Crime rates in the United States are difficult to measure accurately for several reasons. Official statistics are based on police reports, but many crimes go unreported. Surveys suggest around half of assaults and over 40% of rapes are not reported to police. Additionally, police departments may feel pressure to underreport crime rates to align with national trends or for budget and promotional reasons. The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports provide standardized crime statistics but still have limitations in providing a complete picture of criminal activity in the US.
Sexual violence against women is pervasive in India. According to the latest data released by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), India recorded 88 rape cases every day in 2019.
Sexual violence against women is pervasive in India. According to the latest data released by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), India recorded 88 rape cases every day in 2019.
Continuously rising Rape, Sexual Assault & Domestic Violence triggers alarm for India. Here are some real facts, fact checked information researched personally by my team at K D Singh Foundation since we have started working on to make India a #RapeFreeNation.
this presentation totally about pain of famale that that suffered in our country.
types of pain
what are the factors of pain
like social,politcala and economical .
definiton of social factor along with their example
definition of political pain along with example
definition of economic pain along with example
remidial solution
conclusion
Why Churches Should Conduct Background ScreeeningData Facts, Inc.
Churches must be careful about choosing who they hire and allow to volunteer, as they serve vulnerable populations. Here are tips on how churches should set a policy in place to minimize the risk of a bad decision.
This ppt provide you the information about the crimes against women, the laws made for them and the safety steps taken towards the crimes.
This ppt have the records taken from Internet, Books, Newspapers and by my internal research. Any suggestion, Change and Comment would be appreciated.
Thanks for your time.
Crime News, Stereotyping and the Cradle-to-Prison PipelineDanielle Killian
New Hispanic Media Coalition and Killian Communications presented on the contributions of news and entertainment media to the crafting of stereotypes and the cradle-to-prison pipeline at the 2014 LA Gang Conference.
Continuously rising Rape, Sexual Assault & Domestic Violence triggers alarm for India. Here are some real facts, fact checked information researched personally by my team at K D Singh Foundation since we have started working on to make India a #RapeFreeNation.
this presentation totally about pain of famale that that suffered in our country.
types of pain
what are the factors of pain
like social,politcala and economical .
definiton of social factor along with their example
definition of political pain along with example
definition of economic pain along with example
remidial solution
conclusion
Why Churches Should Conduct Background ScreeeningData Facts, Inc.
Churches must be careful about choosing who they hire and allow to volunteer, as they serve vulnerable populations. Here are tips on how churches should set a policy in place to minimize the risk of a bad decision.
This ppt provide you the information about the crimes against women, the laws made for them and the safety steps taken towards the crimes.
This ppt have the records taken from Internet, Books, Newspapers and by my internal research. Any suggestion, Change and Comment would be appreciated.
Thanks for your time.
Crime News, Stereotyping and the Cradle-to-Prison PipelineDanielle Killian
New Hispanic Media Coalition and Killian Communications presented on the contributions of news and entertainment media to the crafting of stereotypes and the cradle-to-prison pipeline at the 2014 LA Gang Conference.
The Aging process is a broad topic. This power point hopes to help you understand the process and what can be done to help you age gracefully and positively.
RACE, ETHNICITY, VICTIMIZATION, AND OFFENDINGPerception AlleneMcclendon878
RACE, ETHNICITY, VICTIMIZATION,
AND OFFENDING
Perception versus reality
Different sources of data
Intraracial versus interracial
Implications of racial disparities
OVERVIEW
• The media and perceptions of crime
• The “typical” victim and “typical” offender
• What do the data say?
• Victimization surveys
• The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
• Offending data
• The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
• Self-report data
• Intra versus interracial crime
PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME
• Many factors shape how we think about crime and justice
• One factor is media portrayals of crime and offenders
• Media exerts a potentially powerful influence on public perceptions
• Unfortunately, the image the media creates is often wildly distorted
• Portray violent crime more than property crime
• Suggest ever-rising crime rates
• Some types of crimes, offenders, and/or victims capture more attention
• Racial hoaxes
• When someone fabricates a crime or falsely blames someone based on race/ethnicity
• Most racial hoaxes involve whites blaming African Americans
PERCEPTIONS V. EMPIRICAL REALITIES
Media Portrayals
• Typically focused on violent crime
• Often portray crime as an interracial
event with a white victim
• Often emphasize “gang” involvement
Empirical Data
• More than 80% of crimes reported to
the police are property crimes
• A disproportionate number of crime
victims are persons of color
• Crime is predominately intraracial
• Not all group activity is gang activity
DATA LIMITATIONS
• Unfortunately, available data suffer from several limitations
• Limited data on certain groups/types of crime
• Most data compares Whites and Blacks
• Hispanic/Latinx data slowly increasing
• Racial/ethnic categories may vary across jurisdictions
• White versus nonwhite dichotomy
• Lumps all “non-whites” together
• Assumes homogeneity within groups
• Data suited for description, not establishing causality
• Can tell us differences exist, but not why they exist in many cases
RACE,
ETHNICITY, AND
VICTIMIZATION
EXAMINING
DISPARITIES
NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY (NCVS)
• Most systematic source of victimization information in the U.S.
• Household survey designed to be representative of the entire nation
• Persons aged 12 and older are surveyed
• Survey conducted every 6 months; households surveyed for 3 years
• Information collected
• Victim info; victim perceptions of offender characteristics; context of the event
• Data restricted to selected major crimes
• Race and ethnicity self-reported at household and individual level
• White, African American, and “other”
• Hispanic and non-Hispanic
• Captures crime/victimization data not necessarily reported to the police
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF VICTIMIZATION
• Victimization is widespread
• NCVS estimates roughly 20 million victimizations a year (about 18.6 in 2019)
• 2019 violent victimization rate = 21.0 per 1,000 (7.3 per 1,000 excluding sim ...
122820211Chapter Two Defining Crimes and MeasurinCicelyBourqueju
12/28/2021
1
Chapter Two: Defining Crimes and
Measuring Criminal Behavior
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013,
2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018
& 2022).
Scared Straight Program – 1978 Rahway Max Prison
-Politically motivated –fit the get tough on crime bill
-Three year post experiment study shows evidence must be evidence based
-Criminologists embrace a systematic empirical study of the nature and extent of crime.
Example of successful criminology research based policy:
-Domestic violence research between 1981-82 shows police counseling and temporary separation was
not effective.
-Now there are more mandatory arrest being made.
7 Basic Requirements for an Act to be a Crime
Defense must prove failure of a basic requirement
• 1. The act requirement – mind & Body
• Conscious act not an unconscious act or reaction
• Not a status or condition
• 2. The legality requirement – prohibited by law
• Thoughts without action – no crime
• Choosing to not fill out sex registration forms – is a crime
• Good Samaritan?
• 3. The harm requirement
• 4. The causation requirement
• Behavior in question caused the harm – not a 3rd party
• 5. The mens rea requirement (guilty mind)
• 6. The concurrence requirement
• Must be a criminal act with criminal intent (Ex: striker – rock –window)
• Exceptions – felony murder
• 7. The punishment requirement – its must already exist
12/28/2021
2
Criminal defense negates basic ingredients of
crime.
• Crime – must be known to the police
• Not all crimes reported are cleared
• DA will not always prosecute
• Defense negation of crime elements examples:
• Insanity defense; legality requirement lacking; duress, self-defense.
• State tries cases on behalf of the state
• Victims can file civil law suits for pain and suffering
Typologies of Crime
• The French created the following three categories accepted
worldwide
• Felonies - severe
• Misdemeanors – minor
• Violation - fines
• As Criminologist we will also focus on the following
• Violent crime
• Crimes against property
• White collar and corporate crime
• Drug, alcohol and sex-related crime
12/28/2021
3
Reasons for Measuring Crime
• Researchers collect and analyze data to test theories about why
people commit crime.
• Researchers and criminal justice agencies need to enhance their
knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
• Criminal justice agencies depend on certain information to facilitate
daily operations and anticipate future needs.
The Research Process
• Topic – research question
• Theory: is a set of principles that explain how 2 or more phenomena
are related
• May choose to use a hypothesis or not.
• Methodology (qualitative vs. quantitative)
• Will you use secondary data or primary data
• Analysis
• What did you do, findings, discussions and conclusions
12/28/2021
4
Exploring and defin ...
12/28/2021
1
Chapter Two: Defining Crimes and
Measuring Criminal Behavior
-Slides and data in this outline are from Adler, Mueller, and Laufer (2007, 2013,
2018 & 2022); Siegel (2015); and modified by Manning (2007, 2013, 2015, 2018
& 2022).
Scared Straight Program – 1978 Rahway Max Prison
-Politically motivated –fit the get tough on crime bill
-Three year post experiment study shows evidence must be evidence based
-Criminologists embrace a systematic empirical study of the nature and extent of crime.
Example of successful criminology research based policy:
-Domestic violence research between 1981-82 shows police counseling and temporary separation was
not effective.
-Now there are more mandatory arrest being made.
7 Basic Requirements for an Act to be a Crime
Defense must prove failure of a basic requirement
• 1. The act requirement – mind & Body
• Conscious act not an unconscious act or reaction
• Not a status or condition
• 2. The legality requirement – prohibited by law
• Thoughts without action – no crime
• Choosing to not fill out sex registration forms – is a crime
• Good Samaritan?
• 3. The harm requirement
• 4. The causation requirement
• Behavior in question caused the harm – not a 3rd party
• 5. The mens rea requirement (guilty mind)
• 6. The concurrence requirement
• Must be a criminal act with criminal intent (Ex: striker – rock –window)
• Exceptions – felony murder
• 7. The punishment requirement – its must already exist
12/28/2021
2
Criminal defense negates basic ingredients of
crime.
• Crime – must be known to the police
• Not all crimes reported are cleared
• DA will not always prosecute
• Defense negation of crime elements examples:
• Insanity defense; legality requirement lacking; duress, self-defense.
• State tries cases on behalf of the state
• Victims can file civil law suits for pain and suffering
Typologies of Crime
• The French created the following three categories accepted
worldwide
• Felonies - severe
• Misdemeanors – minor
• Violation - fines
• As Criminologist we will also focus on the following
• Violent crime
• Crimes against property
• White collar and corporate crime
• Drug, alcohol and sex-related crime
12/28/2021
3
Reasons for Measuring Crime
• Researchers collect and analyze data to test theories about why
people commit crime.
• Researchers and criminal justice agencies need to enhance their
knowledge of the characteristics of various types of offenses.
• Criminal justice agencies depend on certain information to facilitate
daily operations and anticipate future needs.
The Research Process
• Topic – research question
• Theory: is a set of principles that explain how 2 or more phenomena
are related
• May choose to use a hypothesis or not.
• Methodology (qualitative vs. quantitative)
• Will you use secondary data or primary data
• Analysis
• What did you do, findings, discussions and conclusions
12/28/2021
4
Exploring and defin ...
This slideshow considers the privacy and ethical implication when dealing with criminal justice data. The dataset provided by the Bureau of Justice Statistics includes survey data from victims as well as compiles criminal stats. Issues with privacy are highlighted in this slideshare.
FINDINGS FROM THE 2016 CATO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SUR.docxgreg1eden90113
FINDINGS FROM THE 2016 CATO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SURVEY 1
Overview
Stark racial and partisan divides in favorability toward police, but no group is
“anti-cop”
While 68% of white Americans have a favorable view of the police, only 40% of
African Americans and 59% of Hispanics have a favorable view.1 Attitudes have
changed little since the 1970s when 67% of whites and 43% of blacks reported
favorable views of the police.2 Racial minorities do not have monolithic attitudes
toward the police. This report finds that Hispanics’ perceptions of police occupy
a “middle ground” between black and white Americans’ views.
Republicans (81%) are far more favorable toward the police than independents
(59%) and Democrats (59%). Nevertheless, majorities of all three groups share a
favorable view.
• Confidence gaps matter: Groups who feel less favorable toward local law
enforcement are less certain they would report a crime they witnessed.
For instance, black and Hispanic Americans are more than 20 points less
likely than white Americans to say they definitely would report a crime.
Research finds that when the police have legitimacy, the law has
legitimacy, which encourages compliance and cooperation.3
• No group is “anti-cop”: Although some groups have less positive views of
the police, survey findings weaken the assertion that these groups are
“anti-cop.” For instance, few individuals have “unfavorable” views of law
enforcement. Instead, 40% of African Americans, 28% of Hispanics, and
18% of whites are conflicted and report having “neutral” feelings toward
the police. A quarter of Democrats and independents and 13% of
Republicans share such feelings.
Emily Ekins is a research fellow and director of polling at the Cato Institute.
1 In this study the term ‘Hispanic’ is used interchangeably with ‘Latino,’ ‘Caucasian’ interchangeably with ‘white,’ and
‘African American’ interchangeably with ‘black.’
2 Louis Harris and Associates Study No. 2043, 1970, cited in Michael J. Hindelang, "Public Opinion Regarding Crime,
Criminal Justice, and Related Topics." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 11 (1974): 101-116.
3 See Linquin Cao, James Frank, and Francis T. Cullen, "Race, Community Context and Confidence in the Police,"
American Journal of Police 15 (1996): 3-22; Tom Tyler and Jeffrey Fagan, "Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People
Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?" Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6 (2008): 232-275; Andrew V.
Papachristos, Tracey L. Meares, and Jeffrey Fagan, "Why Do Criminals Obey the Law? The Influence of Legitimacy and
Social Networks on Active Gun Offenders," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102 (2009): 397-440; Tom R. Tyler,
"The Role of Perceived Injustice in Defendants' Evaluations of Their Courtroom Experience," Law & Society Review 18
(1984): 51-74; Tom Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (Pri.
2. Crime Rates in the United States
•Attempt to measure the amount of crime in a
given society
•Can be tracked by country, state or municipality
•Likely to be inaccurate – Why?
3. Methods for Gathering Statistics
•Police reports
•Household surveys
•Hospital and insurance records
4. “Dark Figure of Crime”
•Many crimes are not reported to police
•43 percent of rape victims do not report the
crime
•56 percent of assaults go unreported
6. “Dark Figure of Crime”
•People fail to report crimes for a number of
reasons:
•Police would not or could not help
•Fear of getting offender in trouble
•Not important to the victim
•Dealt with the crime in a personal way
8. Public Perception of Crime
•Many Americans believe that crime is rising
•In 1990, 84% of Americans believed there was
more crime than in the previous year
•In 2000, 47% of Americans believed there was
more crime than in the previous year
•In 2008, 67% of Americans believed there was
more crime than in the previous year
9. Uniform Crime Reports
•Authorized by Congress in 1930
•Issued by the FBI each year
•Report is compiled using information from
16,000 law enforcement agencies that police 98%
of the nation’s population
•Still, the report is not entirely accurate
10. Uniform Crime Reports
•Types of crime in the UCR include:
•Criminal homicide
•Forcible rape
•Robbery
•Aggravated Assault
•Burglary
•Larceny
•Auto theft
•Arson
•For these crimes, report includes information on
age, race and crimes solved
11. Effect of UCR
•Police executives want their city to follow
national trend
•Police falsify their crime rate reports
•Budgets, promotions and pay raises depend on
positive crime report data
•In 2005, NY police officers reported pressure to
report felonies as misdemeanors