ppt.
This ppt was made to increase the awareness about the increasing levels of pollution in today's world. A fact has also been added in this ppt - a fact that most of the science students might be unaware of.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
2. ′ Scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in
natural places.
′ It should not be confused with green chemistry, which seeks to reduce
potential pollution at its source.
′ Study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species
in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity and
biological activity on these.
′ Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes
atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as heavily relying on
analytical chemistry and being related to environmental and other areas of
science.
Environmental chemistry
3. Atmosphere
• Temperature varies greatly with
altitude.
• The profile makes a Z-shape from
mesosphere to the ground
• Pressure is highest at the surface and
decreases with height.
• Fluctuations in pressure are a
driving force of weather.
4. Composition of the Atmosphere
•
•
•
The composition of gases in the atmosphere is not uniform.
Lighter gases tend to rise to the top.
Gases are measured in ppm volume (µL/L)
5. Environmental Pollution
¬Environmental pollution is the effect of undesirable changes in our
surroundings that have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings.
¬A substance, which causes pollution, is known as pollutant.
¬Pollutants can be solid, liquid or gaseous substances present in greater
concentration than in natural abundance and are produced due to human
activities or due to natural happenings.
¬Pollutants can be degradable, like discarded vegetables which rapidly break
down by natural processes.
¬On the other hand, pollutants which are slowly degradable, remain in the
environment in an unchanged form for many decades like DDT, plastic
materials, heavy metals, many chemicals, nuclear wastes etc
¬These cannot be degraded by natural processes and harmful to living
organisms
6. Environmental Pollution
¬In the process of environmental pollution, pollutants originate from a source and get
transported by air or water or are dumped into the soil by human beings.
7. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
¬The lowest region of atmosphere in which the human beings along with other
organisms live is called troposphere.
¬It extends up to the height of ~ 10 km from sea level.
¬Above the troposphere, between 10 and 50 km above sea level lies
stratosphere.
¬Troposphere is a turbulent, dusty zone containing air, much water vapour and
clouds.
¬This is the region of strong air movement and cloud formation.
¬The stratosphere, on the other hand, contains dinitrogen, dioxygen, ozone and
little water vapour.
Water and air, the two essential fluids on which all life depends, have
become global garbage cans.
9. Oxides of Sulphur:
¬Oxides of sulphur are produced when sulphur containing fossil fuel is burnt.
¬Most common species, sulphur dioxide, is a gas that is poisonous to both
animals and plants.
¬It has been reported that even a low concentration of sulphur dioxide causes
respiratory diseases e.g., asthma, bronchitis, emphysema in human beings.
¬Sulphur dioxide causes irritation to the eyes, resulting in tears and redness.
¬High concentration of SO2 leads to stiffness of flower buds which eventually
fall off from plants.
10. Oxides of Nitrogen:
¬At high altitudes when lightning strikes, Nitrogen and oxygen combine to form
oxides of nitrogen.
¬NO2 is oxidised to nitrate ion, NO3− which is washed into soil, where it serves
as a fertilizer.
¬In an automobile engine, (at high temperature) when fossil fuel is burnt,
dinitrogen and dioxygen combine to yield significant quantities of nitric oxide
(NO) and nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ).
¬The irritant red haze in the traffic and congested places is due to oxides of
nitrogen.
¬Higher concentrations of NO2 damage the leaves of plants and retard the rate of
photosynthesis.
¬Nitrogen dioxide is a lung irritant that can lead to an acute respiratory disease in
children. It is toxic to living tissues also. Nitrogen dioxide is also harmful to
11. (c) Hydrocarbons:
¬Hydrocarbons are composed of hydrogen and carbon only and are formed by
incomplete combustion of fuel used in automobiles.
¬Hydrocarbons are carcinogenic, i.e., they cause cancer.
¬They harm plants by causing ageing, breakdown of tissues and shedding of
leaves, flowers and twigs.
12. Carbon monoxide:
¬Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most serious air pollutants.
¬It is a colourless and odourless gas, highly poisonous to living beings because of its
ability to block the delivery of oxygen to the organs and tissues.
¬It is produced as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon.
¬Carbon monoxide is mainly released into the air by automobile exhaust.
¬Other sources, which produce CO, involve incomplete combustion of coal, firewood,
petrol, etc.
¬Do you know why carbon monoxide is poisonous? It binds to haemoglobin to form
carboxyhaemoglobin
13. Carbon dioxide:
¬Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released into the atmosphere by respiration, burning of
fossil fuels for energy, and by decomposition of limestone during the manufacture
of cement.
¬It is also emitted during volcanic eruptions.
¬Carbon dioxide gas is confined to troposphere only.
¬Excess of CO2 in the air is removed by green plants and this maintains an
appropriate level of CO2 in the atmosphere.
¬Green plants require CO2 for photosynthesis and they, in turn, emit oxygen, thus
maintaining the delicate balance.
¬Deforestation and burning of fossil fuel increases the CO2 level and disturb the
balance in the atmosphere.
¬The increased amount of CO2 in the air is mainly responsible for global
14. Greenhouse Effect
¬The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's
atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would
be without its atmosphere.
¬If a planet's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases (i.e., greenhouse
gases) they will radiate energy in all directions.
¬The intensity of the downward radiation – that is, the strength of the
greenhouse effect – will depend on the atmosphere's temperature and on the
amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains.
¬Earth’s natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life.
¬Human activities, mainly the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests,
have strengthened the greenhouse effect and caused global warming.
¬The term "greenhouse effect" arose from a faulty analogy with the effect of
sunlight passing through glass and warming a greenhouse.
16. Acid rain
¬Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic,
meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).
¬Harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure.
¬Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide react with the water molecules in the
atmosphere to produce acids.
¬Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes, and sulphur
dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions.
¬Adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-
forms, causing paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and
weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human
health.
18. Ozone Hole
¬Ozone depletion describes two related events observed since the late 1970s: a
steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's
atmosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in
stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.
¬The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole.
¬The main cause of ozone depletion and the ozone hole is manufactured
chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon refrigerants, solvents, propellants
and foam-blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons), referred
to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS).
¬These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by the winds after being
emitted from the surface.
¬Once in the stratosphere, they release halogen atoms through photodissociation,
which catalyze the breakdown of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2). Both types of
ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased.
20. Green Chemistry
¬Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is an area of chemistry and
chemical engineering focused on the designing of products and processes that
minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances.
¬Whereas environmental chemistry focuses on the effects of polluting chemicals
on nature, green chemistry focuses on the environmental impact of chemistry,
including technological approaches to preventing pollution and reducing
consumption of nonrenewable resources.
¬The overarching goals of green chemistry—namely, more resource-efficient and
inherently safer design of molecules, materials, products, and processes—can be
pursued in a wide range of contexts.
21.
22. Conclusion
¬Man is noted as the greatest polluter of the environment.
¬Devastating activities such as extraction and processing of resources, increase in
population that leads to damping and scatter of garbage, increases industrial
activities among others.
¬These have resulted in pollution of air, water, soil, and sound.
¬These have negatively impacted on environment hence their related impacts
include disrupted ecosystem, destruction of aquatic life, disease, global warming
and acid rains among others.
¬Environmental pollution is has called for action of rehabilitation, protection, and
conservation of the environment.