This document discusses two models of public administration: Max Weber's bureaucratic model and Fred Riggs' prismatic model. Weber believed a hierarchical bureaucracy with strict rules and impersonal conduct was most effective, while Riggs developed the concept of a "prismatic society" that combines elements of traditional fused societies and modern diffracted societies during periods of transition. The document also defines key terms in public administration like authority, power, effectiveness and efficiency to clarify concepts.
1) There is a debate around whether a good manager must also be a good leader. While the terms have been used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings.
2) A manager focuses on control and maintaining stability through rules and procedures, while a leader promotes change and growth through vision and influencing others.
3) Managers have an authority-based relationship with subordinates, while leaders create a more nurturing relationship as equals with colleagues.
4) An organization needs both good management and good leadership to be successful, whether from one or multiple individuals. Simply being a good manager does not guarantee also being a good leader.
This document is a project report submitted by Preetam Salve to Prof. Dr. Varsha Sonawane on the topic of organizational structure. It includes a declaration, certificate, acknowledgements, and index sections. The introduction provides definitions of key terms like company, corporation, and organizational structure. The review of literature section summarizes several academic sources on organizational structure and the relationship between structure and public relations roles. The objectives of the study are to understand organizational structure, management, design, and corporate strategies. The research methodology uses secondary data sources. The report then discusses functional organizational structure, its strengths in allowing specialization, and weaknesses in coordination.
This document discusses power and politics in organizations. It begins by defining power as the ability to influence and control things that are valuable to others. There are different sources of power, including coercive power using fear, reward power from allocating incentives, and referent power from personal relationships. Power can be used positively or negatively. Organizational politics involves informal efforts to influence others and achieve objectives, and it arises from conflicting agendas and struggles for power. While often viewed negatively, politics are not inherently bad, and effective politics maintains relationships while achieving results.
Max Weber developed the theory of ideal bureaucracy, which proposed that organizations should have clear hierarchies, divided labor, standardized rules and procedures, and impersonal relationships. Some key aspects of Weber's ideal bureaucracy include divisions of labor through specialization, a clear hierarchy of authority and chain of command, standardized job functions and responsibilities, written rules and regulations to promote uniformity and consistency, and impersonal evaluations of performance based on merit rather than personal relationships. The presentation discusses how Weber's theory of bureaucracy applies to common organizational structures like governments, militaries, schools, and churches.
1. Organizational behaviour is concerned with understanding, predicting, and controlling human behaviour in organizations. It focuses on individuals, groups, and the organization and their interactions.
2. There have been four historical models of organizational behaviour: autocratic, custodial, supportive, and collegial. Each model has different managerial orientations, employee orientations, and impacts on employee psychology and performance.
3. Organizational behaviour draws from various contributing disciplines including psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science. Key topics studied include motivation, leadership, communication, decision-making, and organizational culture.
Here are the key disciplines that contribute to organizational behavior:
- Psychology - Seeks to understand and explain human and animal behavior. Important concepts include motivation, learning, perception, attitudes.
- Sociology - Focuses on how social factors like groups, social structures, social processes influence behavior. Key concepts include social interaction, social influence, socialization.
- Social Psychology - Studies how individuals are influenced and shape each other's behavior in social situations. Looks at concepts like conformity, obedience, attitudes.
- Anthropology - Looks at entire cultures and societies to understand human activities and relationships. Provides insights into how organizations function as social systems.
- Management - Applies insights from behavioral sciences to understand how organizations
The theories of an early 20th century political philosopher, Mary Parker Follett, have added much to modern day management theory, organisations, and leadership.
Leadership is multi-faceted containing numerous qualities, function, and styles. It is a construct that continues to be debated during a revival in interest of the ideas of Mary Parker Follett. Her thoughts on management and leadership have been informative and inspirational. Indeed, management theoretician Peter Drucker called her the 'prophet of management' and his 'guru'. Follett's ideas are certainly relevant in contemporary society, not only for organisations, but also for the individual, as they continue to challenge the lay ideas of leadership.
1) There is a debate around whether a good manager must also be a good leader. While the terms have been used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings.
2) A manager focuses on control and maintaining stability through rules and procedures, while a leader promotes change and growth through vision and influencing others.
3) Managers have an authority-based relationship with subordinates, while leaders create a more nurturing relationship as equals with colleagues.
4) An organization needs both good management and good leadership to be successful, whether from one or multiple individuals. Simply being a good manager does not guarantee also being a good leader.
This document is a project report submitted by Preetam Salve to Prof. Dr. Varsha Sonawane on the topic of organizational structure. It includes a declaration, certificate, acknowledgements, and index sections. The introduction provides definitions of key terms like company, corporation, and organizational structure. The review of literature section summarizes several academic sources on organizational structure and the relationship between structure and public relations roles. The objectives of the study are to understand organizational structure, management, design, and corporate strategies. The research methodology uses secondary data sources. The report then discusses functional organizational structure, its strengths in allowing specialization, and weaknesses in coordination.
This document discusses power and politics in organizations. It begins by defining power as the ability to influence and control things that are valuable to others. There are different sources of power, including coercive power using fear, reward power from allocating incentives, and referent power from personal relationships. Power can be used positively or negatively. Organizational politics involves informal efforts to influence others and achieve objectives, and it arises from conflicting agendas and struggles for power. While often viewed negatively, politics are not inherently bad, and effective politics maintains relationships while achieving results.
Max Weber developed the theory of ideal bureaucracy, which proposed that organizations should have clear hierarchies, divided labor, standardized rules and procedures, and impersonal relationships. Some key aspects of Weber's ideal bureaucracy include divisions of labor through specialization, a clear hierarchy of authority and chain of command, standardized job functions and responsibilities, written rules and regulations to promote uniformity and consistency, and impersonal evaluations of performance based on merit rather than personal relationships. The presentation discusses how Weber's theory of bureaucracy applies to common organizational structures like governments, militaries, schools, and churches.
1. Organizational behaviour is concerned with understanding, predicting, and controlling human behaviour in organizations. It focuses on individuals, groups, and the organization and their interactions.
2. There have been four historical models of organizational behaviour: autocratic, custodial, supportive, and collegial. Each model has different managerial orientations, employee orientations, and impacts on employee psychology and performance.
3. Organizational behaviour draws from various contributing disciplines including psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science. Key topics studied include motivation, leadership, communication, decision-making, and organizational culture.
Here are the key disciplines that contribute to organizational behavior:
- Psychology - Seeks to understand and explain human and animal behavior. Important concepts include motivation, learning, perception, attitudes.
- Sociology - Focuses on how social factors like groups, social structures, social processes influence behavior. Key concepts include social interaction, social influence, socialization.
- Social Psychology - Studies how individuals are influenced and shape each other's behavior in social situations. Looks at concepts like conformity, obedience, attitudes.
- Anthropology - Looks at entire cultures and societies to understand human activities and relationships. Provides insights into how organizations function as social systems.
- Management - Applies insights from behavioral sciences to understand how organizations
The theories of an early 20th century political philosopher, Mary Parker Follett, have added much to modern day management theory, organisations, and leadership.
Leadership is multi-faceted containing numerous qualities, function, and styles. It is a construct that continues to be debated during a revival in interest of the ideas of Mary Parker Follett. Her thoughts on management and leadership have been informative and inspirational. Indeed, management theoretician Peter Drucker called her the 'prophet of management' and his 'guru'. Follett's ideas are certainly relevant in contemporary society, not only for organisations, but also for the individual, as they continue to challenge the lay ideas of leadership.
Concept of Formal and Informal OrganizationAdike chinenye
Formal and informal organizations both exist within companies. A formal organization has a clearly defined hierarchy, roles, and procedures. An informal organization is based on personal relationships and social networks rather than official roles. It forms naturally as people interact and can complement the formal structure by enabling collaboration across groups and aiding innovation, though it is not governed by official rules. Both organization types are necessary for a company to function effectively.
1) The document discusses Chester Barnard's 1938 book "The Functions of the Executive" and provides an overview of its key concepts.
2) Barnard defines a formal organization as a system of consciously coordinated activities between two or more individuals. He views organizations as abstract systems influenced by physical, biological, personal and social factors.
3) Barnard explores how organizations overcome limitations imposed by these factors to effectively achieve cooperative goals. He also examines how organizations maintain efficiency by sufficiently satisfying individual motives to encourage continued cooperation.
Power refers to an individual's ability to influence others, while politics involves using power to achieve tasks and protect interests. Authority is the formal right of managers to issue orders. It is important for managers to understand power, politics, and authority to efficiently manage organizations and balance individual and organizational goals. Job design and delegation of authority are also crucial for optimal performance.
Organizational behavior book 2 nd sem mba @ bec domsBabasab Patil
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a course on organisational behaviour. The syllabus covers 6 units that examine topics like individual behaviour, group dynamics, leadership styles, stress management, power and politics, organisational design, culture and change. It also includes an introduction that discusses the need for a new paradigm in management to address modern challenges and shifts the focus to the human element in organisations.
1. Organizations are open systems that depend on their environment to survive and must adapt to changes in order to grow.
2. Different types of organizations, or "species", thrive in different environments, such as bureaucratic organizations in stable environments and adhocracies in turbulent settings.
3. Contingency theory posits that there is no single best way to organize and the appropriate structure depends on factors like the task and environment. Management must ensure a good fit between the organization and its context.
Gareth Morgan viewed organizations as constantly changing systems that self-organize and renew over time. He proposed four logics of organizational change: autopoiesis, where organizations maintain their identity through self-reference; chaos and complexity, where order emerges from randomness; mutual causality, where individuals shape systems through feedback loops; and dialectical change, where opposites evolve through tension. Morgan argued that understanding organizations as constantly changing systems could help managers facilitate emergent change.
Chester irving barnard ne presentationaShaon Rasid
Chester Irving Barnard was an American business executive and author who published a landmark book in 1938 called "The Functions of the Executive" which set out an early theory of organization and the roles of executives. In the book, Barnard summarized that the three key functions of an executive are to establish communication systems, secure essential services from members, and formulate organizational purposes and objectives. He also formulated early theories on authority, arguing managers should lead with respect and competence, and on incentives, proposing tangible rewards and persuasion to gain cooperation.
The document outlines the key elements that form the foundation of organizational behavior. These include individual differences, treating the whole person, understanding the causes of behavior, viewing the organization as a social system, mutual interests between parties, human dignity, and a holistic concept. The foundation establishes organizations as consciously coordinated groups of two or more people working toward common goals, and considers the uniqueness each individual brings as well as background factors. Proper understanding and respect among members are emphasized.
Chester Barnard The Functions of ExecutveFenil Sadaiya
Chester Barnard is best known as the author of The Functions of the Executive, perhaps the 20th century’s most influential book on management and leadership.
Entire book is classified into 4 sections:
1. Preliminary Considerations concerning Cooperative Systems
2. The Theory and Structure of Formal Organization
3. The Elements of Formal Organization
4. The Functions of Organizations in Cooperative systems
His theory is also known as Contribution- Satisfaction Equilibrium (Barnard’s Theory of Motivation)
1) Power is defined as the ability to influence others to act according to one's wishes through control or dependency, while leadership focuses on goal achievement through compatible goals and downward influence.
2) There are various bases of power, including formal power derived from positions and personal power based on skills/knowledge or traits. Dependency is key to power, with greater dependency resulting in greater power.
3) Politics involves attempts to influence the distribution of advantages through non-required activities, and can be seen positively as effective management or negatively as political behavior depending on perspective.
The psychological contract has captured the attention of researchers as a framework for understanding the employment relationship. The concept of the psychological contract developed by the organizational scholar Denise Rousseau, represents the mutual beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations between an employer and an employee. It sets the dynamics for the relationship and defines the detailed practically of the work to be done. It is distinguishable from the formal written contract of employment which, for the most part, only identifies mutual duties and responsibilities in a generalized form. This chapter begins with a review of the initial phase in the development of the psychological contract highlighting the commonalities and differences amongst the early contributors.
Module-1 provides an introduction to ethical philosophy, including definitions, nature, scope and branches. It discusses that philosophy is the study of general features of the world like mind, matter and reason. Philosophy can be understood as a set of beliefs about life and the universe, as well as a process of reflecting on and criticizing beliefs. There are several branches of philosophy including aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, logic, and philosophy of mind and language. The module also discusses basic ethical theories like deontology, utilitarianism, virtue theory and rights theory. It explores the relationship between ethics and philosophy and how ethics relies on philosophy to systematize values and explain various philosophical problems.
The document discusses key concepts in organizing, including:
- Chain of command principles regarding authority and responsibility.
- The purpose of organizational structures to define relationships and reporting hierarchies.
- Formal vs informal structures, with formal being planned and informal arising spontaneously.
- Concepts like span of control, departmentalization by function, and matrix structures.
- The organizing process of identifying activities and classifying them into departments.
- Centralization vs decentralization of decision making within an organization.
This document discusses organizational behavior and personality. It defines organizational behavior as understanding, predicting, and managing human behavior in organizations to achieve goals. Personality is described as relatively permanent characteristics that make individuals unique. Several approaches to understanding personality are discussed, including trait, learning, and social cognitive approaches. The "Big Five" model of personality traits - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism - is also summarized. Attitudes and major job attitudes like job satisfaction, involvement, and commitment are defined. Sensation versus perception and components of attitudes are also outlined.
This chapter discusses values, attitudes, and job satisfaction. It contrasts terminal and instrumental values, and lists the dominant values of different generations currently in the workforce. National cultures also differ in their values along five dimensions identified by Geert Hofstede. Attitudes have three components - cognition, affect, and behavior. Job satisfaction is related to behaviors like absenteeism and turnover. The chapter aims to help managers understand employees' values and attitudes and how to increase job satisfaction.
Lunenburg, fred c[1]. leader member exchange theory ijmba v13 2010William Kritsonis
The document summarizes the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which proposes that leaders form two groups - an in-group and an out-group - among their followers. Members of the in-group receive greater responsibilities, rewards, and attention from the leader. Research supports that in-group members have higher performance and job satisfaction than out-group members. The LMX theory emphasizes developing high-quality relationships with as many subordinates as possible to maximize productivity and engagement.
Organizational behavior,power, politics, conflict, and stressK Pavan Kumar
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Organizational Behavior: Power, Politics, Conflict, and Stress" including personality traits, perception, attitudes, power, organizational politics, managing conflict, and stress. The chapter aims to describe these concepts, explain their interrelationships, and discuss their importance for managerial behavior. Specifically, it outlines 13 learning outcomes to be achieved after studying this chapter.
The informal organization refers to the social structures and relationships that develop among people in an organization outside of official procedures and hierarchies. It consists of norms, personal connections, social networks, and communities of shared interests that influence how work gets done and people interact. If nurtured effectively, the informal organization can complement the formal organization by accelerating responses to unexpected events, fostering innovation, and enabling collaboration across boundaries. However, it also presents challenges like resistance to change, role conflicts, and pressure for conformity. Managing the interplay between the formal and informal aspects of an organization is important for effectiveness.
Leadership and Organizational Culture: What’s the Connection?Denison Consulting
If “culture is everything,” then one of the primary responsibilities of leaders is to shape an organization’s culture. As Lou Gerstner demonstrated at IBM, the strengths and weaknesses of a leader soon become reflected in an organization’s values and beliefs.
Robotic surgery uses robotic systems to assist surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgery. The robotic systems allow for enhanced visualization, improved dexterity and precision, and smaller incisions compared to traditional open surgery. Some key benefits of robotic surgery for patients include less pain, shorter hospital stays, smaller scars, and faster recovery times. Common applications of robotic surgery include procedures in areas like cardiology, urology, gynecology, and orthopedics. While robotic surgery provides advantages, it also faces challenges like high costs and potential mechanical and software issues.
- Public administration is an interdisciplinary field that draws from various social sciences like political science, economics, and law. It aims to promote effective and efficient governance that is responsive to citizens' needs.
- The field has its roots in the late 19th century with Woodrow Wilson advocating for separating politics and administration, and for developing public administration as a self-conscious profession.
- It developed further in the 20th century with scholars and practitioners collaborating and experimenting to advance theories and practices of public administration.
Concept of Formal and Informal OrganizationAdike chinenye
Formal and informal organizations both exist within companies. A formal organization has a clearly defined hierarchy, roles, and procedures. An informal organization is based on personal relationships and social networks rather than official roles. It forms naturally as people interact and can complement the formal structure by enabling collaboration across groups and aiding innovation, though it is not governed by official rules. Both organization types are necessary for a company to function effectively.
1) The document discusses Chester Barnard's 1938 book "The Functions of the Executive" and provides an overview of its key concepts.
2) Barnard defines a formal organization as a system of consciously coordinated activities between two or more individuals. He views organizations as abstract systems influenced by physical, biological, personal and social factors.
3) Barnard explores how organizations overcome limitations imposed by these factors to effectively achieve cooperative goals. He also examines how organizations maintain efficiency by sufficiently satisfying individual motives to encourage continued cooperation.
Power refers to an individual's ability to influence others, while politics involves using power to achieve tasks and protect interests. Authority is the formal right of managers to issue orders. It is important for managers to understand power, politics, and authority to efficiently manage organizations and balance individual and organizational goals. Job design and delegation of authority are also crucial for optimal performance.
Organizational behavior book 2 nd sem mba @ bec domsBabasab Patil
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a course on organisational behaviour. The syllabus covers 6 units that examine topics like individual behaviour, group dynamics, leadership styles, stress management, power and politics, organisational design, culture and change. It also includes an introduction that discusses the need for a new paradigm in management to address modern challenges and shifts the focus to the human element in organisations.
1. Organizations are open systems that depend on their environment to survive and must adapt to changes in order to grow.
2. Different types of organizations, or "species", thrive in different environments, such as bureaucratic organizations in stable environments and adhocracies in turbulent settings.
3. Contingency theory posits that there is no single best way to organize and the appropriate structure depends on factors like the task and environment. Management must ensure a good fit between the organization and its context.
Gareth Morgan viewed organizations as constantly changing systems that self-organize and renew over time. He proposed four logics of organizational change: autopoiesis, where organizations maintain their identity through self-reference; chaos and complexity, where order emerges from randomness; mutual causality, where individuals shape systems through feedback loops; and dialectical change, where opposites evolve through tension. Morgan argued that understanding organizations as constantly changing systems could help managers facilitate emergent change.
Chester irving barnard ne presentationaShaon Rasid
Chester Irving Barnard was an American business executive and author who published a landmark book in 1938 called "The Functions of the Executive" which set out an early theory of organization and the roles of executives. In the book, Barnard summarized that the three key functions of an executive are to establish communication systems, secure essential services from members, and formulate organizational purposes and objectives. He also formulated early theories on authority, arguing managers should lead with respect and competence, and on incentives, proposing tangible rewards and persuasion to gain cooperation.
The document outlines the key elements that form the foundation of organizational behavior. These include individual differences, treating the whole person, understanding the causes of behavior, viewing the organization as a social system, mutual interests between parties, human dignity, and a holistic concept. The foundation establishes organizations as consciously coordinated groups of two or more people working toward common goals, and considers the uniqueness each individual brings as well as background factors. Proper understanding and respect among members are emphasized.
Chester Barnard The Functions of ExecutveFenil Sadaiya
Chester Barnard is best known as the author of The Functions of the Executive, perhaps the 20th century’s most influential book on management and leadership.
Entire book is classified into 4 sections:
1. Preliminary Considerations concerning Cooperative Systems
2. The Theory and Structure of Formal Organization
3. The Elements of Formal Organization
4. The Functions of Organizations in Cooperative systems
His theory is also known as Contribution- Satisfaction Equilibrium (Barnard’s Theory of Motivation)
1) Power is defined as the ability to influence others to act according to one's wishes through control or dependency, while leadership focuses on goal achievement through compatible goals and downward influence.
2) There are various bases of power, including formal power derived from positions and personal power based on skills/knowledge or traits. Dependency is key to power, with greater dependency resulting in greater power.
3) Politics involves attempts to influence the distribution of advantages through non-required activities, and can be seen positively as effective management or negatively as political behavior depending on perspective.
The psychological contract has captured the attention of researchers as a framework for understanding the employment relationship. The concept of the psychological contract developed by the organizational scholar Denise Rousseau, represents the mutual beliefs, perceptions, and informal obligations between an employer and an employee. It sets the dynamics for the relationship and defines the detailed practically of the work to be done. It is distinguishable from the formal written contract of employment which, for the most part, only identifies mutual duties and responsibilities in a generalized form. This chapter begins with a review of the initial phase in the development of the psychological contract highlighting the commonalities and differences amongst the early contributors.
Module-1 provides an introduction to ethical philosophy, including definitions, nature, scope and branches. It discusses that philosophy is the study of general features of the world like mind, matter and reason. Philosophy can be understood as a set of beliefs about life and the universe, as well as a process of reflecting on and criticizing beliefs. There are several branches of philosophy including aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, logic, and philosophy of mind and language. The module also discusses basic ethical theories like deontology, utilitarianism, virtue theory and rights theory. It explores the relationship between ethics and philosophy and how ethics relies on philosophy to systematize values and explain various philosophical problems.
The document discusses key concepts in organizing, including:
- Chain of command principles regarding authority and responsibility.
- The purpose of organizational structures to define relationships and reporting hierarchies.
- Formal vs informal structures, with formal being planned and informal arising spontaneously.
- Concepts like span of control, departmentalization by function, and matrix structures.
- The organizing process of identifying activities and classifying them into departments.
- Centralization vs decentralization of decision making within an organization.
This document discusses organizational behavior and personality. It defines organizational behavior as understanding, predicting, and managing human behavior in organizations to achieve goals. Personality is described as relatively permanent characteristics that make individuals unique. Several approaches to understanding personality are discussed, including trait, learning, and social cognitive approaches. The "Big Five" model of personality traits - openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism - is also summarized. Attitudes and major job attitudes like job satisfaction, involvement, and commitment are defined. Sensation versus perception and components of attitudes are also outlined.
This chapter discusses values, attitudes, and job satisfaction. It contrasts terminal and instrumental values, and lists the dominant values of different generations currently in the workforce. National cultures also differ in their values along five dimensions identified by Geert Hofstede. Attitudes have three components - cognition, affect, and behavior. Job satisfaction is related to behaviors like absenteeism and turnover. The chapter aims to help managers understand employees' values and attitudes and how to increase job satisfaction.
Lunenburg, fred c[1]. leader member exchange theory ijmba v13 2010William Kritsonis
The document summarizes the leader-member exchange (LMX) theory, which proposes that leaders form two groups - an in-group and an out-group - among their followers. Members of the in-group receive greater responsibilities, rewards, and attention from the leader. Research supports that in-group members have higher performance and job satisfaction than out-group members. The LMX theory emphasizes developing high-quality relationships with as many subordinates as possible to maximize productivity and engagement.
Organizational behavior,power, politics, conflict, and stressK Pavan Kumar
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter 9 of the textbook "Organizational Behavior: Power, Politics, Conflict, and Stress" including personality traits, perception, attitudes, power, organizational politics, managing conflict, and stress. The chapter aims to describe these concepts, explain their interrelationships, and discuss their importance for managerial behavior. Specifically, it outlines 13 learning outcomes to be achieved after studying this chapter.
The informal organization refers to the social structures and relationships that develop among people in an organization outside of official procedures and hierarchies. It consists of norms, personal connections, social networks, and communities of shared interests that influence how work gets done and people interact. If nurtured effectively, the informal organization can complement the formal organization by accelerating responses to unexpected events, fostering innovation, and enabling collaboration across boundaries. However, it also presents challenges like resistance to change, role conflicts, and pressure for conformity. Managing the interplay between the formal and informal aspects of an organization is important for effectiveness.
Leadership and Organizational Culture: What’s the Connection?Denison Consulting
If “culture is everything,” then one of the primary responsibilities of leaders is to shape an organization’s culture. As Lou Gerstner demonstrated at IBM, the strengths and weaknesses of a leader soon become reflected in an organization’s values and beliefs.
Robotic surgery uses robotic systems to assist surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgery. The robotic systems allow for enhanced visualization, improved dexterity and precision, and smaller incisions compared to traditional open surgery. Some key benefits of robotic surgery for patients include less pain, shorter hospital stays, smaller scars, and faster recovery times. Common applications of robotic surgery include procedures in areas like cardiology, urology, gynecology, and orthopedics. While robotic surgery provides advantages, it also faces challenges like high costs and potential mechanical and software issues.
- Public administration is an interdisciplinary field that draws from various social sciences like political science, economics, and law. It aims to promote effective and efficient governance that is responsive to citizens' needs.
- The field has its roots in the late 19th century with Woodrow Wilson advocating for separating politics and administration, and for developing public administration as a self-conscious profession.
- It developed further in the 20th century with scholars and practitioners collaborating and experimenting to advance theories and practices of public administration.
Corporate governance refers to the processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting how a company is directed, administered or controlled. It involves relationships between stakeholders and the goals for which the corporation is governed. According to the Cadbury Committee, corporate governance is defined as the system by which companies are directed and controlled. Key factors that have increased the importance of corporate governance include changing ownership structures, a focus on social responsibility, corporate scandals, and globalization. India has developed strong corporate laws and governance standards since independence.
An introduction to public adminstration 185 halKhairul Iksan
The document discusses the changing nature of public administration over time. It outlines 5 phases of evolution:
1) 1887-1926: Establishment as an independent discipline separate from political science with Woodrow Wilson's foundational work. Focus on the dichotomy between politics and administration.
2) 1927-1937: Development of principles of public administration and a policy perspective.
3) 1938-1947: Period of behaviorialism and development as a social science.
4) 1948-1970: Crisis of identity and challenges to the dichotomy view.
5) 1971-onwards: Emergence of new public administration focused on public policy and management.
Universal Design Business Symposium 2010 in Tokyo, Japan
Ravi Chhatpar, Strategy Director, frog Shanghai
I was recently a guest speaker at Nikkei's Universal Design Business Symposium, sponsored by Toyota, in Tokyo, Japan on June 18, 2010.
The theme of this forum was universal design, that is, "design that brings happiness to every corner of the earth," a more endearing description than the too often used "design for the 90%."
I drew on frog's experience with for-profit clients who often want tangible, measurable ROI from any innovation or design effort to suggest how social innovation efforts can have meaning and impact. Too often, we see examples of ideas that are feel like clever solutions to pressing social problems, but that fail in the field or that neglect to consider how to scale (e.g., the Hippo Roller). Alternatively, there are many examples of ideas that scale successfully but that are questionably clever to a designer's eyes (e.g., village rainwater collection systems).
I described frog's work on Project M (http://www.frogdesign.com/services/project-masiluleke.html), tackling South Africa's HIV problem, to define meaning and impact in social innovation. Beyond the home testing kit at the core of the solution, a mobile service platform was critical to sparking initial adoption and ensuring usage of the solution over time. Designing for awareness and advocacy in addition to usage is essential to creating meaning. Meanwhile, wearing a corporate strategy hat ensures questions of impact are adequately considered, as manufacturing, deployment, partnership strategy, quantitative validation, and long-term roadmaps are designed and executed.
Governance refers to the rules and processes by which political actors interact to manage their affairs and provide public goods. There are three main conceptions of governance: as a synonym for public administration, related to new public management reforms, and a broader concept encompassing relations between political institutions. Good governance aims to safeguard democracy, human rights, and the economy through principles of participation, transparency, accountability, rule of law, responsiveness, and equity. It seeks to improve public administration, quality of life, institutional legitimacy, freedom of information, productivity, and organizational pluralism in governance.
Scope and Colonial Influences of Public Administrationjonasguevarra08
Presented to the students of Master of Public Administration at Bataan Peninsula State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Theory and Practice in Public Administration.
The document discusses data models and their use at Eclipse. It provides an overview of different types of data models including contextual, conceptual, logical, physical, and data definition models. It also discusses the Information Management Metamodel (IMM) specification and how it aims to provide support for data modeling in Eclipse open source projects.
A powerpoint presentation on Environment Degradation in Trinidad. this scored a total of 9 out of the maximum 10 at the University of the West Indies... the explanation to accompany the slides are not available.
Development administration emerged in the 1950s-1960s as a response to the needs of developing countries undergoing rapid social and economic changes. It aimed to implement development programs and increase administrative capabilities to manage change. Key figures like Riggs emphasized adapting administration to facilitate development and improving areas like planning, participation, and technological adoption. The field evolved from a technical assistance approach criticized as ineffective to emphasize empirical studies of administrative strategies and requirements for development. It remains an important framework for public sector management in developing nation contexts like the Philippines.
The document discusses theories of good governance and its importance for development. It outlines 4 key points:
1) Governance has shifted from government-centric to more horizontal networks including business and civil society. Effective states now coordinate public and private resources.
2) Strong, efficient bureaucracies and institutions are important for enforcing contracts and promoting economic growth. Political stability is also important.
3) Strong state involvement is needed to direct development, as seen in developmental states in East Asia. The type of state-society relationship influences economic outcomes.
4) While free markets are important, the state still plays a role in areas like defense, infrastructure, education, taxes, and protecting laborers.
The document discusses the emergence of new public management and reinventing government ideas in the 1980s and 1990s. These ideas aimed to make government more efficient and cost-effective by applying private sector practices to the public sector. They emphasized making government more customer-oriented, decentralized, and business-like. Critics argued these approaches focused too much on customers rather than citizens. The document also outlines some of the key principles of new public management and reinventing government.
This document discusses the emergence and key aspects of New Public Management (NPM). It begins by explaining that NPM emerged in the late 1980s as a new theory that advocated applying private sector management models to improve efficiency and service orientation in the public sector. It then outlines some of the main criticisms of prior public administration models that led to calls for reform. Some of the core features of the NPM approach that were proposed include an emphasis on efficiency, use of markets and competition, and giving managers more autonomy. The document also notes that NPM-style reforms have now spread globally and have been driven by various economic and political factors.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions and the participation of citizens and groups. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. The key aspects of good governance discussed are legitimacy, competence, accountability, and respect for the rule of law. Citizen participation, protection of rights, democratic processes, and media freedom are seen as indispensable characteristics of good governance.
The document outlines 4 principles of good governance followed by the Singapore government:
1) Leadership is key - leaders must be honest, capable, and have moral courage to do what is right rather than popular. Corruption is not tolerated.
2) Anticipate change and stay relevant - decisions must be forward-looking to anticipate future challenges through policies like developing the self-sufficient NEWater system.
3) Reward for work, work for reward - a meritocratic system rewards people based on abilities and hard work regardless of background through programs like scholarships.
4) A stake for everyone, opportunities for all - public participation and dialogue on decisions helps develop a greater sense of belonging and ownership, such
Presentation on Environmental Degradation
Its causes and effects on the environment
Awareness of environmental Degradation
Preventive Measures for environmental degradation
The document discusses different views of public administration as both a field of practice and study. As a field of practice, public administration involves carrying out governmental functions like enacting laws and policies. As a field of study, it uses empirical research and social science methods to advance knowledge. Public administration is considered an applied discipline that prepares individuals for careers in public service. It is viewed as both an art that involves creativity and leadership, and a science with theories to explain phenomena in the field. Several definitions of public administration are provided that emphasize its role in implementing policies and delivering services to the public.
Theory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation and management developed by Douglas McGregor in the 1960s. Theory X is based on the assumption that the average person dislikes work and must be closely supervised with rewards and punishments. Theory Y assumes that people can be self-motivated, creative, and exercise self-control to achieve organizational objectives. Theory X relies on strict supervision and external incentives while Theory Y emphasizes job satisfaction and encourages independent work without direct oversight.
Good Governance : Origin, concepts and componentsNayana Renukumar
The presentation speaks about the origin of Good Governance, its major definitions, key components and strategies. The presentations also dwells upon the Good Governance scenario in India as well that in the state of Andhra Pradesh
This document discusses Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy, which emphasizes impersonal relationships, hierarchy, rationality, and formal communication. It outlines Weber's view of different types of authority - traditional, charismatic, and legal-rational - and how they function. The document also examines Weber's concept of bureaucracy as an "ideal type" and its role in modern administration.
INF220 Grading Rubric
Assignment: Identifying Opportunities
Instructions
Select a company described in the Wall Street Journal, Fortune, Forbes, or another reputable business application. Visit
the company’s Web site to find additional information about that company and see how the firm is using the Web. On the
basis of this information, briefly identify important business processes and the firm’s business strategy. Suggest
information systems that might give that particular business a competitive advantage, including those based on Internet
technology. Your paper should be two double-spaced pages in length (excluding title page) and in APA format. Be sure to
integrate vocabulary from the text to demonstrate your understanding of concepts.
Grading Criteria
Identifying Opportunities
8 percent
Content Criteria Weight
The paper:
• identifies a company described in the Wall Street Journal, Fortune, Forbes, or another
reputable business application.
2
The paper:
• briefly identifies important business processes and the firm’s business strategy.
2
The paper:
• suggests information systems that might give that particular business a competitive
advantage, including those based on Internet technology.
2
Writing Skills
Sentences are complete, clear and concise .5
Paragraph and sentence transitions are present, logical and maintain the flow throughout the paper. .5
Research Criteria
The paper includes a minimum of one to two sources including the textbook. .5
Style Criteria
Must be 2 pages double spaced in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
approved style guide.
.5
Running head: THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNMENT1
THE CONCEPT OF GOVERNMENT5
The Concept of Government
Name
Institution
The Concept of Government
Max Weber had a different view of government. In his classification, he wrote that government is all about authority. He therefore, distinguishes authority in three different aspects, each of which is directly related to a particular brand of governance that is operative in a certain contemporary society. He however, notes that in order to achieve a particular form of governance in any democracy, there must be some prevailing conditions that must be favored by that particular society.
Firstly, Max Weber discussed the charismatic governance or authority. In this type of governance, there is a person who possesses particular traits that make them extraordinary (Beetham, 2013). Charismatic governance entails leaders who are not only capable but also possess the superior charismatic power to rally different people who are prone to conflicts behind their governance. The power that charismatic people derive comes from the massive trust as well as the unbreakable faith that people put in them. This kind of leadership is problematic since it is sometimes based on some promises that the charismatic individual will overhaul a system that is unjust. It is h.
The document discusses the differences between executives and bureaucracy. Executives are political appointees who are responsible for overseeing government agencies and setting policies, but they need some influence over bureaucratic agencies to achieve their goals. Executives depend on the bureaucracy for policy development and program advice due to the diversity of information and expertise within government agencies. Even powerful executives still rely on professionals in the bureaucracy for program guidance.
This document discusses the organization and theories of bureaucracy. It begins by defining bureaucracy and exploring Max Weber's view of bureaucracy as a rational model of administration. It then examines three main theories of bureaucracy: the liberal/rational administrative model, the conservative/power bloc model, and the New Right/government oversupply model. The document also outlines the typical organization of a government bureaucracy, including departments, divisions, and non-departmental public bodies like regulatory agencies. Overall, the document provides an overview of the nature, concepts, structure, and theories related to public sector bureaucracy.
Question 1As I am the responsible Captain of the county jail my.docxIRESH3
Question 1:
As I am the responsible Captain of the county jail my objective responsibility will be responsibility to the organization. However all objective responsibility involves responsibility to someone or some collective body and the expectation coming from outside. In my position I will be in authority to provide security inside the county jail and provide safety for the outside citizen. In the other hand, my subjective responsibility will be expression about my personal values, moral, and believes. I should be accountable to my subjective responsibilities in order to carry out objective responsibilities.
In my position it is normal to face some of any ethical authority. I might be face conflict of authority with upper level supervisors, upper level supervisors form outside the units, and with the jail commander. However, as I am responsible to oversee daily operation of the jail in multiple capacities also I am responsible to evaluate the upper-level supervisors on an annual basis I may face disagreement form upper-level supervisors if he do not want to do the evaluation or if he refuse my ideas. Also, as a captain in such a big position I may miss use of authority towards my employees. Such position with high level of authority is not that easy and some people may miss use in some areas. For example, I might be not fare with some staff working with me. However, I can solve those issues or those conflicts by clarifying my subjective and objective responsibilities, clarify my mission which are safety and security, serve the public needs instead of assisting my supervisors to achieve their goals in not being helpful in dong the evaluation about them which is against my objective authorities. In additions, I should follow the rules and laws rather than personal authority that mean I have to know how to make fairness for all people at the same level.
Regarding the ethical rule that I might face is outside- inside rules. For example in the outside rule I might have problem with my parents because they want me to give up my job due to a fetal fight happened in the jail that causes sever medical condition to some people. In the other hand, Inside rule, as a captain for the county jail and responsible for the facility safety and security in the absence of the jail commander I will refuse to leave my position because this is part of my objective and subjective responsibilities.
There are two general approaches responsible conducts inside the organization, which are internal control and external control. In the internal control, I have to use value and moral in order to shape the professional standards in the organization and to enhance the ethical conduct. Whereas, in the external control, that involves law, regulations, and rules I have to provide external control in order to maintain the desired conduct not only for me but also for providing ethical environment around all positions. For example, I can set a law states that all employee ...
The document discusses evaluating the performance of bureaucracies. It argues that while efficiency is often seen as the main criterion, democracy is a more important standard. Bureaucracies should be evaluated based on whether their actions promote or hamper democracy. The federal bureaucracy in the U.S. is made more democratic through political appointees nominated by the President and approved or denied by Congress.
This document provides a biography of Alexander John Greenslade from 1885. It describes how he was born into a wealthy family living in a large mansion in London near Westminster and Buckingham Palace. As a child, he observed the poverty in East London on carriage rides with his parents and questioned why conditions were so poor for others while his family lived luxuriously. His parents held that the poor were not like their family and had brought their conditions upon themselves.
APPLICATION OF MAX WEBER S Quot BUREAUCRACY Quot IN TODAY S REAL LIFEAsia Smith
This document discusses Max Weber's theory of bureaucracy and its application in modern business environments. It provides background on Weber and defines bureaucracy as a system of administration based on hierarchy, rules, division of labor, and merit-based hiring. The document outlines the key principles of Weber's bureaucratic management theory and analyzes its merits like efficiency and demrits like rigidity. It then examines how Weber's three types of authority - traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal - apply today. Examples of government and business bureaucracy are also provided. The document concludes by discussing when bureaucracy remains appropriate for management.
Bureaucratic management is a formal system of organization based on hierarchical levels and defined roles to maintain efficiency. It was developed by Max Weber, who saw it as the most rational and efficient form of organization. Key characteristics include a clear line of authority, strict rules and regulations, division of labor, and impersonal relationships based on position rather than personality. While efficient for large, stable organizations like governments, it is criticized for being rigid and limiting growth due to excessive rules.
Understanding Bureaucracy in Public AdministrationHAFIZUDIN YAHAYA
Basic noted for you to understand the concept and practice of bureaucracy in government administration. what is the factors that lead to failure of bureaucracy and how to enhance the better management in public policy.
Bureaucracy plays an essential role in modern governments and societies. It allows the complex tasks of government to be carried out efficiently through hierarchical organizations, specialized roles, and standard operating procedures. However, bureaucracy also has some negative effects, such as reduced flexibility, concentration of power among few individuals, and feelings of alienation among employees and non-members who must interact with bureaucratic organizations. As societies change rapidly, bureaucracies must adapt to remain effective while still achieving their goals.
The document discusses the role of public bureaucracy in development within the context of a developing country. It begins by defining key terms like bureaucracy, public bureaucracy, and development. It then provides context about Bangladesh as a developing country, outlining its characteristics. Bangladesh has a complex class structure and the state aims to increase investment in agriculture and exports to boost growth. Public bureaucracy in Bangladesh has a colonial legacy and plays an indispensable role in social management and development programs. While bureaucracy can have drawbacks, it also has important functions in pursuing development goals in Bangladesh and other developing nations.
Beauractric managment and Comparison of Administrative vs scientific vs burea...ErTARUNKASHNI
DEFINITION OF BUREAUCRACY
BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
HISTORY OF BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
INTRODUCTION TO BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
WORKS OF MAX WEBER
PRINCIPLES OF BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
COMPARISON OF ADMINISTRATIVE VS SCIENTIFIC VS BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT
- Mary Parker Follett was an American social worker and pioneer in organizational theory who advocated for resolving conflicts through "integration" and "power sharing" rather than domination. She recognized the importance of informal processes and authority based on expertise.
- Chester Barnard looked at organizations as systems of human cooperation. He defined efficiency as an organization's ability to satisfy individual motives and effectiveness as doing the right things. Barnard emphasized the importance of communication and persuasion over economic incentives in motivating employees.
- George Elton Mayo conducted experiments at Western Electric's Hawthorne plant that demonstrated job satisfaction increased through employee participation rather than short-term incentives. The experiments challenged Frederick Taylor's scientific management approach and established the value of
bureaucratic theory & contingency theory ppt.pptxagreshgupta
Max Weber developed Bureaucratic Theory, which argues that bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organization. According to Weber, key aspects of bureaucracy include a clear hierarchy and division of labor, standardized rules and procedures, and decisions made impartially based on technical competence rather than emotions. While bureaucracy fosters rationality, predictability, and efficiency, it can also lead to rigidity, delays, and lack of personalization.
FROM PROFESSORWelcome to week fours presentation on the classJeanmarieColbert3
FROM PROFESSOR
Welcome to week four's presentation on the classics of organization theory. As you know, the foundation of public organizations is based on a classical theory going back to the theory of scientific management during the days of the Industrial Revolution and the changes that were taking place in organizations at that time. There are basically three theories of organizations. The first is the classical theory, which is related to a system of activities in an organization. The people within those organizations, how they move together, tour to go, and authority or hierarchy in terms of leadership. Neoclassical theory is the next stage which is more functional, more scaler, more related to line and staff in terms of the hierarchy and the roles and responsibilities in that hierarchy, and then span of control. And then the third theory of organization is a more systems R3, which is based on the individual's role, the small groups, and the setting itself where it takes place. Classic organization theory. Basically, there are two perspectives. Number one, the earliest perspective by Henri Fayol is scientific management. The next perspective is administrative management. Frederick Taylor is in Luther ghoulish, probably the two most known in that perspective of classical organization theory. What are the principles of classical organization theory? You have the principle of hierarchy. That each lower office is really under their control and supervision of an office that's higher than them. You have labor that's divided based on a worker specialization. And they're limited number of responsibilities. And it's governed by policies and procedures that help direct.org admin section. You also have written administrative acts. There is authority, your organization based on that hierarchy. And when you sit in that hierarchy, and that people that work within that Pocock organization a hard based on their training and their qualifications. The major contributions to classical organization theory, the scientific management, which is the management of work and workers, was espoused by Frederick Taylor. Administrative management addresses issues related to how to organization. Structure involved there is Henri Fayol lead to Google that Max Vaber is the father of bureaucratic bureaucratic organizations. And Chester Barnard, who has written on the structure of public organizations. Frederick Taylor, basically, he undertook time motion studies and studied the productivity of the workers. This form of organization or classical organization that's very, very impersonal because it relates to, to workers themselves. But the work that they do. He's more interested in how efficient because workers can be and how much they can actually produce. The key points as scientific management, job analysis, selection of personnel, cooperation by managers with workers, and supervision in terms of plan and organize and decision-making activities. They grew, lick establi ...
The document discusses system approach and bureaucracy in educational management and administration. It defines system approach as coordinating all aspects of a problem toward specific objectives, like how the digestive system's components work together. Bureaucracy refers to non-elected government officers implementing laws and functions through standardized processes. Max Weber believed bureaucracy was the most efficient organizational structure. The document examines how Weber's bureaucratic principles apply to educational administration, and discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of bureaucracy.
The document discusses representativeness as one of the six pillars of public administration. It argues that representativeness goes beyond just reflecting the demographics of the community and that a truly representative administration reflects the views and interests of the community it serves. It mentions that while reflecting community demographics is important, that alone does not guarantee an administration will serve the public's best interests.
This document provides an overview and analysis of Thomas Hobbes' social contract theory as presented in his work Leviathan. It discusses Hobbes' view of the state of nature as one of war and competition where life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." To escape this state, individuals relinquish rights and authority to an absolute sovereign who establishes order and security through laws and punishments. The document argues that Hobbes' social contract is based primarily on fear - the fear of harm, death, and disorder in the state of nature forces individuals to consent to civil society for protection and peace. Overall, the social contract allows the sovereign to use punishments and laws to enforce order through instilling fear rather than
1. The document discusses several themes from Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night, including appearance versus reality, disguise, mistaken identity, madness, and love.
2. Key examples of appearance versus reality explored are Malvolio being tricked into appearing mad and Olivia disguising her true feelings behind a veil of mourning.
3. Disguise and mistaken identity, particularly through Viola's disguise as Cesario, are major plot devices that complicate the relationships between characters in unpredictable ways.
This document contains a dramatic piece entitled "A Change for a Chance at Life" that aims to educate about obesity. The piece follows Mary, an overweight teen who is bullied at school. While playing, Mary faints and is hospitalized, where the doctor tells her she must lose weight for her health. With a personal trainer, Mary loses 195 pounds. When school resumes, her classmates are shocked by her transformation. Mary gives a presentation on obesity risks, urging her peers not to jeopardize their health. The document analyzes language registers and dialectal variations used in the drama to realistically portray characters and convey the theme of promoting healthy choices.
The document provides analysis of key themes in Eugene O'Neill's play Long Day's Journey into Night. It discusses several themes:
1) Addiction - All the Tyrones depend on drugs/alcohol to escape their problems, but this exacerbates rather than alleviates their issues.
2) Displacing blame - The characters obsess over the past and blame others for their problems rather than accepting responsibility.
3) Denial and self-delusion - When sober, they deny flaws and choose to argue they are victims rather than face failures.
4) Hopelessness/religion - A lost faith results in a loss of hope, especially for Edmund who awaits his death without purpose.
5) I
This document provides a summary of the book "Beyond Massa Management in the British Caribbean 1770-1834" by John F. Campbell. The book examines sugar production and the experiences of enslaved peoples, including men and women, on plantations in the 18th century Caribbean. It discusses the harsh conditions of slavery, including the sexual exploitation of enslaved women. The book also analyzes human resource management strategies used by plantation owners to control slaves, such as dividing them into gangs, and the use of elite slaves to inform on planned uprisings. The document concludes that the book provides a revisionist perspective on history by giving voice to the experiences of both enslaved women and white women during this period
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
1. Public Administration is a field of service, which attempts to provide for
the needs of the public. It is the most significant component of governmental machinery
of the state. Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) is regarded as the father of public
administration. His famous 1887 article “The study of Administration” laid the
foundation for a systematic study of public administration. This led him to theorize that,
“Public Administration is a detailed and systematic application of law”. He believed that
politics was about policy formulation and public administrations seek to execute these
laws.
Another theory of public administration is that of Leonard D. White (1891-1985),
which asserts that, “Public Administration consists of all these operations having for their
purpose the fulfillment of public policy as declared by authority”. In White’s theory he
makes clear that public administration is the “directions, coordination and control of
persons to achieve” a purpose. Hence public administration “seeks to institute managerial
practices attuned to effectiveness, efficiency and fulfillment of deeper human requisite of
the citizenry” according to Nicholas Henry.
To go on further without proper definitions would be ludicrous. Hence a few key
words would be presented and defined in an effort to make clear any fog that may arise.
Often, reference to the term effectiveness is made when discussing efficiency, and this
oft-times creates confusion. Therefore, to eliminate this confusion, effectiveness
according to the Public Administration Glossary of terms is the extent to which a
program is achieving or failing to achieve its stated objectives while efficiency is the
comparison of what is actually produced or performed with what can be achieved with
the same consumption of resources such as money, time and labor according to
BusinessDictionary.com.
Another pair of terms that are often used loosely is power and authority. Authority
can be defined as the responsibilities or obligations that may be delegated to a person
based on a specific duty. For example, a police officer has the ‘authority’ to arrest an
offender of the law. Power then, is defined as the possession of authority, control or
influence by which a person influences the actions of others. In simple words, a person
who holds power has the ability to force someone to behave in a certain manner.
Authority by extension is a primary source of power. This paper will seek to compare and
2. contrast using a framework that will include both descriptive and explanative analysis of
Weber’s Bureaucratic model and Riggs Prismatic model.
Max Weber (1864-1920) was born into an affluent German family and was
described as an intellectual with ranging fields of interests including Sociology, Religion,
Economics, Political Science and other areas. He studied Law, History, Philosophy and
Economics at Heidelberg University after which, he spent a year in the military. Due to
his knowledge of law, Weber was well aware of how authority and power can be
manipulated into a degree of control. After spending a year in the military Weber
believed that, “No special proof is necessary to show that military discipline is the ideal
model for modern capitalist factory, as it was ancient plantation” according to an article
entitled ‘In his Own Words’. As a result of Weber’s knowledge of law and his experience
in the military, led to his bureaucracy theory, which clearly outlined strict behaviors for
public servants.
Weber’s model can create an effective and efficient Bureaucracy to an extent.
This may not be best suited for the Caribbean because of its rigidity. On the other hand
there are other models that may create the same efficiency and effectiveness in another
way. An example of this would be Fred W. Riggs Ecological Approach. Riggs was a
political scientist and pioneer in administrative model building and theory formulation.
He is best known for his Riggesian model.
Weber was opposed to organizations being runned as a family-like entity. He
thought that this family-like structure inhibited the potential of a company or organization
because power was displaced and as a result employees were more loyal to their ‘bosses’
and not the organization. Weber hence believed that a formal structure, Bureaucracy,
would be the best way or system to reform organizational culture. His rational for his
bureaucratic model therefore was to create a non-personal organization that follows a
formal structure.
The formulation of Riggs prismatic model was primarily based upon the extent to
which social administrative systems undergo functional differentiation. His rational for
his model therefore was to create a diverse model. Riggs believed that each society
differs from another and sort to explain this within his “fused-prismatic-diffracted”
model. A Fused society was one in which an institution operationalizes all functions of
3. administration and government. This was a feature of traditional society. An example of
this would be Imperial China. The emperor of China reigned supreme. He would ‘call all
the shots’ where China was concerned without being questioned, any objections to his
rules would have resulted in death. A prismatic society is any combination, like
contingency choice in organization models. This is also known as the period of transition.
This is as the two systems the old and new exists within one society. For example a
doctor who works at the Public hospital can recommend patients to his private practice
where they would now have to pay for the same health treatment that they would have
received for free in the public institution. A diffracted society is one, which consists of
separate institutions for every function. An example of this could be seen within Trinidad
and Tobago’s government. This is, as there exist different ministers for every post. Also
it is based on meritocracy.
The first characteristic of Weber’s Bureaucracy is a hierarchy of authority. This
consists of a pyramid of control, with the lowest job level at the bottom and the highest
job level at the top. It is also where one job level is subjected to control from the next
higher job level. This is simply to ensure that no office well be left uncontrolled. Here
lower-level employees would not be apart of the decision-making process. For example a
minister is in charge of making the policies for the organization whereas the personal
secretary has the responsibility of being the accounting officer and has other
responsibilities. Weber advocated that everyone should stick to his or her job function
and this would create smooth sailing within the organization. Another example can be
when an employee has been given an assignment a certain level of work is expected.
Already the employee may feel pressured to deliver good work but strict supervision may
only make the employee feel on-edge and this can negatively affect his/her work.
Weber believes for a Bureaucracy to be runned effective and efficient it must be
impersonal. Impersonality to him meant that all issues and problems that the public
servant was experiencing outside the bureaucracy were to be left at the door before he or
she entered the organization. That meant for example if you were in some form or the
other sexually assaulted before reaching to work, his guidelines for a bureaucrat stated
that you left your emotions outside and work through the day unbothered doing what is
expected of you. After completing your work-day when you are leaving you carried your
4. sexual assault with you home. Impersonality he considered one of the key features of a
successful bureaucracy.
Another characteristic of his bureaucracy is that the organization is continuous.
That is, there is a set of given rules and regulations for employees to obey. For example
there is a specific time employees must be at work according to the rules as outline by the
organization. Also if a manager has authority over four employees and one is unable to
make it to work for one reason or the other he/she must call her directly and make her
aware of their situation as opposed to the manager finding out from someone else. Rules
create standardization and Weber suggests that this would create equality since everyone
must follow the rules if he or she wants to be employed.
The separation of officials from owner was another characteristic of Weber’s
bureaucracy. Weber claimed that public servants should not treat the organization as
theirs but realized that they have an obligation to the organization and not the other way
around. Hence the administrator must not personalize anything within the organization.
Employees as outlined by Weber must not take home or hide any of the organizational
equipment. For example a public servant must not write his or her name on the stapler
that was considered a loan from the organization. Also a receptionist should not use the
organization’s phone to make personal calls. Weber suggested that the organization must
be strictly work-related.
A specified role of competence is another of Weber’s bureaucratic characteristics.
This according to Weber led to the division of labor that in turn resulted in the smooth
running of the organization. He assessed that with specified roles of competence it was
about finding a qualified and placing that person within the organization in a position
relating to their qualification. An example would be hiring a new employee who has
knowledge and experience in the field of marketing and placing that employee in a sub
area relating to the field. This would ensure maximum efficiency with the employee and
by extension the organization. If this new employee is placed within the accounting
department for instance, things can go horribly wrong for the organization.
The intermediate society between two extremes that is the fused and diffracted is
called a prismatic society. According to Riggs, the prismatic society has three
fundamental characteristics. The first of which is Heterogeneity. Heterogeneity refers to
5. the simultaneous existence of different kinds of systems, practices and viewpoint. This
presents a paradoxical or contradictory picture, for example in the field of education;
society pays great emphasis on the western type of education while upholding traditional
values. Since political and administrative offices enjoy enormous influence, although
equal opportunity exist for all only a few experience this. For example a person may be
highly qualified and may have had experience but the job may be given to the
interviewer’s family who also may have applied for the job.
Society is then defined by the co-existence of tradition and modernization. As a
result a tension of which is right or which is best will overshadow the society, it also
separates the people and can cause an unstable environment. This tension then penetrates
its way into the organizations. The ruling class will seek the interest of those who hold
high positions i.e. the ‘haves’ while the interest of the ‘have not’ will be left ignored.
Therefore a lack of integration and presence of division, according to Riggs this can lead
to an outbreak of revolution within society.
Formalism is another characteristic of a prismatic society. Formalism is ‘the
extent to which a discrepancy exists between the prescriptive and the descriptive,
between formal and effective power, between the impression given by the Constitution,
laws and regulations, organizational charts and statistics and the actual practices and facts
of government and society’. That is the difference between the gaps of prescribed norms
i.e., what is expected and what is practiced i.e. the reality. The greater the difference
between the gap of the formal and actual, the more formalism will occur within the
system. This simply means the written laws receive more lip service than being practiced
within the organization.
For example the law sates that any attorney who has or had a conviction is barred
from practicing law in Trinidad and Tobago and his name shall be struck off the roll of
attorneys, however Patrick Jagessar, who on may 1998 was convicted for three years for
accepting a bribery continues to practice his profession. In a Newsday report date
Sunday, October 2003, Patrick Jagessar was granted a Practice Certificate from the
Register and Marshall of the Supreme Court Evelyn Ann Peterson. This certification
allows this previously convicted attorney to continue practicing law. Formalism hence
paves the way for corruption. Riggs hence took into consideration Constitutional
6. Formalism. This referred to the gap between the Constitutional provisions and their
actual implementation. For example the Constitutions legally vests the governance in the
hands of the elected representatives of the people but in practice the real governmental
power and influence may be wielded by some individuals or groups of people outside the
Parliament. Little time is spent on law making because legislators are consumed with the
power their position bestows on them.
The third characteristic of Riggs’ Prismatic model is Overlapping. Overlapping
simply refers to the extent to which formally differentiated structures of a diffracted
society co-exist with undifferentiated structures of a fused type. That is when for example
an organization attempts to introduce a new procedure but this new procedure is an
updated version of the past procedure.
Now that both theorist rational and characteristics have been presented and
explain an attempt would be made to compare and contrast the features of each model.
The first variable that would be discussed is the organization’s culture. As Riggs
rightfully stated in his Prismatic Model an organization is affected by the environment it
is within and vice versa. Therefore organizations culture is affected by society’s culture.
All Caribbean countries share a similar colonial history. It was within this regime
freedom was taken and replaced with sweet hardships. As a people who know what it
feels like to be restricted, Caribbean people, hence coming out of that situation highly
appreciates and values their freedom. This creates tension within the organization.
Weber tries to create an impersonal work place, where friendships and personal
problems are prohibited. For example if you were in some form or the other sexual
assaulted before reaching to work, his guidelines for a bureaucratic stated that you left
your emotions outside and work through the day unbothered doing what is expected of
you after completing your work day when you are leaving you carried your sexual assault
with you home. Impersonality, he considered to be one of the key features of a successful
bureaucracy. Weber dehumanized the organizations population and therein people were
forced to be machines and play their part in the organizations function.
Riggs on the other hand, realizing that the public servants are affected by issues
within, and outside of the organization sort to create a better work condition accepting of
emotions. “To each their own”. Riggs understood that each society was characterized by
7. different experiences and these experiences therefore shaped culture. As a result he
understood that impersonality would not be the best way to receive a successful
organization but rather integration between the public servants.
Another variable that would be discussed is the functioning of the organization. In
order to function at its maximum potential public servants must do what is required
according to Weber. Weber’s bureaucratic theory outlines clear rules and regulations and
codes of conduct. These he believed, once followed bureaucrats would create
effectiveness. Weber assess that a bureaucrat is appointed in an official positions on the
basis of contract and a bureaucrat is not committed to a person but to the work. Also, the
bureaucrat exercises authority with impersonal approach. He should be legal and faithful
in the performance of duties. For example there is a specific time employees must be at
work according to the rules as outline by the organization. Also if a manager has
authority over four employees and one is unable to make it to work for one reason or the
other he/she must call her directly and make her aware of their situation as opposed to the
manager finding out from someone else.
Riggs assess that written rules and regulations and codes of conduct receive more
lip service than it is practiced. That simply means that the organization outlines clear
rules and/or codes of conduct but little is done to enforce the rules. Rules are drawn up
along the premise of what might create order for a sense of what may be characterized as
wrong and right in the organization. As a result Riggs clearly outlines that there exist a
gap between what is Ideal that is the written rules and what is Actual that is the reality of
what happens. For example the law sates that any attorney who has or had a conviction is
barred from practicing law in Trinidad and Tobago and his name shall be struck off the
roll of attorneys, however Patrick Jagessar, who on may 1998 was convicted for three
years for accepting a bribery continues to practice his profession. In a Newsday report
date Sunday, October 2003, Patrick Jagessar was granted a Practice Certificate from the
Register and Marshall of the Supreme Court Evelyn Ann Peterson. This certification
allows this previously convicted attorney to continue practicing law.
A third variable of discussion that lies between both theories is structure of the
organization. Weber assesses that a hierarchical order would be fit for a bureaucracy. His
hierarchical structure strictly supervised employees. For example can be when an
8. employee has been given an assignment a certain level of work is expected. Already the
employee may feel pressured to deliver good work but strict supervision may only make
the employee feel on-edge and this can negatively affect his/her work. Hence strictly
monitored employees may create unnecessary mistakes for the organization. Riggs on the
other hand believed in a different type of organization structure that is a flat structure.
Riggs asserted that a flat structure made employees feel a level of importance since they
were apart of decision-making. Riggs realized the more the employee felt apart of the
organization the harder the employee worked.
Impersonality may be another variable that may be contrasted between both
theories. This as Weber believes that persons within the organization should realize that
they had an obligation to the organization and that the organization didn’t have an
obligation to them. For example a public servant must not write his or her name on the
stapler that was considered a loan from the organization. Also a receptionist should not
use the organization’s phone to make personal calls. In Riggs’ theory of the Prismatic
Model he understood that rules and regulations were just a small chain holding back a
pitbull. This was in regards to the Sala Man. The organization could never be impersonal
once the sala man existed. The sala man gives priority to personal increase in power and
wealth than social welfare. His behavior and performance are influenced by parochialism
or narrow-mindedness and the rules and regulations are not made universally applicable.
For example Patrick Jagessar who in 1998 may was convicted of bribery.
The Public Sector is characterized by rules both written and non-written and these
are often still broken. Weber’s Bureaucratic theory asserted that these would be necessary
in the formulation of an effective bureaucracy and would promote equality,
standardization and neutrality but in reality this paved the way for corruption. Riggs
contradicted Weber’s bureaucratic theory with his Prismatic model. He advocated that
Weber’s theory lacked anonymity, neutrality and confidentiality of the organization staff.
“Ecology is the study of interactions of living organisms with one another and
with their non-living matter…” S. C. Santra. This solidifies Riggs’ Prismatic Model. At
the beginning of Riggs’ theory he understood that the organization is affected by its
environment and the environment is affect by the organization. Riggs realizes that a lack
of impersonality basis of running and organization is impossible. This is as in a small
9. bureaucracy everyone knows everyone and hence interaction occurs between employees
and even employers.
The problem that now presents itself with Riggs’ theory is where it was based.
Riggs’ theory is based on a study he did in Thailand, Philippines and India. As a result
this cannot apply to a Caribbean society. In other words his theory is hypothetical, it
believes that his findings may be the say for every organization. Along with Riggs is
Weber, both theorists make excellent points on the basis of organization formulation but
neither theory could be taken as is and be applied to the Caribbean. Although Riggs’
theory may be closer to that of what can be used for a Caribbean society but a
combination of his and Weber’s theory to create a hybrid structure may work for a
Caribbean society.
10. Course Code & Type of Exam: GOVT 1006 MID TERM EXAM
Name of Student: Kini-mia Mc Dowell
I.D Number: 814002396
Name of Lecturer: Mr. Anthony Khan
Course: BSc Sport Management
Title: “Public Administration is the systematic execution of Public Law”. Clinically
compare and contrast Max Weber’s Bureaucratic Model with Fredrick Riggs’s Prismatic
Model. Using Appropriate examples illustrate your answer, determine to what extent
these models can achieve an efficient and effective bureaucracy.
Date Submitted: Friday 13th November 2015.
11. Bibliography
Albrow, Martin. Bureaucracy. Palgrove Macmillan, 1970.
Arora, Ramesh. Comparative Public Administration. Associated Publishing House, 1998.
Barton, Rayburn. W. Chappel. Public Administration: the Work of Government. Scott
Foresman & Co., 1984.
Etzioni, Amitai. Modern Organizaions. Prentice Hall, INC, 1994.
Rogers State University. “In his Own Words”.
http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Weber/WeberWords.pdf
Shafritz, Jay. A. Hyde. Classics in Public Administration. Cangage Learning, 2011.