Gangs have existed in the US for many decades. While gang involvement increased in the late 1980s and early 1990s, numbers started declining in the late 1990s. Gangs are typically made up of young males seeking belonging, protection, and status. Like other groups, gangs form due to human desires for psychological and resource security through emotional bonds. While criminal activities are concerning, gangs fulfill normal human needs similarly to other organizations through features such as colors, initiation, hierarchy, and recruitment. Effective prevention focuses on strengthening communities and families to reduce the attractiveness of gang involvement.
The document defines prejudice as a judgment formed before considering the facts that puts others at an unjust disadvantage. It discusses how prejudice arises from sources like socialization, competition over resources, and social learning of negative attitudes. Prejudice contains attitudes of favor/disfavor related to overgeneralized beliefs about social groups. The document also outlines steps that can be taken to reduce prejudice, such as direct intergroup contact, recategorization of groups, and cognitive interventions to reduce stereotyping.
1) Dr. Robert Agnew developed General Strain Theory from Merton's Strain Theory. It focuses on negative relationships and delinquency resulting from anger or other negative emotions.
2) General Strain Theory groups strains into three categories: failure to achieve goals, removal of positive stimuli, and presence of negative stimuli. Each refers to relationship type.
3) Strains are linked to delinquency as a way to correct situations, ease strain, protect positive stimuli, neutralize negative stimuli, or seek revenge.
Becker's Labelling Theory & Interactionismcharlieh_0014
The document summarizes key aspects of labeling theory, including that deviance is defined by societal labels rather than inherent acts, that these labels can become an individual's master status and lead to exclusion and self-fulfilling prophecies of deviant behavior. It notes labeling theory argues deviance is created by societal rules and reactions to those who break norms, and that being denied means to participate normally can push some into criminal careers. However, it also outlines some criticisms of labeling theory, such as neglecting macro-level societal factors and change, and over-emphasizing determinism and individual choice.
Racism, sexism, social categorisation, discrimation, stereotyping etc. are all the terms associated with PREJUDICE that create stigma and divides the world into "us v/s them" category.
Human trafficking involves forcing people to leave their homes and work under harsh conditions, such as in prostitution, domestic work, farming or factories. Victims are often sold and bought by traffickers, and are forced, tricked or lured with false promises. Common victims include those with prior abuse, LGBTQ individuals, runaways, homeless youth, those with special needs or who are undocumented. Victims suffer abuse, receive little to no pay, are rarely fed and given no medical care by their owners who fear them. In 2014 in the US, over 5,000 reported potential human trafficking cases involved minors, with most cases on the east coast or in California. Worldwide nearly 21 million people are victims
This document provides an overview of restorative justice, including its key principles, programs, and theoretical underpinnings. Some of the main points covered include:
- Restorative justice aims to repair the harm caused by crime and involve all stakeholders affected. It seeks to transform relationships and responses to crime.
- Key programs include victim-offender mediation, conferencing, and circles, which allow victims, offenders, and community members to participate in resolving the crime.
- Research shows restorative justice is effective at reducing recidivism and increasing victim satisfaction. It can save the criminal justice system money compared to traditional responses alone.
The document discusses crime and violence in Canada. It defines different types of crimes such as property crimes, violent crimes, victimless crimes, and computer crimes. It provides statistics on crime in Canada, noting that reported criminal incidents decreased from 2011 to 2012, largely due to reductions in non-violent crimes. The document also discusses youth crime statistics and notes that nearly 40,000 cases were completed in Canadian youth courts in 2013/2014, which was 12% lower than the previous year. Common youth crimes are discussed as well as the benefits of diversion programs for first-time youth offenders.
This playlist includes 7 songs that deal with various social psychology concepts related to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination such as explicit prejudice, hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, illusory correlation, modern racism, and ways to reduce prejudice. The chapter overview discusses stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination and how they differ, perspectives on intergroup bias including economic, motivational, and cognitive perspectives, the experience of being a member of a stigmatized group, and ways to reduce stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.
The document defines prejudice as a judgment formed before considering the facts that puts others at an unjust disadvantage. It discusses how prejudice arises from sources like socialization, competition over resources, and social learning of negative attitudes. Prejudice contains attitudes of favor/disfavor related to overgeneralized beliefs about social groups. The document also outlines steps that can be taken to reduce prejudice, such as direct intergroup contact, recategorization of groups, and cognitive interventions to reduce stereotyping.
1) Dr. Robert Agnew developed General Strain Theory from Merton's Strain Theory. It focuses on negative relationships and delinquency resulting from anger or other negative emotions.
2) General Strain Theory groups strains into three categories: failure to achieve goals, removal of positive stimuli, and presence of negative stimuli. Each refers to relationship type.
3) Strains are linked to delinquency as a way to correct situations, ease strain, protect positive stimuli, neutralize negative stimuli, or seek revenge.
Becker's Labelling Theory & Interactionismcharlieh_0014
The document summarizes key aspects of labeling theory, including that deviance is defined by societal labels rather than inherent acts, that these labels can become an individual's master status and lead to exclusion and self-fulfilling prophecies of deviant behavior. It notes labeling theory argues deviance is created by societal rules and reactions to those who break norms, and that being denied means to participate normally can push some into criminal careers. However, it also outlines some criticisms of labeling theory, such as neglecting macro-level societal factors and change, and over-emphasizing determinism and individual choice.
Racism, sexism, social categorisation, discrimation, stereotyping etc. are all the terms associated with PREJUDICE that create stigma and divides the world into "us v/s them" category.
Human trafficking involves forcing people to leave their homes and work under harsh conditions, such as in prostitution, domestic work, farming or factories. Victims are often sold and bought by traffickers, and are forced, tricked or lured with false promises. Common victims include those with prior abuse, LGBTQ individuals, runaways, homeless youth, those with special needs or who are undocumented. Victims suffer abuse, receive little to no pay, are rarely fed and given no medical care by their owners who fear them. In 2014 in the US, over 5,000 reported potential human trafficking cases involved minors, with most cases on the east coast or in California. Worldwide nearly 21 million people are victims
This document provides an overview of restorative justice, including its key principles, programs, and theoretical underpinnings. Some of the main points covered include:
- Restorative justice aims to repair the harm caused by crime and involve all stakeholders affected. It seeks to transform relationships and responses to crime.
- Key programs include victim-offender mediation, conferencing, and circles, which allow victims, offenders, and community members to participate in resolving the crime.
- Research shows restorative justice is effective at reducing recidivism and increasing victim satisfaction. It can save the criminal justice system money compared to traditional responses alone.
The document discusses crime and violence in Canada. It defines different types of crimes such as property crimes, violent crimes, victimless crimes, and computer crimes. It provides statistics on crime in Canada, noting that reported criminal incidents decreased from 2011 to 2012, largely due to reductions in non-violent crimes. The document also discusses youth crime statistics and notes that nearly 40,000 cases were completed in Canadian youth courts in 2013/2014, which was 12% lower than the previous year. Common youth crimes are discussed as well as the benefits of diversion programs for first-time youth offenders.
This playlist includes 7 songs that deal with various social psychology concepts related to stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination such as explicit prejudice, hostile sexism, benevolent sexism, illusory correlation, modern racism, and ways to reduce prejudice. The chapter overview discusses stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination and how they differ, perspectives on intergroup bias including economic, motivational, and cognitive perspectives, the experience of being a member of a stigmatized group, and ways to reduce stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.
This document summarizes information about victimization from a criminology course. It discusses the social ecology and characteristics of victimizations, as well as theories of victimization. The key points are:
1) Victimization risk varies based on location (e.g. public vs. private), gender, age, social status, and other demographic factors.
2) Theories of victimization like lifestyle theory and routine activities theory suggest victimization risk increases through behaviors like frequenting risky locations, having valuable possessions, and lacking capable guardians.
3) Victimization can cause economic losses, suffering, stress, PTSD and increased risk of anti-social behavior in victims.
Walter Reckless developed the Containment Theory to explain how people avoid deviant behavior in society. The theory proposes that there are two components that prevent criminal behavior: outer containment through social norms and rules enforced by the community, and inner containment through an individual's self-control, self-image, and ability to manage frustration. Reckless also identified "push" and "pull" forces that can influence a person toward deviant acts, such as unhappiness, peer pressure, or the desire for money and status. According to the theory, a balance of outer societal constraints and strong inner control mechanisms help contain criminal impulses.
This document discusses human trafficking in the Philippines. It defines human trafficking as the trade of humans for forced labor, sexual slavery, or exploitation. The key elements of human trafficking include the act of recruiting, transporting or harboring victims, the means of using force, coercion or abuse, and the purpose of exploiting the victims. Common forms of trafficking found in the Philippines include forced labor, debt bondage, domestic servitude, child labor, and sex trafficking. The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 was passed as part of legal efforts in the Philippines to combat human trafficking and protect victim rights and dignity in accordance with international human rights standards.
The effects of family structure on juvenile delinquencykaedhie
This document is a thesis presented by Alisha Parks to the faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice at East Tennessee State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Arts degree in Criminal Justice and Criminology. The thesis examines the effects of family structure on juvenile delinquency. It provides a literature review on past research that has found children from non-intact families, such as single-parent or cohabitating households, generally have higher rates of delinquency compared to children from two-biological-parent families. The thesis will use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to determine if differences exist in delinquency between cohabitating families and other family types, and
Carolyn Thomas was shot in the face by her abusive ex-boyfriend, who also killed her mother. She underwent several reconstructive surgeries to repair damage to her jaw, eye socket, nose, and upper lip. Though she now must use a trachea tube and synthetic nose, Carolyn has become an advocate against domestic violence, sharing her story to educate and empower women.
an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government; especially :a gross violation of law.
crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.The term "crime" does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition, though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes.The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law.
This document summarizes key concepts from critical criminology such as how it views crime as stemming from social and economic inequalities in society rather than individual pathology. It discusses themes like the relationship between crime and power structures, as well as the role of gender and race. The document also introduces concepts from forms of critical criminology such as left realism, critical feminist theory, and peacemaking criminology. Finally, it discusses how critical theory relates to restorative justice approaches as an alternative to punitive policies.
Labelling theories argue that deviance is not inherent in acts themselves, but rather defined by societal rules and the labelling of those who break them. Certain groups, like the police, benefit from expanding definitions of deviance and enforcing laws in a way that discriminates against the working class. Once labelled as deviant, people are more likely to take on that identity and continue deviant acts due to limited opportunities. While labelling can increase deviance, reintegrative shaming that distinguishes acts from persons may discourage continued deviance and encourage reacceptance.
Much has been said and written about domestic violence. Nonetheless, there are many misconception that persist and need to be addressed. Part I - What is Domestic Violence
Grace Nava is a doctoral student and an associate professor of social studies.
The document discusses social psychology and the social processes that occur within groups from the group processes perspective. It describes how social psychologists study basic group processes like power, status, justice, and legitimacy. It explains that groups can vary in size, from small primary groups to larger secondary groups, and discusses how group size and structure can impact group dynamics. Collective behavior is defined as spontaneous group actions that occur when norms are unclear or contradictory, and examples like social movements, crowds, and riots are provided.
An overview of evidence-based therapeutic components that aid in the reduction of the rate of return or recidivism of ex-offenders going back to prison.
This document discusses domestic violence, defining it as a pattern of abusive behavior used to gain power and control over an intimate partner. It can include physical, sexual, emotional, economic or psychological abuse. The document provides statistics on domestic violence victims in the US and California. It outlines the various types of abuse and discusses the health, economic, cultural and psychosocial impacts of domestic violence. It also discusses the role of public health nurses in addressing domestic violence through prevention, screening, assessment and referrals to local resources and agencies.
Labeling theory argues that deviance is not determined by the act itself, but rather by the societal reaction to that act. Society applies labels like "criminal" or "mentally ill" to individuals who commit certain acts, influencing how those individuals see themselves and potentially causing them to engage in further deviant acts. The theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists like Howard Becker, who argued that deviance is a result of social labeling and interaction, not inherent to the individuals or acts themselves.
This lecture slide concerns the accuracy report of eye witness testimony. How accurate are eye-witness testimonials? And how can we interview witness so that their reports can be more accurate? It identifies the 'Cognitive Interview Model' which is a interview approach for increasing accuracy of reports while minimizes false information. One of the main mistake of interviewers are asking misleading questions. For instance, 'did you see the gun?' as opposed to 'did you see 'a' gun?' First part was misleading because it implies that a gun was witnessed when in fact there may not have been a gun present.
Add your comments and questions below.
Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of humans for the purpose of exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion. It is the third largest international crime generating billions of dollars in profit each year. Victims are often lured with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced into labor or commercial sex against their will. Common forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and organ harvesting. Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and demand for cheap labor or commercial sex are key drivers. The top countries for human trafficking globally are Bangladesh, Brazil, Haiti, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. In India, trafficking is prevalent with victims sourced from
Juvenile delinquency refers to illegal acts committed by minors. It is a serious social problem that is often a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Children living in slums and cities are more vulnerable to juvenile delinquency. Some key causes of juvenile delinquency include internal factors like struggling with identity development and weak self-control during adolescence, as well as external factors like problematic family situations, unfavorable peers, and poor communities. Solutions involve helping teens develop a strong identity and self-control through role models, as well as improving family relationships and environments. Overall, juvenile delinquency is considered a crime in many countries and disproportionately affects those from poor educational and economic backgrounds.
The document provides a history of punishments from ancient times through the 18th century. It describes physical punishments used in ancient Israel, Greece, Rome, and other early civilizations including various forms of execution, mutilation, torture, and public humiliation. It then discusses the emergence of incarceration through the establishment of workhouses and the philosophical shift toward imprisoning criminals that led to the development of the modern prison system.
1. Early psychological explanations of criminal behavior included demonic possession, physical abnormalities, and mental retardation. Rational choice theory proposed that criminal acts result from weighing rewards against risks and deterrence of punishment.
2. Major modern theories include psychodynamic perspectives focusing on childhood experiences and personality development, behaviorism which posits that aggression is learned through modeling, and cognitive theories examining faulty information processing and moral development.
3. Biological factors like biochemical imbalances, genetics, neurological defects, and evolutionary influences on aggression are also considered, as are trait theories related to antisocial personality and intelligence. Dominant views today recognize the interaction between psychological and sociological influences in contributing to criminal behavior.
Deindividuation (Social psychological theories of aggression) A2Jill Jan
Deindividuation occurs when self-awareness is reduced in groups, causing people to lose their sense of individual identity and increasing aggressive behaviors. It can happen when people feel anonymous in a group due to factors like wearing uniforms, being in large crowds, or having a singular group focus. Studies show deindividuated individuals act more aggressively and indiscriminately. However, deindividuation theory has limitations and may not apply equally across genders and cultures.
Patrol officers make up the majority of police forces and are responsible for responding to calls for service, deterring crime through preventative patrols, and directing resources to high crime areas. Police departments deliver a variety of field services including patrol, investigation, traffic enforcement, and drug enforcement. Larger police departments have specialized units focused on traffic, vice, drugs, and gangs that conduct undercover operations, while smaller departments rely on patrol officers to handle most criminal investigations in addition to their regular duties.
This document presents a case study and treatment plan for a patient with Parkinson's disease. The patient experiences impairments in posture, range of motion, strength, gait, balance, and motor control. This limits his ability to do activities like community walking, ADLs, driving, and lifting objects. It also restricts his participation as a spouse, independent individual, and grandparent/babysitter. The treatment plan involves balance training exercises and gait training with cues to improve strength and balance and reduce falls. The goals are to improve strength and balance scores and restrict near falls. Interventions are supported by research showing improvements in stability, reaction time, and gait parameters from step training, cueing training, and incorporating exercise
This document summarizes information about victimization from a criminology course. It discusses the social ecology and characteristics of victimizations, as well as theories of victimization. The key points are:
1) Victimization risk varies based on location (e.g. public vs. private), gender, age, social status, and other demographic factors.
2) Theories of victimization like lifestyle theory and routine activities theory suggest victimization risk increases through behaviors like frequenting risky locations, having valuable possessions, and lacking capable guardians.
3) Victimization can cause economic losses, suffering, stress, PTSD and increased risk of anti-social behavior in victims.
Walter Reckless developed the Containment Theory to explain how people avoid deviant behavior in society. The theory proposes that there are two components that prevent criminal behavior: outer containment through social norms and rules enforced by the community, and inner containment through an individual's self-control, self-image, and ability to manage frustration. Reckless also identified "push" and "pull" forces that can influence a person toward deviant acts, such as unhappiness, peer pressure, or the desire for money and status. According to the theory, a balance of outer societal constraints and strong inner control mechanisms help contain criminal impulses.
This document discusses human trafficking in the Philippines. It defines human trafficking as the trade of humans for forced labor, sexual slavery, or exploitation. The key elements of human trafficking include the act of recruiting, transporting or harboring victims, the means of using force, coercion or abuse, and the purpose of exploiting the victims. Common forms of trafficking found in the Philippines include forced labor, debt bondage, domestic servitude, child labor, and sex trafficking. The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 was passed as part of legal efforts in the Philippines to combat human trafficking and protect victim rights and dignity in accordance with international human rights standards.
The effects of family structure on juvenile delinquencykaedhie
This document is a thesis presented by Alisha Parks to the faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice at East Tennessee State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Arts degree in Criminal Justice and Criminology. The thesis examines the effects of family structure on juvenile delinquency. It provides a literature review on past research that has found children from non-intact families, such as single-parent or cohabitating households, generally have higher rates of delinquency compared to children from two-biological-parent families. The thesis will use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to determine if differences exist in delinquency between cohabitating families and other family types, and
Carolyn Thomas was shot in the face by her abusive ex-boyfriend, who also killed her mother. She underwent several reconstructive surgeries to repair damage to her jaw, eye socket, nose, and upper lip. Though she now must use a trachea tube and synthetic nose, Carolyn has become an advocate against domestic violence, sharing her story to educate and empower women.
an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government; especially :a gross violation of law.
crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.The term "crime" does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition, though statutory definitions have been provided for certain purposes.The most popular view is that crime is a category created by law; in other words, something is a crime if declared as such by the relevant and applicable law. One proposed definition is that a crime or offence (or criminal offence) is an act harmful not only to some individual but also to a community, society or the state ("a public wrong"). Such acts are forbidden and punishable by law.
This document summarizes key concepts from critical criminology such as how it views crime as stemming from social and economic inequalities in society rather than individual pathology. It discusses themes like the relationship between crime and power structures, as well as the role of gender and race. The document also introduces concepts from forms of critical criminology such as left realism, critical feminist theory, and peacemaking criminology. Finally, it discusses how critical theory relates to restorative justice approaches as an alternative to punitive policies.
Labelling theories argue that deviance is not inherent in acts themselves, but rather defined by societal rules and the labelling of those who break them. Certain groups, like the police, benefit from expanding definitions of deviance and enforcing laws in a way that discriminates against the working class. Once labelled as deviant, people are more likely to take on that identity and continue deviant acts due to limited opportunities. While labelling can increase deviance, reintegrative shaming that distinguishes acts from persons may discourage continued deviance and encourage reacceptance.
Much has been said and written about domestic violence. Nonetheless, there are many misconception that persist and need to be addressed. Part I - What is Domestic Violence
Grace Nava is a doctoral student and an associate professor of social studies.
The document discusses social psychology and the social processes that occur within groups from the group processes perspective. It describes how social psychologists study basic group processes like power, status, justice, and legitimacy. It explains that groups can vary in size, from small primary groups to larger secondary groups, and discusses how group size and structure can impact group dynamics. Collective behavior is defined as spontaneous group actions that occur when norms are unclear or contradictory, and examples like social movements, crowds, and riots are provided.
An overview of evidence-based therapeutic components that aid in the reduction of the rate of return or recidivism of ex-offenders going back to prison.
This document discusses domestic violence, defining it as a pattern of abusive behavior used to gain power and control over an intimate partner. It can include physical, sexual, emotional, economic or psychological abuse. The document provides statistics on domestic violence victims in the US and California. It outlines the various types of abuse and discusses the health, economic, cultural and psychosocial impacts of domestic violence. It also discusses the role of public health nurses in addressing domestic violence through prevention, screening, assessment and referrals to local resources and agencies.
Labeling theory argues that deviance is not determined by the act itself, but rather by the societal reaction to that act. Society applies labels like "criminal" or "mentally ill" to individuals who commit certain acts, influencing how those individuals see themselves and potentially causing them to engage in further deviant acts. The theory was developed in the 1960s by sociologists like Howard Becker, who argued that deviance is a result of social labeling and interaction, not inherent to the individuals or acts themselves.
This lecture slide concerns the accuracy report of eye witness testimony. How accurate are eye-witness testimonials? And how can we interview witness so that their reports can be more accurate? It identifies the 'Cognitive Interview Model' which is a interview approach for increasing accuracy of reports while minimizes false information. One of the main mistake of interviewers are asking misleading questions. For instance, 'did you see the gun?' as opposed to 'did you see 'a' gun?' First part was misleading because it implies that a gun was witnessed when in fact there may not have been a gun present.
Add your comments and questions below.
Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of humans for the purpose of exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion. It is the third largest international crime generating billions of dollars in profit each year. Victims are often lured with false promises of good jobs and better lives, and then forced into labor or commercial sex against their will. Common forms of human trafficking include sex trafficking, labor trafficking, and organ harvesting. Poverty, lack of economic opportunities, and demand for cheap labor or commercial sex are key drivers. The top countries for human trafficking globally are Bangladesh, Brazil, Haiti, Pakistan, India, and Nepal. In India, trafficking is prevalent with victims sourced from
Juvenile delinquency refers to illegal acts committed by minors. It is a serious social problem that is often a result of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Children living in slums and cities are more vulnerable to juvenile delinquency. Some key causes of juvenile delinquency include internal factors like struggling with identity development and weak self-control during adolescence, as well as external factors like problematic family situations, unfavorable peers, and poor communities. Solutions involve helping teens develop a strong identity and self-control through role models, as well as improving family relationships and environments. Overall, juvenile delinquency is considered a crime in many countries and disproportionately affects those from poor educational and economic backgrounds.
The document provides a history of punishments from ancient times through the 18th century. It describes physical punishments used in ancient Israel, Greece, Rome, and other early civilizations including various forms of execution, mutilation, torture, and public humiliation. It then discusses the emergence of incarceration through the establishment of workhouses and the philosophical shift toward imprisoning criminals that led to the development of the modern prison system.
1. Early psychological explanations of criminal behavior included demonic possession, physical abnormalities, and mental retardation. Rational choice theory proposed that criminal acts result from weighing rewards against risks and deterrence of punishment.
2. Major modern theories include psychodynamic perspectives focusing on childhood experiences and personality development, behaviorism which posits that aggression is learned through modeling, and cognitive theories examining faulty information processing and moral development.
3. Biological factors like biochemical imbalances, genetics, neurological defects, and evolutionary influences on aggression are also considered, as are trait theories related to antisocial personality and intelligence. Dominant views today recognize the interaction between psychological and sociological influences in contributing to criminal behavior.
Deindividuation (Social psychological theories of aggression) A2Jill Jan
Deindividuation occurs when self-awareness is reduced in groups, causing people to lose their sense of individual identity and increasing aggressive behaviors. It can happen when people feel anonymous in a group due to factors like wearing uniforms, being in large crowds, or having a singular group focus. Studies show deindividuated individuals act more aggressively and indiscriminately. However, deindividuation theory has limitations and may not apply equally across genders and cultures.
Patrol officers make up the majority of police forces and are responsible for responding to calls for service, deterring crime through preventative patrols, and directing resources to high crime areas. Police departments deliver a variety of field services including patrol, investigation, traffic enforcement, and drug enforcement. Larger police departments have specialized units focused on traffic, vice, drugs, and gangs that conduct undercover operations, while smaller departments rely on patrol officers to handle most criminal investigations in addition to their regular duties.
This document presents a case study and treatment plan for a patient with Parkinson's disease. The patient experiences impairments in posture, range of motion, strength, gait, balance, and motor control. This limits his ability to do activities like community walking, ADLs, driving, and lifting objects. It also restricts his participation as a spouse, independent individual, and grandparent/babysitter. The treatment plan involves balance training exercises and gait training with cues to improve strength and balance and reduce falls. The goals are to improve strength and balance scores and restrict near falls. Interventions are supported by research showing improvements in stability, reaction time, and gait parameters from step training, cueing training, and incorporating exercise
Crime rates in the United States are difficult to measure accurately for several reasons. Official statistics are based on police reports, but many crimes go unreported. Surveys suggest around half of assaults and over 40% of rapes are not reported to police. Additionally, police departments may feel pressure to underreport crime rates to align with national trends or for budget and promotional reasons. The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports provide standardized crime statistics but still have limitations in providing a complete picture of criminal activity in the US.
This document contains information from a school assignment, including questions about a graph on crime rates in major US cities. It discusses the purpose of the graph, the decline in crime rates in New York City over three years compared to other cities, and asks students to make a concluding statement about overall crime rate trends. It also asks where the information on the graph came from.
The document is a resume for Sagar Saraf summarizing his career experience and qualifications. It outlines over 11 years of experience in human resources roles with several companies. It details his responsibilities in areas such as talent acquisition, learning and development, performance management, and employee engagement. It also lists his certifications in various HR-related assessment and evaluation methods.
This presentation introduces the "Architecture@CBS Drive" and discusses the roles of enterprise, domain, and project architects. It explains that the drive is governed based on two frameworks: the Integrated Architecture Framework (IAF) which breaks problems into business, information, information systems, and technology/infrastructure aspects, and The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) which provides the Architecture Development Method and Enterprise Continuum. The presentation also covers the SAVA intake process and developing a solution outline and architecture.
This document contains song lyrics from TeachTown that teach children about following rules and social skills. The songs cover topics like taking turns, raising your hand before speaking, staying seated when the teacher is talking, and using indoor voices. The lyrics use rhyme and repetition to make the rules engaging for children to learn. The document provides over a dozen songs focused on helping kids understand and follow common classroom expectations.
Models of Chemistry Education and the Matriculation Chemistry Course: A Review.Dani Asmadi Ibrahim
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Lisa Witteman has 30 years of experience teaching K-5 students in both general and special education. She has a Bachelor's in Psychology and Early Childhood Education from Kennesaw State University and a Master's in Special Education from the University of Georgia. She also has a Master's in Instructional Technology from Georgia Southern University. Originally from New York, Witteman now lives in Georgia where she enjoys being closer to the ocean than mountains and finds joy in her role as a wife, mother, grandmother and educator.
The criminal justice system in the U.S. has three main components: law enforcement (police), courts, and corrections. Police are responsible for enforcing laws and maintaining peace. They fall under federal, state, or local jurisdictions. Courts determine guilt or innocence and impose appropriate sentences. The U.S. and each state have court systems with different levels like supreme courts and trial courts. Corrections oversees prisons, jails, parole and probation to punish and rehabilitate criminals. It also has federal, state and local divisions.
PENGAJARAN TAJUK MODEL ATOM BOHR PERINGKAT MATRIKULASI DAN TIGA ARAS PEMBELAJ...Dani Asmadi Ibrahim
Dani Asmadi Ibrahim, Rokiah Jusoh & Kamisah Osman. 2010. Pengajaran Tajuk Model Atom Bohr Peringkat Matrikulasi Dan Tiga Aras Pembelajaran Kimia. Prosiding Seminar Pendidikan Negara Kali Ke 4, hlm. 563-577. (CD ROM)
https://www.academia.edu/865526/PENGAJARAN_TAJUK_MODEL_ATOM_BOHR_PERINGKAT_MATRIKULASI_DAN_TIGA_ARAS_PEMBELAJARAN_KIMIA
Popular Culture in Today's Society - PHDessay.com. 60 Best Popular Culture Essay Topics | Ideas For Students. British popular culture essay. Global popular culture essay. Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5. essay about culture. ≫ Understanding Pop Culture Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Popular Culture Essay. In my essay I will scrutinise feminism in .... (PDF) Popular Culture Studies and Autoethnography: An Essay on Method.
The document discusses corruption in the Philippines and the Catholic Church's response to address it. It notes that the Philippines ranks highly on indices of corruption and some of the most corrupt political leaders have come from the country. While the Church has made statements against corruption and established anticorruption programs, it is also acknowledged as being part of the problem, with corruption existing among clergy and unclear financial management. Addressing corruption requires sincere discernment and decision to confront it within the Church.
The document provides instructions for submitting an assignment writing request to the website HelpWriting.net in 5 steps:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and attach a sample work.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications, history, and feedback, then pay a deposit.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize full payment if satisfied, or request free revisions.
5. Request multiple revisions to ensure satisfaction, and the website guarantees original, high-quality work with refunds for plagiarism.
How to Check an Essay for Plagiarism: 15 Steps (with Pictures). How to check the paper for plagiarism? Essay Sample - 590 Words - NerdySeal. Plagiarism Checker 2000 Words : Use these plagiarism checker apps and .... Top 10 Best Plagiarism Checking Tools for University Students - 2023 .... Paper checker plagiarism. Plagiarism Checker Find out if your paper is .... Plagiarism Checker for Essays Online - Essay Paper Similarity Check .... How to Check a Paper for Plagiarism With Grammarly? - Financesonline.com.
Writing A Powerful College Application Essay Tips And ExamplesAna Morgan
The document discusses the registration and order process for an online writing assistance service, describing the 5 basic steps which include creating an account, submitting a request form with instructions and deadline, reviewing writer bids and selecting one, reviewing and authorizing payment for completed work, and having the option to request revisions. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and guarantees refunds for plagiarized work.
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1. GangsGangs
Gangs are not a new phenomenon in the US. ForGangs are not a new phenomenon in the US. For
example:example:
Philadelphia was trying to devise a way to deal with roaming youthPhiladelphia was trying to devise a way to deal with roaming youth
disrupting the city in 1791.disrupting the city in 1791.
New York City acknowledged gang problems as early as 1825.New York City acknowledged gang problems as early as 1825.
Ethnicities, among others, associated with gangs in US History:Ethnicities, among others, associated with gangs in US History:
IrishIrish Jewish Italian African-AmericanJewish Italian African-American Chinese RussianChinese Russian
Mexican-American Puerto Ricans Vietnamese HaitianMexican-American Puerto Ricans Vietnamese Haitian
There appears to have been anThere appears to have been an increase in gang involvement in theincrease in gang involvement in the
1980s, and a subsequent decline in the 1990s1980s, and a subsequent decline in the 1990s..
2. Current Events AssignmentCurrent Events Assignment
You are to complete the following task inYou are to complete the following task in
paragraph form, using proper Socialparagraph form, using proper Social
Studies format (look behind you!):Studies format (look behind you!):
Identify the crime (ex. Murder, assault,Identify the crime (ex. Murder, assault,
shoplifting, etc)shoplifting, etc)
Categorize the crime (violent, property, felony,Categorize the crime (violent, property, felony,
etc)etc)
Explain the possible cause of the crime usingExplain the possible cause of the crime using
our information on one of the following:our information on one of the following:
classical, biological, psychological, orclassical, biological, psychological, or
sociological.sociological.
3. It is generally agreed that gang activity and membershipIt is generally agreed that gang activity and membership
increased through much of the late ‘80s and early ‘90s.increased through much of the late ‘80s and early ‘90s.
However, numbers started declining in the late ‘90sHowever, numbers started declining in the late ‘90s
20022002 21,500 gangs and 731,500 gang members21,500 gangs and 731,500 gang members
19981998 28,700 gangs and 780,000 gang members28,700 gangs and 780,000 gang members
19961996 31,000 gangs and 846,000 gang members31,000 gangs and 846,000 gang members
There are still methodological concerns about how weThere are still methodological concerns about how we
count.count.
GangsGangs
4. GangsGangs
Structural Changes in the 1980sStructural Changes in the 1980s
may have fostered increases inmay have fostered increases in
gangs:gangs:
1.1. Kids are most impoverishedKids are most impoverished
group, and poverty had risengroup, and poverty had risen
againagain..
2.2. Economic restructuring occurred.Economic restructuring occurred.
Increases in low-wage, low-Increases in low-wage, low-
benefits jobsbenefits jobs
More women with kidsMore women with kids
entering labor forceentering labor force
Cuts in assistance to the poorCuts in assistance to the poor
Disinvestment in larger citiesDisinvestment in larger cities
3.3. Racism and denial of inclusion inRacism and denial of inclusion in
the economic systemthe economic system continued incontinued in
poor urban neighborhoods, whilepoor urban neighborhoods, while
upwardly mobile minorities leftupwardly mobile minorities left
minority neighborhoodsminority neighborhoods
3.3. Higher rates of single-parentHigher rates of single-parent
familiesfamilies—less supervision and—less supervision and
attachment.attachment.
4.4. Smaller families. Lone childrenSmaller families. Lone children
seek friendsseek friends. More protection with. More protection with
peers. More gang involvement.peers. More gang involvement.
5.5. Volatile drug marketsVolatile drug markets createdcreated
economic opportunities for youthseconomic opportunities for youths
and gangs.and gangs.
6.6. Crackdowns on youth behaviors.Crackdowns on youth behaviors.
We tend to tighten our bonds inWe tend to tighten our bonds in
times of trouble. Hatfields vs.times of trouble. Hatfields vs.
McCoysMcCoys
7.7. Normalization of gangsNormalization of gangs in youthin youth
culture.culture.
6. GangsGangs
Social Structure of Gangs:Social Structure of Gangs:
1.1. Members are typically young teenage males of similar ethnic orMembers are typically young teenage males of similar ethnic or
racial backgroundsracial backgrounds (usually from “broken homes” in the inner-(usually from “broken homes” in the inner-
cities).cities).
2.2. LoyaltyLoyalty and adherenceand adherence to a strict gang codeto a strict gang code (i.e., the gang is(i.e., the gang is
more important than anything, don’t squeal) is expected.more important than anything, don’t squeal) is expected.
3.3. Cohesiveness among members is typically loose, but increasesCohesiveness among members is typically loose, but increases
as recognition from society increases.as recognition from society increases.
4.4. Loyalty and camaraderie are solidified by participation in groupLoyalty and camaraderie are solidified by participation in group
activities that are often antisocial, illegal, violent, and criminal.activities that are often antisocial, illegal, violent, and criminal.
5.5. Goals, roles, and responsibilities are loose, but some have theseGoals, roles, and responsibilities are loose, but some have these
unspoken, but understood.unspoken, but understood.
6.6. There is an established hierarchyThere is an established hierarchy..
7.7. Identification with a local territory (often referred to as turf)Identification with a local territory (often referred to as turf) isis
commonplace in the neighborhood as well as on schoolcommonplace in the neighborhood as well as on school
campuses.campuses.
8.8. Recruitment is an ongoing process, especially at schoolsRecruitment is an ongoing process, especially at schools..
7. GangsGangs
How were gangs transformed in the late 1980s?How were gangs transformed in the late 1980s?
1.1. Younger active members (some as young as eight- or nine-years-Younger active members (some as young as eight- or nine-years-
old)old)
2.2. Evidence of ethnic and racial crossover in multiethnicEvidence of ethnic and racial crossover in multiethnic
neighborhoodsneighborhoods
3.3. Growth in female gangsGrowth in female gangs
4.4. Established cliques or sets in smaller cities and suburbanEstablished cliques or sets in smaller cities and suburban
communitiescommunities
5.5. Acquisition of large sums of money from illegal drug markets andAcquisition of large sums of money from illegal drug markets and
prostitution for some gangsprostitution for some gangs
6.6. Frequent use of drugs and alcoholFrequent use of drugs and alcohol
7.7. More violenceMore violence
8.8. Use of sophisticated communications devices and automaticUse of sophisticated communications devices and automatic
weaponsweapons
9.9. Employment of guerrilla warfare-like tacticsEmployment of guerrilla warfare-like tactics
8. GangsGangs
But let’s face it . . . Gangs are not the leading cause of violence in theBut let’s face it . . . Gangs are not the leading cause of violence in the
US.US.
9. Reasons to Join GangsReasons to Join Gangs
According to Research,According to Research,
Reasons for GangReasons for Gang
Involvement are:Involvement are:
1.1. A search for loveA search for love, structure, structure
and disciplineand discipline
2.2. A sense of belongingA sense of belonging,,
commitment, acceptancecommitment, acceptance
3.3. The need for recognition andThe need for recognition and
power,power, self-worth and statusself-worth and status
4.4. Training,Training, excitement andexcitement and
activitiesactivities
5.5. ToTo make moneymake money
6.6. The need forThe need for physical Safetyphysical Safety
and protectionand protection
7.7. A family/neighborhoodA family/neighborhood
traditiontradition
10. GangsGangs
According to Research,According to Research,
Reasons for GangReasons for Gang
Involvement are:Involvement are:
To sum it up, people are gregarious and join groups for psychologicalTo sum it up, people are gregarious and join groups for psychological
security, resource security and for emotionally satisfying bonds.security, resource security and for emotionally satisfying bonds.
These reasons for joining gangs sound like reasons people join anyThese reasons for joining gangs sound like reasons people join any
other organization.other organization.
11. GangsGangs
Gangs are like:Gangs are like:
Fraternities & SororitiesFraternities & Sororities
LodgesLodges How?How?
Sports OrganizationsSports Organizations
Political GroupsPolitical Groups
Gangs are not “Abnormal”Gangs are not “Abnormal”
21. GangsGangs
Gangs are like:Gangs are like:
Fraternities &Fraternities &
SororitiesSororities
LodgesLodges
Sports OrganizationsSports Organizations
Political GroupsPolitical Groups
How?How?
Colors or logosColors or logos
InitiationsInitiations
Secret SocietySecret Society
Demand for Conformity andDemand for Conformity and
LoyaltyLoyalty
Homogeneity of MembershipHomogeneity of Membership
HierarchyHierarchy
Marking Territory with SymbolsMarking Territory with Symbols
or Objectsor Objects
Competition with otherCompetition with other
organizationsorganizations
RecruitmentRecruitment
Gangs are not “Abnormal”Gangs are not “Abnormal”
22. GangsGangs
Gang Prevention Strategies:Gang Prevention Strategies:
1.1. More satisfying families and communitiesMore satisfying families and communities. If the family. If the family
or significant others are the source of love, guidance,or significant others are the source of love, guidance,
and protection that youths seek, they are not forced toand protection that youths seek, they are not forced to
search for these basic needs from a gang.search for these basic needs from a gang.
23. GangsGangs
Gang Prevention Strategies:Gang Prevention Strategies:
1.1. More satisfying families and communitiesMore satisfying families and communities. If the family. If the family
or significant others are the source of love, guidance,or significant others are the source of love, guidance,
and protection that youths seek, they are not forced toand protection that youths seek, they are not forced to
search for these basic needs from a gang.search for these basic needs from a gang.
2.2. Educational attachmentEducational attachment. Young people who. Young people who
successfully participate in and complete educationsuccessfully participate in and complete education
have greater opportunities to participate as rewardedhave greater opportunities to participate as rewarded
and contributing adults.and contributing adults.
24. GangsGangs
Gang Prevention Strategies:Gang Prevention Strategies:
2.2. Educational attachmentEducational attachment. Young people who. Young people who
successfully participate in and complete educationsuccessfully participate in and complete education
have greater opportunities to participate as rewardedhave greater opportunities to participate as rewarded
and contributing adults.and contributing adults.
3.3. Graffiti removalGraffiti removal. Removal reduces the chance that. Removal reduces the chance that
crimes will be committed. Since gangs use graffiti tocrimes will be committed. Since gangs use graffiti to
mark their turf, advertise themselves, and claim creditmark their turf, advertise themselves, and claim credit
for a crime, quick removal is essential.for a crime, quick removal is essential.
25. GangsGangs
Gang Prevention Strategies:Gang Prevention Strategies:
3.3. Graffiti removalGraffiti removal. Removal reduces the chance that. Removal reduces the chance that
crimes will be committed. Since gangs use graffiti tocrimes will be committed. Since gangs use graffiti to
mark their turf, advertise themselves, and claim creditmark their turf, advertise themselves, and claim credit
for a crime, quick removal is essential.for a crime, quick removal is essential.
4.4. Recreational programsRecreational programs. Can get youths involved in. Can get youths involved in
activities and belonging that would serve the sameactivities and belonging that would serve the same
kind of function that gangs serve.kind of function that gangs serve.
26. GangsGangs
Gang Prevention Strategies:Gang Prevention Strategies:
4.4. Recreational programsRecreational programs. Can get youths involved in. Can get youths involved in
activities and belonging that would serve the sameactivities and belonging that would serve the same
kind of function that gangs serve.kind of function that gangs serve.
5.5. Conflict resolution programsConflict resolution programs. Can teach potential. Can teach potential
gangsters how to better deal with conflicts and helpgangsters how to better deal with conflicts and help
reduce gang intimidation tactics.reduce gang intimidation tactics.
27. GangsGangs
Gang Prevention Strategies:Gang Prevention Strategies:
5.5. Conflict resolution programsConflict resolution programs. Can teach potential. Can teach potential
gangsters how to better deal with conflicts and helpgangsters how to better deal with conflicts and help
reduce gang intimidation tactics.reduce gang intimidation tactics.
6.6. Fight high-density poverty and hopelessness.Fight high-density poverty and hopelessness.
Combating conditions of urban slums removes theCombating conditions of urban slums removes the
structural conditions conducive to gangs.structural conditions conducive to gangs.
““TThe chief problem in any community cursed with crime ishe chief problem in any community cursed with crime is
not the punishment of the criminals, but the preventingnot the punishment of the criminals, but the preventing
of the young from being trained to crime.” — WEBof the young from being trained to crime.” — WEB
DuboisDubois