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Presentation. victimology
The document provides an overview of victimology in Pakistan, including: - Victimology is an interdisciplinary field that studies victims of crime and terrorism. Victimization in Pakistan has been increasing in recent years across various crime categories. - The criminal justice system in Pakistan is poorly equipped to support victims, with issues like corruption, lack of resources, and responsiveness. Victims face secondary victimization through the justice process. - Specific groups like women, children, and minorities face particular forms of victimization. The rate of crimes against women is lower than other crimes but more severe in nature. - Factors contributing to rising victimization include a lack of certainty of punishment, weapon proliferation,
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Presentation. victimology
- 1. VICTIMOLOGY Past, Present andFuture (Reference to Pakistan) Athar Waheed PSP
- 2. SEQUENCE Part-1 • Understanding Victimology •History • Key-concepts Part-2 • Victims of Crime in Pakistan • Victims of Terrorism in Pakistan • Role of Victim in at each stage of CJS Process in Pakistan Part-3 • Future 2
- 3. VICTIMOLOGY? • Interdisciplinary Subjectthat deals with the victims, the process of victimization and its reactions. • Basic focus on Victims of crime and Terrorism • No clear distinction between victims of crime and that of acts of terrorism • Also deal with other categories like disaster victims, IDPs etc • Declaration of Basic Principles of justice for Victims of Crime and abuse of power, 1985 3
- 4. History of Victimology •Writings about the victims appeared in many early works by such criminologists as Beccaria (1764), Lombroso (1876), Ferri (1892), Garófalo (1885), Sutherland (1924), Hentig (1948), Nagel (1949), Ellenberger (1955), Wolfgang (1958) and Schafer (1968). • The concept of a science to study victims and the word “victimology” had its origin with the early writings of Beniamin Mendelsohn (1937; 1940), he actually proposed the term “victimology” in his article “A New Branch of BioPsycho-Social Science, Victimology” (1956). • It was in this article that he suggested the establishment of an international society of victimology. • Mendelsohn is called as “The Father of Victimology”. 4
- 5. Critical Dates inVictimology • 1924 Edwin Sutherland included a chapter on victims in his criminology textbook. • 1937 Beniamin Mendelsohn published his writings on the rapist and his victim. • 1941 Hans von Hentig published article on victim and criminal interactions. • 1947 Beniamin Mendelsohn coined the term “victimology” in a French journal. • 1948 Hans von Hentig published his book The Criminal and His Victim. • 1949 Frederic Wertham first used the word “victimology” in a book (Show of Violence). • 1957 Margery Fry proposed victim compensation in the London Times. • 1958 Marvin Wolfgang studies homicide victims; uses the term “victim precipitation”. • 1963 New Zealand enactd the first Criminal Compensation Act. • 1965 California was the first state in the USA to start Victim Compensation. 5
- 6. Critical Dates inVictimology • 1966 Japan enactd Criminal Indemnity Law. • 1966 USA started to survey crime victims not reported to the police • 1967 Canada created a Criminal Compensation Injuries Act as does Cuba and Switzerland. • 1968 Stephan Schafer wrote the first victimology textbook The Victim and His Criminal. • 1973 the first international symposium on victimology was held in Jerusalem, Israel. • 1974 the first police-based victim advocate project was started in Florida, USA. • 1975 The first “Victim Rights’ Week” was organized by the Philadelphia District Attorney 6
- 7. Critical Dates inVictimology • 1976 John Dussich launched the National Organization of Victim Assistance (NOVA) in California, USA. • 1976 Emilio Viano launched the first scholarly journal devoted to victimology. • 1976 James Rowland created the first Victim Impact Statement in California, USA. • 1979 The World Society of Victimology was founded in Munster, Germany. • 1981 President Ronald Reagan proclaims the first national Victims’ Rights Week in April. • 1982 the first Victim Impact Panel established by MADD to educate drunk drivers about how their victims suffered, started in Rutland, Massachusetts, USA. • 1984 The Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) established the national Crime Victims Fund from federal crime fines to pay for state victim compensation and services. • 1985 The United Nations unanimously adopted the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. 7
- 8. Critical Dates inVictimology • 2002 On 11 April, International Criminal Court created a Victim and Witness Unit. • 2003 On October 2nd the Tokiwa International Victimology Institute, in Mito Japan started to promote victim rights, to conduct seminars, courses, publish an international journal, and host annual symposia and lectures and research about victimology. • 2005 Japan put the UN Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power into their national legislation by adopting a new fundamental law for crime victims. • Two Main research Institutes of Victimology , INTERVICT, TIVI • Almost all countries have some institutions for the cause of Victims 8
- 9. KEY CONCEPTS INVICTIMOLOGY 9
- 10. VICTIM "Victim" means personwho, individually or collectively, have suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that are in violation of criminal laws. • Difference between Victim and Witness 10
- 11. VICTIMIZATION “Victimization” refers toan event where persons, communities and institutions are damaged or injured in a significant way. Those persons who are impacted by persons or events suffer a violation of rights or significant disruption of their well being. 11
- 12. CRIME VICTIM • “Crimevictim” is a person who has been physically, financially or emotionally injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone committing a crime. • Also called Crimvic. 12
- 13. VICTIMOGENESIS • “Victimogenesis” refersto the origin or cause of a victimization; the constellation of variables which caused a victimization to occur. 13
- 14. VICTIM PRECIPITATION “Victim Precipitation”is a victimization where the victim causes, in part or totally, their own victimization 14
- 15. VULNERABILITY “Vulnerability” is aphysical, psychological, social, material or financial condition whereby a person or an object has a weakness which could render them a victim if another person or persons would recognize these weaknesses and take advantage of them. 15
- 16. ABUSE OF POWER •“Abuse of Power” is the violation of a national or international standard in the use of organized powerful forces such that persons are injured physically, mentally, emotionally, economically, or in their rights, as a direct and intentional result of the misapplication of these forces. 16
- 17. SECONDARY VICTIMIZATION • Victimizationat the hands of state institutions • Victims suffer more with this category Examples • Delayed Justice • Corruption in CJS • Lack of services • Lack of trust 17
- 18. VICTIM RECOVERY • “VictimRecovery” is the resumption of the same or better level of functionality as was enjoyed prior to victimization 18
- 19. PSYCHO-SOCIAL COPING • Theconcept was presented by John Dussich • Rate of recovery increases with available resources at the victim • Resources are the socio-psychological linkages in addition to scope of opportunities in view of social standings • Socially marginalized victims have less scope of recovery 19
- 20. VICTIM IMPACT STATEMENT •Calculations of socio-economic and psychological loss suffered by victim • Part of substantive CJS proceedings in many countries • Relevant to sentencing stage • Personal Presentation at time of sentencing, bail and parole 20
- 21. VICTIM OFFENDER MEDIATION •“Victim Offender Mediation” (VOM) is a formal process for face-to-face meetings in the presence of a trained mediator between a victim of a crime and his/her offender who committed that crime. • This is also called victim-offender dialogue, victim-offender conferencing, victim-offender reconciliation, or restorative justice. 21
- 22. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE • “RestorativeJustice” is a systematic formal legal response to crime victimization that emphasizes healing the injuries that resulted from the crime and affected the victims, offenders and communities. • This process is a departure from the traditional retributive form of dealing with criminals and victims which traditionally have generally perpetuated the conflict which resulted in the original crime. 22
- 23. VICTIM TRAUMA • “VictimTrauma” includes emotional and physical experiences that produce pain and injuries. • Emotional injury is a normal response to an extremely abnormal event. It results from the pairing of a painful or frightening emotional experience with a specific memory which emerge and have a long lasting effect on the life of a person. The more direct the exposure to the traumatic event, the higher the risk for emotional harm and prolonged effects. 23
- 24. CRISIS INTERVENTION • “CrisisIntervention” is the provision of emergency psychological care to traumatized victims so as to help them return to an adaptive level of functioning and to prevent or mitigate the negative impact of psychological and emotional trauma. • Planned and Professional Activity 24
- 25. COMPENSATION • “Compensation” isa formal administrative procedure provided by law which provides only money to victims for “out of pocket” real expenses directly resulting from the victimization to be paid by the state after the victim is found to qualify according to specific criteria determined by the respective state or federal law. • Victim Support Fund 25
- 26. RESTITUTION • “Restitution” isa formal judicial procedure used by a judge after guilt is determined as part of a sentence which can provide money and/or services to the victim for damages or suffering which resulted from the victimization to be paid or performed by the offender. • Concept of Victim Surcharges 26
- 27. VICTIM RIGHTS • “VictimRights” are privileges and procedures required by written law which guarantee victims specific considerations and treatment by the criminal justice system, the government and the community at large • Accused is Favorite Child of Law • Special Laws on Victims Rights 27
- 28. VICTIM SURVEY • “VictimSurvey” is a periodic data collection and analysis process conducted usually by a government entity within the general population to study information about crime victims regardless whether they reported their victimization to the police or not. • Main Issue; DARK FIGURE OF CRIME • Commonly used Victimological Research Method 28
- 29. VICTIM NEEDS ANALYSIS •Identification of physical, social and psychological needs based on empirical analysis. • Victim needs vary in view of social settings and nature of victimization • Primary and secondary Victims 29
- 30. VICTIM SERVICES • Victimservices are those activities which are applied in response to victimization with the intention of relieving suffering and facilitating recovery. This includes • providing protection to survivors, • information, counseling, participation, • making financial assessments and compensation • conducting individual coping interventions • engaging in social advocacy, • proposing public policy • working in program development. 30
- 31. VICTIMS OF CRIMEAND TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN 31
- 32. Pakistan; A VictimState and Society • Pakistan: Heterogeneous developing society with weak writ of state. • CJS: maladministration, corruption, political intervention and low level of institutional capacity building. • Victimology: neglected field of research in both govt. and scholarly pursuits. • Basic issue; GOVERNANCE NOT RESOURCES 32
- 33. Patterns of Victimization Year AllCrime Murder Kidnapping Dacoiety Robbery Others 2000 388909 8906 7126 1297 7513 304081 2001 3783801 9528 6546 1372 7612 304605 2002 399558 9396 6938 1631 8235 325322 2003 400680 9346 8450 1821 8434 321087 2004 440578 9719 9537 2338 11851 350760 2005 453264 9631 9209 2395 12199 358223 2006 537855 10048 10431 2895 14630 428768 2007 538048 10556 10725 3260 16639 432100 2008 592503 12059 15135 4529 19943 465908 INCREASE 52% 35% 112% 249% 165% 53% 33
- 34. Average Rate ofVictimization 13382 11148 10524 10463 4843 2692 Murder Kidnapping Dacoity 2396 Robbery Rape Fatal Accident Car Theft 34
- 35. Provincial Distribution Punjab, 374436 NWFP,114083 Sindh, 77656 Balochistan, 10010 Punjab Sindh NWFP Balochistan Islamabad, 5734 Islamabad 35
- 36. Forms of Victimization •Two major broad categories: person & property • Victim of Terror. • Missing Persons • Special group victimization: Women: Honour Killing, Acid throwing. Juvenile : k4R, Human Trafficking. 36
- 37. Rate of WomenVictimization is less but worst in form 37
- 38. Why Increasing Victimization? • • • • Lackof certainty of punishment. Excessive weaponization. Growing individualization and urbanization Modernization in Transportation & cellular technology. (kidnapping for Ransom) • No response by state, society or community 38
- 39. Crime/ Population Ratio • • • • TotalPopulation:180 million Total Average Crime(2000-2008):5,16,212 Ratio: 348/1 One person out of 348 persons is related to criminality and victimization. • General assessment of Victimization. 39
- 40. Access To Justice • • • • • BureaucraticModel CJS Culture of Nepotism. Element of Corruption. Social Compartmentalization. Irresponsiveness & lack of accountability. 40
- 41. Police & Victim • • • • • • • • • • Police:Still a Force not Service (Police Order,2002) Total: 300,000. Police/Population Ratio: 1/600. Cadre compartmentalization. 550 (PSP) No National Crime Survey and Lack o data on Victim. Dark Figure of Crime. Trust Deficit. Delayed Response o Emergency Services. Lack of Training & Resources. No Special arrangements for victims of special groups. Police Culture: A Challenge for better treatment to victims of crime 41
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- 44. Other Face ofVictimization 44
- 45. Prosecution & Victim •Earlier a part of police, now independent set up (prosecution act 2005) • Just have correctional role. • Restricted contact of Victims. • Commercial Interest of attorneys. • Administrative & Legal Issues. • Lack of professionalism, training & resources. • No prosecutors based victims/witness assistance programme. 45
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- 47. Victim and Judiciary •Multilayer judicial system has its roots in different epoch of history. • Organizational set-up • Restoration of defunct judiciary and New Judicial Policy • Human Rights Cell and media representation of victims concern • No special arrangements for victims but judicial officers are more victim focused. • No cost for attendance for testimony. • Delayed Justice 47
- 48. Judicial Pendency Pendancy 84704 19055 10363 8571 4160 2092 Su pre me C Fe de ra l ou rt Pu nja bH igh Sh ari at C.. . Sin dH igh Co urt NW F Co urt PH igh Bo loc his tan Co urt • Total No. of Judges: 1927 • Total pending cases:15,65,926 • Average number of pending cases per judge:885 48
- 49. Victim & Prison • • • • • Overcrowded:10(40) Maladministration: dugs and cell phone Victim and prison are disassociated No notification scheme for victims More focus on rigorous punishment, less focus on rehabilitation. • Transform normal criminals into hardened which become more threat for victims 49
- 50. Terrorism in Pakistan •Inherently a political Concept world-wide • Morality of Terrorism undercover of religion • Result of Vengeance for reversal of govt. policy • Friends Turned into Foes 3-S Formula • State • Scholars • Schools 50
- 51. Victims of terrorism Civilians Security Officials Militants Total 2011(476 ) 2580 765 2797 6142 2010(662) 1796 496 5170 7435 51
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- 53. Attack in aMosque 53
- 54. Why innocent childrenAlso? 54
- 55. The guardian ofa family 55
- 56. To be thesource of respect? 56
- 57. Where these victimsare? 57
- 58. Patterns of victimizations FATA •Six Areas • Waziristan • large scale Victimization • reaction to war on terror • Pushtoons KPK • • • • Peshawar Kohat DI.khan Suicide Terrorism • Pushtoons • Civilians Baluchistan Sind Punjab • Quetta • Target killing • Suicide Terrorism • Attack on Foreigners • Armed forces • Civilians • Sectarian victims • Karachi • Target Killing • Mafia of extortion • Ethnic conflicts • Sectarian Victims • Lahore • Sectarian victims • suicide terrorism • Armed forces, police & civilians 58
- 59. SERVICES REQUIRED • Safetyof survivors of terrorism as witness • Ensure the monitory compensation to bereaved family members • Medical Support System • Make an arrangement for the recovery of victims through counseling • Facilitate the victims to participate in the criminal justice process by information and feedback through Notification System • Provide special services to marginalized victims like children, women and elderly people 59
- 60. SERVICES REQUIRED • VictimSupport Officers at each stage of CJS • Legal Aid to survivors • Launch awareness and advocacy campaign for the rights of victims of terrorism. • Legislate and amend existing laws related to terrorism in Pakistan specifically related to victim’s rights and their services • Provide basic services in term of housing, employment, education and socialization • Ensure the recovery of such victims as functional social entity with physical, social and mental health 60
- 61. Looking Forward • Nosubstitute to research on victims. • National Institute for Support of Victims of Crime and Terrorism • National Policy for such victims • Separate Legislature on Victims Rights • Permanent System of Compensation & Restitution • Non-governmental Institutional Support. • Professionalism & Capacity development in CJS 61
- 62. Thank you Any Comment/Question?