Biomass Energy Resourses; Mechanism of green plant
photosynthesis, effiency of conversion, solar energy plantation,
Biogas- Types of Biogas plants, factors affecting production
rates, Pyrolysis, Gasifess Types & Classification of vegetable
oils a a liquid fuel and their properties, esterification process,
formation of Biodiesel, Biodiesel & its properties, suitable species
for Biodiesel formation and its cultivation, byproduct formation
during esterification, Biodiesel economics.
Biomass Energy Resourses; Mechanism of green plant
photosynthesis, effiency of conversion, solar energy plantation,
Biogas- Types of Biogas plants, factors affecting production
rates, Pyrolysis, Gasifess Types & Classification of vegetable
oils a a liquid fuel and their properties, esterification process,
formation of Biodiesel, Biodiesel & its properties, suitable species
for Biodiesel formation and its cultivation, byproduct formation
during esterification, Biodiesel economics.
Bioenergy is energy contained in living or recently living biological organisms
Organic material containing bioenergy is known as biomass
Biofuels are renewable transport fuels including:
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Biogas
Biobutanol
Biomass is the largest renewable energy source in use today
There are two main forms of biomass:
Bioenergy draws on a wide range of potential feedstock materials: forestry and agricultural residues and wastes of many sorts, as well as material grown specifically for energy purposes. The raw materials can be converted to heat for use in buildings and industry, to electricity, or into gaseous or liquid fuels, which can be used in transport, for example. This degree of flexibility is unique amongst the different forms of renewable energy.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
Bioenergy is energy contained in living or recently living biological organisms
Organic material containing bioenergy is known as biomass
Biofuels are renewable transport fuels including:
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Biogas
Biobutanol
Biomass is the largest renewable energy source in use today
There are two main forms of biomass:
Bioenergy draws on a wide range of potential feedstock materials: forestry and agricultural residues and wastes of many sorts, as well as material grown specifically for energy purposes. The raw materials can be converted to heat for use in buildings and industry, to electricity, or into gaseous or liquid fuels, which can be used in transport, for example. This degree of flexibility is unique amongst the different forms of renewable energy.
A presentation on non-conventional energy resources i.e. biomass. The energy obtained from biomass can be used to produce biogas which in turn can be used to produce electricity
Biomass to bioenergy by thr thermochemical and biochemical pricessesAbhay jha
Pyrolysis,carbonization, gasification and biomass conversion into the bioenergy are described in these slides. There all types of pyrolysis and carbonization and gasification which are usable into the bioenergy processing.
Techno-economic analysis of wood pyrolysis in Sweden: Master_Thesis_PresentationAwais Salman
This is the final presentation of master thesis performed in KTH Stockholm, Sweden for the partial fulfilment of master in Energy Innovation.
Full thesis can be downloaded here: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:761039/FULLTEXT02.pdf
Lignocellulosic biomass can be thermally converted into biofuels by various technologies. One of such most effective and lucrative technology is pyrolysis. Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass convert it into bio-oil, bio-char and pyrolysis gas, these all have high energy content and potential in them. Two main types of processes for production of bio-oils from biomass are flash pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Flash pyrolysis involves the rapid thermal decomposition of organic compounds by heat in the absence of oxygen, which results in the production of charcoal, bio-oil, and gaseous products.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
1. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Lecture # 20
Presented by:
Dr. Bilal Ahmad Zafar Amin
Thermochemical conversion-
pyrolysis
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Biomass Energy
Thermal Energy
Renewable
Resources
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Non-Renewable
Resources
2. Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Concept of thermochemical conversion-pyrolysis
Pyrolysis of Cellulose- major structural compound
Pyrolysis, environmental perspective
Factors affecting pyrolysis process
Visualization of Biomass Pyrolysis process
Visualization of Biomass Pyrolysis conversion technology
Classification of pyrolysis process
Bio-char, bio-oil and syngas as pyrolysis products
Pyrolysis of rice husk, advantages and limits of pyrolysis
Lecture Outlines:
3. Biomass pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of biomass occurring in the
absence of oxygen.
It is the heating of biomass in a closed vessel at temperatures in the range
500oC- 900oC in absence of O2/air or with steam. It produces solid, liquid and
gases.
It is the fundamental chemical reaction that is the precursor of both the
combustion and gasification processes and occurs naturally in the first two
seconds.
The products of biomass pyrolysis include biochar (Carbonization), bio-oil
(Liquefaction) and gases (Gasification) including methane, hydrogen, carbon
monoxide, and carbon dioxide.
The pyrolysis process can use all type of organic materials including plastic and
rubbers.
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Thermochemical Conversion
Pyrolysis
4. Biomass/
Organic residue
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
No Oxygen (- O2) 500 OC - 900 OC
Irreversible process
Pyro - Solid
Pyro - Liquid
Pyro - Gas
Phase transition
Syngas Bio - oil Bio - char
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Pyrolysis? Pyro = heat Lysis = break down
Pyrolysis is a chemical reaction that involves the molecular breakdown of larger molecules into
smaller molecules in the presence of heat and absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis is also known as
thermal cracking, thermolysis, depolymerization.
5. Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Pyrolysis of Cellulose- major structural compound
6. Biomass pyrolysis has been attracting much attention due to its high efficiency
and good environmental performance characteristics.
It also provides an opportunity for the processing of agricultural residues, wood
wastes and municipal solid waste into clean energy.
In addition, biochar sequestration could make a big difference in the fossil fuel
emissions worldwide and act as a major player in the global carbon market with
its robust, clean and simple production technology.
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
7. Temperature:
Depending on the thermal environment and the final temperature, pyrolysis will yield
mainly biochar at low temperatures, less than 450 0C, when the heating rate is quite slow, and
mainly gases at high temperatures, greater than 800 0C, with rapid heating rates. At an
intermediate temperature and under relatively high heating rates, the main product is bio-oil.
Size, Scale & Location:
The efficiency and nature of the pyrolysis process is dependent on the particle size of
feedstocks. Most of the pyrolysis technologies can only process small particles to a maximum
of 2 mm keeping in view the need for rapid heat transfer through the particle. Pyrolysis can be
performed at relatively small scale and at remote locations which enhance energy density of
the biomass resource and reduce transport and handling costs.
Moisture:
A wide range of biomass feed stocks can be used in pyrolysis processes. The pyrolysis
process is very dependent on the moisture content of the feedstock, which should be around
10%. At higher moisture contents, high levels of water are produced and at lower levels there is
a risk that the process only produces dust instead of oil. High-moisture waste streams, such as
sludge and meat processing wastes, require drying before subjecting to pyrolysis.
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Factors affecting Pyrolysis process
8. Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
The Biomass Pyrolysis Cycle
9. Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Visualization of Biomass Pyrolysis process
10. Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Visualization of Biomass Pyrolysis Bio -oil Conversion Technology
11. Electricity Electricity
Biomass
Pyrolysis
Bio-oil Char Fuel gas
Storage
Charcoal
Storage
Engine
Turbine
It is the process of conversion of biomass to
liquid (bio-oil), solid (charcoal) and gaseous
(fuel gases) products by heating in the
absence of air at 500-900 °C.
There are three types of pyrolysis : Fast
pyrolysis, Flash pyrolysis, Conventional/Slow
(Carbonization) pyrolysis.
Fast pyrolysis process has high heating value
and heat transfer rate and completes within
seconds. Fast pyrolysis yields 60% bio-oil,
20% bio-char and 20% biogas.
Flash pyrolysis is the type of fast pyrolysis, in
which 80% bio-oil is obtained at keeping
temperature low. If flash pyrolysis is used for
converting biomass to bio-crude, it has up to
80% efficiency.
Slow/Conventional pyrolysis takes more
time than fast pyrolysis, it also has low
temperature and heating values. In this process
mostly carbon (35%) is left as residue
(carbonization).
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Classification of pyrolysis & production of electricity
12. Pyrolysis mode
Conditions
Temperature,
residence time, heat
transfer rates
Product distribution (wt %)
Bio-oil
(Liquid)
Charcoal
(Solid)
Syngas
(Gas)
Fast pyrolysis
800 °C to 1000 °C,
< 0.5 second,
>1000 °C/sec
65 % 24 % 10 %
Flash pyrolysis
500 °C to 600 °C,
~ < 2 second,
>1 °C/sec
75 % 12 % 13 %
Slow pyrolysis
(carbonization)
250 °C to 300 °C,
long residence time
(hours to a day),
0.1 to 0.5 °C/sec
30 % 35 % 35 %
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Pyrolysis modes categorized by temperature, residence
time, and heat transfer rate
13. Syngas is made up of carbon monoxide, and hydrogen (CO + H2, 85%) with
smaller amounts of carbon dioxide and methane.
Syngas has a high calorific value so it can be used as a fuel to generate
electricity or steam.
It is used as a basic chemical in the petrochemical industry.
Synthesis gas is one important intermediate to produce fuels for
transportation and chemicals.
Currently, synthesis gas is produced mainly from natural gas, coal or by-
products from refineries.
The usage of synthesis gas is about 50% to ammonia, 25% to hydrogen, and
the rest is methanol.
Synthesis Gas-Syngas
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
14. Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Syngas production and utilization
Octane (gasoline) utilization as energy source
15. Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Gasoline, also spelled gasolene, also called gas or petrol, mixture
of volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbons derived from petroleum
and used as fuel for internal-combustion engines.
Gasoline is a mixture of many different hydrogen- and carbon-
containing chemicals (hydrocarbons).
A typical gasoline mixture contains about 150 different
hydrocarbons, including butane, pentane, isopentane and the
BTEX compounds (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes).
Octane | C8H18
Gasoline
16. Pyrolysis of cellulose at a temperature higher than 300 °C,
and consequently higher heat transfer rate, with residence
time mainly shorter than a minute (few seconds), contains
various complex reactions to a large amount of Bio-oil.
Bio-oil is the main product of flash and fast pyrolysis with
50 % to 70 % weight of the biomass. The ideal reaction
conditions for gaining a high amount of liquids are at the
temperature of app. 900°C using a heating rate of 1000
°C/s, under exclusion of oxygen in flash or fast pyrolysis,
with short residence time.
Bio-oil is a dark brown liquid and has a similar
composition to biomass. It has a much higher density than
woody materials which reduces storage and transport
costs.
Bio-oil is not suitable for direct use in standard internal
combustion engines.
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Bio-oil (Fast pyrolysis)
17. Biochar is a fine-grained and porous organic substance, similar to charcoal,
intended to be added to soil for fertility improvement.
It is a solid fraction of a pyrolysis process, a thermochemical decomposition of
organic materials obtained by the application of heat in the absence or limited
supply of an oxidizing agent, used to produce renewable energy.
Some of the by products of this process can be condensed into bio-oil , a liquid
that can be upgraded to fuels like biodiesel and synthesis gas as syngas.
The term biochar was originally associated with a specific type of production
known as “slow pyrolysis”. In this process, oxygen is absent, heating rates and
temperatures are relatively low.
A charred material is also formed during gasification of biomass which involves
thermal conversion at very high temperature (800 oC) and in the partial presence
of oxygen.
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Biochar-slow pyrolysis (carbonization)
18. Rice Husk
The outermost layer of the
paddy grain is the rice
husk, also called ricehull.
Still often considered as
a waste product in the
rice mill & therefore often
either burned in the open
or dumped on wasteland.
Rice husk has high
calorific value and often
can be used as a
renewable fuel.
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
19. Moisture free rice husk sample was taken in to a perforated holder and was
introduced in to the tubefurnace.
The furnace was made air tight & heated electrically.
Reactor temperature was recorded usinga digital thermometer.
Pyrolyses were performedunder vaccum.(710-720mm Hg).
A centrifugal pump was set to create & maintain the vaccum inside thepyrolyser.
Temperature of pyrolyser was varied within400- 650°C.
The mixture of liquid & gas was allowed to come out through vaccum line & set
at one side of the pyrolyser.
The fluid from the pyrolyser was condensed in a series of ice cooled condenser
& bio-oil was obtained.
Uncondensed gas was blownoff.
The solid bio-char was collected from the pyrolyser as residue at the end of each
batch of pyrolysis.
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Steps in the pyrolysis of rice husk
20. Advantages o f pyrolysis
Simple.
Low cost technology.
Capable of processing a wide variety of feedstock's producing gases, bio-oil,
biochemical &charcoal.
Reduces greenhouse gas emissions and waste going to landfill.
Produces a marketable product (electricity).
Low risk of water pollution .
Low risk of odours.
High recovery rate of resources .
Minimal risk of health consequences .
Commercially proven technology.
Week # 11, Lecture # 2 Renewable Energy Resources
Technology is stillevolving.
Market are yet to be developed for char product and pyrolysis liquid.
Limitations