EWSD (Eidal Widal Switch Digital) ZTE EXCHANGE PACKET SWITCH (HUAWEI EXCHANGE) SWOT / TOWS Conclusion AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE
MOST MERCIFUL

2. SIX WEEKS INTERNSHIP REPORT
(October-November 2016)
SUBMITTED BY
NASIR AFZAL KHAN
SUBMITTED TO
Regional General Manager (Peshawar)
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the internship of
PAKISTAN TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY LIMITED
The Regional General Manager (Peshawar)
Telephone House-1, The Mall, Peshawar Cantt.
PTCL

3. CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
It is certified that the internship titled “Six Weeks internship at PTCL” carried out by
NASIR AFZAL, under the supervision of Sir ABDUR RAUF at Khyber, PTCL
Peshawar. It is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a report for the internship of
PTCL.
Supervisor:
___________________
Mr. ABDUR RAUF
Assistant Manager
Switching Peshawar

4. DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to God Almighty my creator, my strong pillar, my source of
inspiration, wisdom, knowledge and understanding. All praises to Allah for the strengths
and His blessing in completing this thesis.
I also dedicate to my beloved parents for their endless love, prayers and encouragement
Thank you for giving me a chance to prove and improve myself through all my walks of
life.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The process of this internship program ended up being an awesome studying knowledge upon
each of our academic existence which was loaded with problem and incentives.
First of all, we would like to thank ALLAH ALMIGHTY for helping us in the successful
completion of this internship without his support it would not have been possible.
I respect and thank Engr. Abdur Rauf, for giving me an opportunity to do the internship
program and providing us all support and guidance which made me complete the internship
program on time. I am extremely grateful to him for providing such a nice support and
guidance though he had busy schedule managing the company affairs.
I owe my profound gratitude to our project guide Engr. Aurangzeb Khan who took keen
interest on our internship program and guided us all along, till the completion of our internship
program by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system.
I would not forget to remember Mr. Umra Khan for their unlisted encouragement and more
over for their timely support and guidance till the completion of our internship program.
I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance
from all Teaching staffs of Department of telecom which helped us in successfully completing
our internship program. Also, I would like to extend our sincere regards to all the non-teaching
staff of department of telecom for their timely support.
i

6. ABSTRACT
In this internship report evolution history of Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited
and there are two domains for deploying telecom services which are business domain and
technical domain. I have deputed for switching systems of telecom which concentrate under
technical domain. In this domain there are two different parts which are transmission systems
and switching system.
I have deled Operation and Maintenance systems in PTCL. In switching domain here are two
types of technologies Circuit switching and packet switching. In history, first it was Pakistan
Post and Telegraph, then it split into Pakistan Telegraph and Telephone, then Telephone
become into Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation and now Pakistan Telecommunication
Company Limited evolution with time is given and their respective technologies are also
discussed. There is OMC (Operation and Maintenance Centre) which controls circuit
switching based network elements called ZXJ-10 ZTE. In the circuit switched based operation
and maintenance center, a connectivity of various network elements with ZXN room is shown
and explained. Subscriber administration roles at operation and maintenance terminals is also
discussed based on circuit switching.
In packet switching domain there is a soft switch SX3000 of Huawei is working with different
their MSAGs (access gateways). We have worked on the both switches via their terminals
(OMTs and Clients). During internship we have deal operation and maintenance tasks related
to subscriber administration, traffic analysis and signaling matters, network administration and
troubleshooting. Roles of allied media gateways and their connectivity matters are analyzed.
ii

7. Contents
LIST OF SIGNIFIERS ..............................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1...........................................................................................................................................7
EWSD (Eidal Widal Switch Digital).......................................................................................................7
A. Structural Units of EWSD Switch.............................................................................................7
1.1 DLU (Digital line unit) ..........................................................................................................7
Functions Of DLU.........................................................................................................................8
Figure 1 Modules of Digital Line Unit..........................................................................................8
Subscriber Line Module (SLM).....................................................................................................8
Bus Distribution Base(BDB) .........................................................................................................9
Bus Distribution Extension(BDE) .................................................................................................9
Ring Generation and Measuring Module (RGMG) ......................................................................9
Digital line Unit Control (DLUC):..................................................................................................9
Bus Distribution Clock Generation (BDCG):.................................................................................9
DCC: .............................................................................................................................................9
Physical Rack Diagram of DLU (KHYBER EXCHANGE) ..................................................................9
Figure 2 Physical Rack Diagram of DLU (KHYBER EXCHANGE) ..................................................10
1.2 Line Trunk Group (LTG)......................................................................................................10
Functions of LTG:.......................................................................................................................10
Figure 3 FUNCTIONS OF LTG......................................................................................................11
Figure 4 Physical Rack Diagram.................................................................................................11
LTG-B .........................................................................................................................................12
Main Components of an LTG-B..................................................................................................12
1.3 Switching Network (SN).....................................................................................................12
Functions OF Switching Network: .............................................................................................12
Structure:...................................................................................................................................12
Figure 5 Physical Rack Diagram:................................................................................................13
1.4 Coordination Processor:....................................................................................................13

8. The CP consists of the following processors: ............................................................................13
Coordination Processor Modules..............................................................................................13
Functionality of CP.....................................................................................................................14
Fig 6 Functionality of CP ............................................................................................................14
B. Functional Units of EWSD exchange: ....................................................................................14
1.5 Control...............................................................................................................................15
Message Buffer..........................................................................................................................15
Message Buffer Group...............................................................................................................15
Central Clock Generator............................................................................................................15
Control System Panel ................................................................................................................16
1.6 Switching ...........................................................................................................................16
1.7 Signaling.............................................................................................................................16
Advantages................................................................................................................................16
Suitable transmission Medium..................................................................................................16
1.8 Access ................................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 2.........................................................................................................................................18
ZTE EXCHANGE ..................................................................................................................................18
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................18
ZTE .................................................................................................................................................19
1.1 ZXJ10 MODULE ................................................................................................................19
Figure 7 ZXJ10 (V10.0) SYSTEM DESCRIPTION...........................................................................19
2.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW...............................................................................................................19
2.3 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION.................................................................................................20
Figure 8 System structure diagram ...........................................................................................20
2.4 PERIPHERAL SWITCHING MODULE (PSM)...............................................................................21
Major functions of PSM:............................................................................................................21
Hardware Structure of PSM ......................................................................................................21
2.5 THE REMOTE SWITCHING MODULE (RSM) .............................................................................23
2.6 MESSAGE SWITCHING MODULE (MSM)..................................................................................23
2.7 CENTRAL SWITCHING NETWORK MODULE (SNM)..................................................................24

9. 2.8 THE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MODULE (OMM).............................................................26
2.9 MOBILE PERIPHERAL MODULE (MPM) & VLR MODULE VPM.................................................27
Figure 13 ZXG10 mobile communication system structure diagram........................................29
2.10 PACKET HANDLING MODULE (PHM) .....................................................................................30
INTERNET ACCESS MODULE (IAM) ............................................................................................30
Figure 13 Internet access diagram ............................................................................................31
CHAPTER 3 PACKET SWITCH..............................................................................................................32
HUAWEI EXCHANGE ..........................................................................................................................32
3.1 OVER VIEW & BACKGROUND ............................................................................................32
3.2 OVERALL STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................32
3.3 MODULAR STRUCTURE......................................................................................................33
BAM:..........................................................................................................................................33
LIM:............................................................................................................................................33
SM:.............................................................................................................................................34
SPM:...........................................................................................................................................34
SRM: ..........................................................................................................................................34
AM: ............................................................................................................................................34
CM: ............................................................................................................................................34
CENTRAL MODULE.....................................................................................................................35
STM:...........................................................................................................................................35
CPM: ..........................................................................................................................................35
CCM: ..........................................................................................................................................35
CNET: .........................................................................................................................................35
MPU:..........................................................................................................................................35
NOD: ..........................................................................................................................................35
SIG:.............................................................................................................................................36
BNET-A:......................................................................................................................................36
CKV: ...........................................................................................................................................36
ASL:............................................................................................................................................36
ET-16 Card: ................................................................................................................................36

10. DSL:............................................................................................................................................37
PWC: ..........................................................................................................................................37
ALARM BOX ...............................................................................................................................37
MAINTENANCE SYSTEM ............................................................................................................37
Chapter 4 SWOT ................................................................................................................................39
4.1 STRENGHTS:.............................................................................................................................39
4.2 WEAKNESSES:..........................................................................................................................40
3.3 OPPURTUNITIES:................................................................................................................41
4.4 THREATS: .................................................................................................................................42
Chapter 5 SWOT ................................................................................................................................44
Figure SWOT interactions..........................................................................................................44
Figure swot interactions............................................................................................................44
5.1 S-O Strategies: ...................................................................................................................45
5.2 W-O strategies...................................................................................................................45
5.3 S-T strategies .....................................................................................................................46
5.4 W-T strategies: ..................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER 6.........................................................................................................................................48
6.1 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................48
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................48
6.3 Implementation plan for the recommendations: .............................................................49
Chapter 7...........................................................................................................................................51
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................................51

11. LIST OF SIGNIFIERS
EWSD Electronic Worldwide Switch Digital
HIS High Speed Internet
IP Internet Protocol
LAN Local Area Network
MS Metro-Switch
MSAG Multiservice Access Gateway
MGW Media Gateway
NE Network Element
OMC Operation and Maintenance Center
OMT Operation and Maintenance Terminal
OFAN Optical Fiber Access Network
ONU Optical Network Unit
PTCL Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited
PIE Pakistan Internet Exchange
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PP&T Pakistan Post and Telegraph
PT&T Pakistan Telephone and Telegraph
PTC Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation
SS Soft-Switch
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
UMG Universal Media Gateway
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
ZXN ZTE Exchange Network
PSM Peripheral Switching Module
RLM Remote Line Module
RSM Remote Switching Module
SNM Switching Network Module
MPM Mobile Peripheral Module

12. VPM Visitor Peripheral Module
MSM Message Switching Module
IAM Internet Access Module
PHM Packet Handling Module

13. CHAPTER 1
EWSD (Eidal Widal Switch Digital)
EWSD is the digital exchange made by German Company Siemens. This is the very reliable
exchange which is mostly used in Pakistan.
This type of digital exchange is used as local, tandem, transit as well as international gate way
exchange.
The most common switch is used as main exchange. This can operate as PSTN, ISDN (BRI), PRI,
CMMERCIAL Subscriber (Pay phones).
A. Structural Units of EWSD Switch
EWSD switch can be divided into following parts.
 Digital line unit (DLU).
 Line trunk group (LTG).
 Switching network (SN).
 Coordination processor (CP).
1.1 DLU (Digital line unit)
 DLU provides the gateway to the EWSD exchange.
 The data of home and commercial subscribers are stored in specific modules in DLU.
 The telephone ring is generated in DLU.
 The metering of voltage is done in DLU.
 Provides contact with DIU (digital interface unit).

14. Functions Of DLU
Figure 1 Modules of Digital Line Unit
Subscriber Line Module (SLM)
SLM modules store the data of all types of subscribers that includes PSTN, ISDN, PRI, home users
and commercial users. In KHYBER EXCHANGE1-A there are two types of SLM modules
 SLMA COS.
 SLMA CMRL.
The SLMA COS module supports 8 subscriber telephone lines and connects them to the
exchange.
The SLMA CMRL module supports 6 commercial lines i.e. public call offices and connects them
to main exchange.
Digital
Line Unit
Processor
and
Controller
Interface
Subscriber
line circuit
(SLC)
Power
BDCG
RGMG
DLUC
DCC-CR
DIU
BDB
BDE
Testing
SLMACOS
SLMACMRL
SLMAITF
SLMD
FMTU
LCMM

15. Bus Distribution Base(BDB)
The BDB module controls all the buses that are running throughout the DLU. The BDB modules
are present in the first frame and they monitor the sub control units BDE’S that are control units
of the bus in the other frames.
Bus Distribution Extension(BDE)
The BDE modules are control units of different shelves of a single rack of the EWSD exchange.
The BDE module is controlled by BDB.
Ring Generation and Measuring Module (RGMG)
The RGMG module generates ring and it also acts as metering unit for voltage in the digital line
unit.
Digital line Unit Control (DLUC):
The DLUC module is the main control module in the DLU .it monitors all the functionalities of
different modules of the DLU.
Bus Distribution Clock Generation (BDCG):
This module generates the clock for bus distribution so that all the buses are synchronized.
DCC:
One DCC module provides the voltage to first eight modules of a shelf and the later eight
modules are supported by another DCC module at the end of the shelf.
Physical Rack Diagram of DLU (KHYBER EXCHANGE)
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Figure 2 Physical Rack Diagram of DLU (KHYBER EXCHANGE)
1.2 Line Trunk Group (LTG)
The line/trunk group (LTG) forms the interface between the digital environment of the node and
the digital switching network (SN). The LTGs perform non-central control functions and thus
relieve the coordination processor (CP) of routine work.
Functions of LTG:
Following are the major functions of LTG
 LTG provides direct connection of one exchange with the other exchanges of the same city
or the other cities.
 LTG generates telephone tone.
 LTG provides a gateway to the switching network.
 LTG provides interface between DLU and PCM.

17. Figure 3 FUNCTIONS OF LTG
Several LTG types are available for optimal implementation of the various line types and signaling
methods. The two main types of LTGs (differing in their functionality) used are:
 LTG-B ● LTG-C
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Figure 4 Physical Rack Diagram
Line Trunk
Group
Interfacing
Trunk
Signaling
Memory
Unit
Tone
Generator
Code
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&
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Module
Power
CRP
4 x DIU’s
TOG
PMUB
PMUC
PMUD
GSL
DCC-DE
SILC-B
SILC-C
CGSM

18. LTG-B
The LTGB is used for connecting:
 Up to four digital transmission routes (PDCs) for DLUs at transmission rates of 2048 kbit/s
 Up to four primary rate accesses (Pas) for medium-sized and large ISDN PABXs (ISDN
subscribers with PA) at a transmission rate of 2048 kbit/s.
Main Components of an LTG-B
 Group processor (GP)
 Link interface unit between line/trunk group and switching network (LIU)
 Group switch (GS)
 Speech multiplexer (SPMXA)
 Signaling unit (SU)
 Line/trunk unit (LTU)
1.3 Switching Network (SN)
By virtue of its high data transmission quality, the switching network can switch connections for
various types of service (for example telephony, facsimile, teletext, data transmission).
This means that switching network is also ready for the Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN).
Functions OF Switching Network:
 Duplicated (full redundancy)
 Highly-Integrated switching network modules
 One space stage module can handle up to 1024 simultaneous calls with full redundancy
 Interfaces of 8,192 Kb/s available within
 Highly compact design from space-saving point of view
 An exchange of 10,000 subscribers may accommodate the SN in a single rack
 Two kinds of connections: Switched & Semi-permanent
Structure:
In large and very large exchanges the capacity stages of the switching network (SN:504LTG,
SN:252LTG and SN:126LTG) include
 One time stage incoming (TSI)
 Three space stages (SS)
 One-time stage outgoing (TSO)
Medium-sized and small exchanges (SN:63LTG and SN:15LTG) contain
 One time stage incoming (TSI)

19.  One space stage (SS)
 One-time stage outgoing (TSO)
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Figure 5 Physical Rack Diagram:
1.4 Coordination Processor:
The CP performs the following functions in a network node:
 Call processing
 Operation and maintenance
 Safeguarding
The CP consists of the following processors:
 Base Processors
 Call Processors
 Input / Output Control
 Bus for Common Memory
 Common Memory
 Input / Output Processors
Coordination Processor Modules
1. BAP:
The BAPMs and the BAPSs provide the same software functional units.
2. CAP:
The CAPs mainly include software for call processing functions.
3. IOC:
IOCs have only firmware for communication with the call processing, O&M and data
communication peripheries.
4. BCMY:
The bus for common memory (BCMY) connects all processors (BAP, CAP), including the
input/output controls (IOC), with each other and with the common memory (CMY).

20. 5. CMY:
The common memory (CMY) includes, among other things, the common database for all
processors, plus the input and output lists for the IOP. The CMY is duplicated in order to
ensure a high level of availability.
6. IOP:
Different types of input/output processors (IOP) connect the CP113D with other units in the
network node, the external bulk memories, the operation and maintenance terminal, the
operation and maintenance center (OMC, via data lines) and computer centers (also via data
lines).
Functionality of CP
Fig 6 Functionality of CP
B. Functional Units of EWSD exchange:
The EWSD system is divided into different functional areas called subsystems coordinated by a
central system. Following are the main functional units of EWSD exchange.
1. Control
2. Switching
3. Signaling
COORDINATION
PROCESSOR
BASE
PROCESSOR
CALL
PROCESSOR
INPUT/OUTPUT
PROCESSOR
COMMON
MEMORY
BUS FOR
COMMON
MEMORY
INPUT/OUTPUT
CONTROL

21. 4. Access
5. Power
1.5 Control
Control belongs to the area which is responsible for the coordination of the various subunits.
Control consists of the following:
Coordination Processor (CP)
 Message Buffer (MB)
 System Panel (SYP)
 Central Clock Generator (CCG)
Message Buffer
The task of MB is to control the exchange of messages between the following subsystems:
 Coordination Processor (CP) and line/trunk groups (LTG): Commands and
Messages
 CP and switch group controls (SGC) of the switching network: Setting
commands for the SN
 LTGs among one another: Reports
 LTGs and the common channel signaling network control (CCNC): Orders
Message Buffer Group
The message buffer is divided into functional groups called Message Buffer Groups according to
the expansion concept. One message buffer group consists of one message buffer unit for Switch
Group Control and two message buffer units for LTG.
In the least configuration, at least one message buffer group may exist with at least one MBUL and
one MBUS active whereas the other MBUL may be inactive.
In the highest configuration, there are up to 4 message buffer groups with 4 MBUS and 8 MBUL.
Central Clock Generator
In order to switch and transmit digital information, the sequence of operations must be
synchronous throughout the equipment involved.
This requires a clock supply with a high level of reliability, precision and consistency for all the
nodes in the digital network.
This task is fulfilled by the central clock generator (CCG).
Depending upon the accuracy required, the following two modes of operation are possible.

22. Control System Panel
The purpose of the system panel is to display alarms and advisories of internal and external
supervisory units outside the system) both visually and acoustically.
It is divided into two parts namely the System Panel Control and the System Panel Display unit.
1.6 Switching
By virtue of its high data transmission quality, the switching network can switch connections for
various types of service (for example telephony, facsimile, teletext, data transmission).
This means that switching network is also ready for the Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN).
1.7 Signaling
The EWSD digital electronic switching system can control connections to and from other network
nodes using all the common signaling systems.
The signaling functions in a EWSD network-node are handled by the "common channel signaling
network control (CCNC)".
One system that is particularly suitable for stored-program-controlled digital nodes is signaling
system no. 7.
This transports signaling information separately from the user information (voice, data) on
common-channel signaling links.
Advantages
 Higher speed signaling
 Very reliable signal transmission
 Flexibility to adapt to future requirements
Suitable transmission Medium
 Copper Wires
 Optical Fibers
 Digital Radio Links
 Satellite links
1.8 Access
This includes:
 Line / Trunk Group (LTG)
 Digital Line Unit (DLU)
 Digital Announcement System (DAS).

23. DAS explained:
The digital announcement unit announces recorded messages to the subscriber relating to
different matters such as reason for disconnection or the disability of a non STD phone to dial an
outstation call. The necessary information for such an announcement is provided by CP and DLU.

24. CHAPTER 2
ZTE EXCHANGE
2.1 Introduction
ZTE is a Chinese telecommunication company that was founded in 1985.Initially it had its network
limited in different cities of China later on ZTE extended its network to different countries of Asia
and Africa.
Unlike EWSD, ZTE is modular based exchange and in each module we have its own control system,
switching network and signaling network.
At Khyber exchange a ZTE exchange named ZXJ10 is installed. It has capability of supporting 10000
lines. A detailed diagram of ZTE’s module is shown in the next page.
The main advantage of having a ZTE exchange is its low cost. The ZTE exchange costs almost eight
times less than that of Siemens, Ericsson or Alcatel. That is the reason why ZTE is becoming so
popular in the developing and poor countries of Asia and Africa.
The disadvantage of ZTE exchange is that it is not as reliable as EWSD, Ericsson, Alcatel or even
Huawei. ZTE exchange suffers from more errors than other exchanges.

25. Figure 7 ZXJ10 (V10.0) SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2.2 SYSTEM OVERVIEW
The ZXJ10(V10.0) digital SPC switching system employs an open architecture with full distribution
between modules, hierarchical control, inside modules & centralized administration. It is based on
general purpose computers & is supported by local area network. It employs the client/server
mode as its control structure, so that the system is flexible in networking & powerful in call
handling with high reliability & good compatibility & expandability.
1
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 ALARM
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1.1 ZXJ10 MODULE
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26. 2.3 HARDWARE CONFIGURATION
Aided by a full contribution control system, ZXJ10 can hold one to several dozens of modules in
accordance with the exchange capacity. Besides, in terms of services demands & geographical
locations, this system can be expanded with different modules. Except the OMM module, each
module consists of a pair of active/standby MPs (Master processor), several SPs (Slave processor)
& some single boards, PSM SNM, MSM, RSM, RLM are the basic modules of the ZXJ10 foreground
network, while OMM makes up the background network.
Figure 8 System structure diagram
OMM: Operation & Maintenance Module PSM: Peripheral Switching Module
RLM: Remote Line Module RSM: Remote Switching Module
SNM
RLM
IAM
MSM
OMM
PHM PSM
PSM PSM RLM
RSM
RSM RLM
PSM
MPM VPM

27. SNM: Switching Network Module MPM: Mobile Peripheral Module
VPM: Visitor Peripheral Module MSM: Message Switching Module
IAM: Internet Access Module PHM: Packet Handling Module
In the whole ZXJ10 system, all the important equipment is in active/standby mode, including MP,
T net, NETD, COMM, FBI, clock equipment & subscriber unit processors, etc.
2.4 PERIPHERAL SWITCHING MODULE (PSM)
Major functions of PSM:
 In a single module office, it performs the PSTN, ISDN subscriber access & call handling
 In a multi-module office, it is connected into the central modules one of the module
offices
 As the mobile switching system (MSC), it is connected into the central exchange
 As the service switching point (SSP) of IN, it is connected into the SCP
Hardware Structure of PSM
The core of the TS switching network pf PSM module is of an active/standby non-blocking
switching network of 8K*8K or 32K*32K, the peripheral interface units & the signaling units. The
internal message paths are established through the intra module communication boards (COMM)
& the monitoring boards (MONI). The clock employs the loose-coupling method with its possible
maximum accuracy of Stratum 2 & degree A. It can provide built-in Bits systems too.
The full system configuration is of 12480L (12480 subscriber lines) + 26700DT (26700 trunks). In
every group of 960 subscribers, it interchanges with 240 trunks. Each module holds 48 NO. 7 links
or 24 V5.2 interfaces.

28. 8 Mb/s
Figure 9 PSM structure diagram
FBI
8 Mb/s
SNM
2 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
Digital trunk unit
Subscriber unit
SWITCHING UNIT
8K * 8K
MFC
DTMF
TONE
V5.2
NO. 7 COMM COMM
MP0 MP1
SIGNALING UNIT
Control unit

29. PSM employs multiprocessor hierarchical control mode, consisting of the following basic units.
 Control unit: MP, COMM, & MONI, Namely, a single COMM board can process 32 64Kb/s
HDLC, with 8K-byte & dual-port RAM. It can serve as MP-PP, MP-MP COMM, No.7
signaling boards, V5.2 C channel board & 30b + D D channel board. Moreover, it can
monitor the power supply, synchronization unit, & FBI (fiber interface), for instance, the
MONI & the PEPD (peripheral environment parameter detection) boards
 Switching unit: 8K DSN (digital switching network) & some DSNIs
 Synchronization unit: clock reference card CKI (if the bits interface required), synchronous
oscillator SYCK
 Peripheral interface unit: DTI, FBI, as well as subscribers & analog trunk boards
 Signaling unit: ASIG (analog signaling board), TONE, MFC, DTMF, & CID
(caller identification) board
 Subscriber unit: in every 960 subscriber lines, there are 40 ASLCs (or DSLC), each
containing 24 analog subscriber lines (OR 12 digital subscriber lines for each DSLC). Each
unit is equipped with 4 analog subscriber test boards MTT (or digital subscriber test
boards DMTT). ASLC & DSLC boards can be inter-inserted, so can the MTT/DMTT. All the
single boards have processors. The subscriber unit is monitored by two active/standby SPs
 Analog trunk unit: the analog trunk unit is controlled by two active/standby SPs with 22
trunk boards, including the single frequency trunk (SFT), the loop trunk (TRT), the A/B wire
trunk (ABT), & the magnetic trunk (MT)
2.5 THE REMOTE SWITCHING MODULE (RSM)
The internal structure of RSM module is exactly the same as that of PSM except more TSs from
PSM to the central network & their fixed no. is of 2040. However, the no. of TSs from RSM to the
central network is comparatively smaller & can be increased at the rate of every 32 TSs, flexible as
well as adjustable.
2.6 MESSAGE SWITCHING MODULE (MSM)
SNM usually employs 4*8K planes, with the maximum expansion capability of 8 * 8K. Its switching
TSs amount to 64K, applicable to various sorts of markets. The HWs from RSM, PHM are averagely
distributed to 8 planes. Considerably the configuration flexibility of RSM, the PCM links from RSM
can be connected to the multi-plane via the switching of a single T net. Since the connection of
each plane can be controlled through a pair of MPs & two COMM boards with the 256 Kb/s HDLC
link, that pair of MPs in SNM can also be connected with NT server of OMM via Ethernet so as to
serve the message transmission between OMM & other related modules.

30. 2.7 CENTRAL SWITCHING NETWORK MODULE (SNM)
The major function of SNM is to perform not only the TS switching between PSM & PSM but also
the B-channel connection between PSM & PHM.
Figure 10 Multi-module Test connection diagram
After the semi-permanent connection, SNM will transmit the TSs from the multi-module to MSM
to support the n * 64kb/s switching. It can be applied to the ISDN H0 channel transmission, making
the alternation of the communication bandwidth n * 64kb/s ( n≤32 ) become possible. It can also
provide the background with the information channel.
PSM
( Tn )
PSM
( Tn )
PSM
( Tn )
PSM
( Tn )
PSM
( Tn )
PSM
( Tn )
S T
S T
S T
.
.
.
S netMulti-Plane
.
.

31. Figure 11 SNM structure diagram
512 Kb/s512 Kb/s
.
.
16 * 8Mb/s
Built-
in
fiber
Built-
in
fiber
PSM
s
PSM
COMM COMM
MP0 MP1
OMM
RSMSingle T net
8K * 8K
Single T net
8K * 8K
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RSM
32 *
8Mb/s
32 *
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s
16 * 8Mb/s
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et8K*8K
SingleTn
et8K*8K
LAN
2 Mb/s
HDLC
MSM
Built-in
fiber
E3
E1
COMM
SNM

32. SNM usually employs 4 * 8K planes, with the maximum expansion capability of 8 * 8K planes. Its
switching TSs amount to 64K, applicable to various sorts of markets. The HWs from RSM, PHM are
averagely distributed to 8 planes. Considering the configuration flexibility of RSM, the PCM links
from RSM can be connected with the multi-plane via the switching of a single T net. Since the
connection of each plane can be controlled through a pair of MPs & two COMM boards with the
256Kb/s link, that pair of MPs in SNM can also be connected with NT server of OMM via Ethernet
so as to serve the, message transmission between OMM & other relevant modules.
2.8 THE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MODULE (OMM)
According the size of modules, SNM can be such types as of 32K, 64K, 128K, 256K, of which 13K
network can be employed to connect with 13 PSMs & 35 RSMs.
The ZXJ10 SPC exchange follows the centralized maintenance management mode. Its
maintenance management network has applied not only the client/server structure which is based
on the TCP/IP protocol, but also the WINDOWSNT4.0 operation system. Its contents contain such
things as data, statistical traffic, billing, system measurement, system alarm, etc, which are
substantial for the management & the maintenance of the exchange. The handling of the software
& the data of the whole system is executed in OMM. Then SNM transmits the results to each
peripheral module, & can be under remote operation as well as maintenance management.

33. Figure 12 OMM connection diagram
The main processor of MSM (or other PSM modules) can be connected into Ethernet via the
standard TCP/IP protocol. As a result, the message interworking between OMM & the foreground
processor is available.
2.9 MOBILE PERIPHERAL MODULE (MPM) & VLR MODULE VPM
MPM & VPM are developed on the advanced ZXJ10 (V10.0) platform by adding mobile switching
modules MSC & VLR modules, forming the core of the ZXG10 mobile switching network.
The major function pf MPM is to realize the relevant functions of MSC, that is, providing the
voice trunk, the signaling link to BSS, the tone trunk to PSTN, providing the link interface to PLMN,
at the same time, supporting the message interaction among the VPMs. In addition, MPM is
similar to pure wired trunk module. Within 8KTSs (e.g. 2KTSs to SNM, 2KTSs to BSS), 4K TSs are for
the incoming & outgoing office trunks, supporting approximately 20 thousand mobile subscribers.
Except the absence of the ASIGF board, the rest of the VPM structure is the same as that of
MPM, & their functions are generally the same. Unlike MPM module, the single T network of VPM
NT
clientNT
clientNT
client
MP
DDN
PSTN/PSPDN
NT Server
NT
client
NT client router
..............

34. module does not control the connection of the speech channels. Instead it only performs the
connection of the internal control, & the communication signaling, VPM mainly carries out the
functions related to VLR, providing the actual storage & management in such temporary resources
as TMSI, MSRN etc. It also controls the communication with other network entities eg, VLR, HLR,
VPM itself can manage NO.7 signaling handling.

35. Figure 13 ZXG10 mobile communication system structure diagram
BSS: base subsystem MSC: mobile switching center
MSM: message switching module SNM: switching network module
TCP /IP
Charging
center
NMC
SNM MSM
OMC-S
PSM MPM VPM
HLR/AUC
NO. 7 SIGNALING
NETWORK
PSTN
ISDN
PSPDN
PLMN
OMC-R
BTS D1800 BTS G900
BSC
X.25
TCP/IP
BSS

36. MPM: mobile peripheral module VPM: visitor peripheral module
PSM: peripheral switching module (cable) HLR: homing location register
AUC: authorization center
2.10 PACKET HANDLING MODULE (PHM)
With PSM as its platform, the physical architecture of PHM employs X.25 protocol to support two
call types, namely Case A & Case B.
Case A: B channel packet data are handled by COMM & MP in PHM.
Case B: The switching network transmits B channel packet data to AU (access unit) at PSPDN side
for handling.
INTERNET ACCESS MODULE (IAM)
IAM is developed on the ZXJ10 platform, consisting of the call signaling handling module, the
MODEMPOOL module & the protocol handling module with the purpose of increasing relevant IP
services for ZXJ10. The present services focus on the internet access, IP telephone/fax: & the
provision of remote network access for the subscribers. Via the common lines, ISDN lines & other
private lines, the remote subscribers can get access to the networks. Furthermore, IAM also
provides such services as network subscriber account management, subscriber authorization &
access authorization control, ensuring the subscribers network access validity. The access
capability can be of n*30 lines. The extension capability can be smoothly achieved by over 20,000
lines

37. Figure 13 Internet access diagram
Telecommunication operators can add internet services effectively & smoothly. This plays the part of the
“data bypass” objectively & consequently reduces the pressure caused by internet on modern
telecommunication networks.
Additionally, IAM can be employed to establish not only the large capacity internet access point so as to make
construction of the service groups very flexible, but also the enterprises INTRANET. Or it can build the VPN
network for clients. Meanwhile as the IP telephone/fax network gateway. IAM can provide internet
telephone/fax services for the end-users, for eg. IPPHONE, IPFAX, internet incoming/outgoing call, analog
access & postal box services.
Internet FBI
PRI/FR
E1/DDN
PSTN
M
ZXJ10
IAM
ROUTER
WWW
SERVER
DNS SERVER
AAA SERVER
I
N
T
E
R
N
E
T
OAM
PC terminal

38. CHAPTER 3 PACKET SWITCH
HUAWEI EXCHANGE
3.1 OVER VIEW & BACKGROUND
The basic theme of installing a separate exchange for ISPs was to reduce the traffic from EWSD & ZTE
exchanges through which PSTN services are being provided to normal subscribers in the communication
because these exchanges started being overloaded due to the increasing use of internet every day.
Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited decided to install a separate exchange for this purpose.
Huawei Technologies, China a leading name among the manufacturers of telecommunication switches all
over the world came forward to install this exchange as a gift to PTCL, strengthening the bridge of Pak-China
friendship.
The most popular & widely used switch of Huawei Technologies, C 05 is installed & giving extremely
remarkable performance in PRI exchange Khyber Peshawar.
Let us now discuss the important features of C 05 in detail.
3.2 OVERALL STRUCTURE
A C 05 system is composed of a central module & multiple switching modules. The central module is
composed of the administration module/communication module (AM/CM).
Hardware
It is a state of the art telecom technology which proves the skills of Chinese engineers.
A schematic sketch of C 05 is given as under.

39. 3.3 MODULAR STRUCTURE
BAM: Back administration module
LIM: Line interface module
SM: Switching module
SPM: Service processing module
LAN: Local area network
PDF: Power distribution frame
BAM:
 It is a super computer
 It is a powerful administration plat form.
 State of the art computer functioning as server.
 User through background i.e LAN can implement maintenance, test, billing & other features.
LIM:
 Mainly it is in the charge of Multiplexing & demultiplexing the services & signaling data.
 It is connected to SM through a 40.96 Mbps Interface.
 STM-1:Trunk Interface
 E-1:Trunk Interface

40. SM:
 It is the hardcore of C 05
 It has distributed relational data base management.
 It handles call processing.
 Operation & Maintenance
 It has alone switching capacity.
 Standalone single module exchange.
 SM & AM/CM are interconnected via fiber optics.
 Maximum 128 SMs can be connected to a AM/CM.
 It consists of 6 frames
 It consists of 1 to 8 racks.
SPM:
 It is in charge of handling various & V5 services.
 Equal in functions to SM but with much more powerful capacity.
 Working with interfaces of E-1
 It is connected with BAM via 10M/100M interface using TCP/IP protocol.
SRM:
 Shared Resource Module
 Provides shared resources of entire system (DTR, MFC Transceiver, FSK, CONF, SPD) required by SPM
such as:
 Signal tones
 DTMF device
 MFC device
 Conference telephone device
 CID display
AM:
 It is comprised of FAM ( Front administration Module) & BAM (Back administration module)
 BAM interconnects SMs & client server
 FAM performs following functions
 Inter modules call connections
 Real time switching control & management
 Ticket processing
 Traffic statistics
 FAM & BAM are interconnected via 1 to 6 10/100M TCP/IP ports
Ethernet
CM:
 It is the communication module:
 It is responsible for Inter-SM speech channels & signaling links

41. CENTRAL MODULE
 The collection of AM/CM, SPM, SRM is known as Central Module.
 It can contain a maximum of 9 racks.
 AM/CM - CPM, CNET, CCM, STM, LIM, BAM & integrated alarm box
STM:
 It is the synchronization timing system
 Its function is synchronizing the system with higher level networks
CPM:
 It is the central processing module
 Its purpose is storage & processing of local office data & management of boards on AM/CM
CCM:
 Central communication module
 112 incoming high ways
 112 outgoing high ways forming signaling switching network
 transmission rats is 2.048 MBPS
CNET:
 Central switching network
 In charge of switching regarding voice & narrow band communication
 It has 64 high speed Optical Fiber Links(HOFL)
 Its capacity is 128 K
MPU:
 Main processing unit
 It is the brain of SM
 Directly controls the boards of MCF through BUS
 It controls user & trunk circuits via nodes
 It also controls sending of tone & voice by SIG board
 It can control NET board to handle call connection
 It communicates with AM/CM, Operation & maintenance system & Load
 MPU software operates through HDLC synchronous serial port
NOD:
 This card is responsible for the communication between MPU & User frame & trunk frame
 There are 11 NOD slots for each SM
 The communication between Main NODE & MPU is through Mail box.
 Mail Node & Sub Nodes exchange messages through serial ports

42.  NODES forward the commands to Sub Nodes that are issued by MPU & reports the states of Sub
Nodes to MPU
SIG:
 This is Digital signal tone board
 It provides 64 paths of signal tones
BNET-A:
As the name indicates this card (module) is used for the switching purposes.
 It forms Intra Module Switching Network
 4K * 4K switching network provides 128 High Ways
 64 are used by own system resources
 64 are freely distributed in users & trunks
CKV:
 It drives the differential clocks of the functional units i.e ASL & trunks
 CKV is a part of the BNETA board
 Either board alone, BNETA, or CKV cannot work normally
ASL:
 This is Analog Subscriber Line card
 This card provides all the telecommunication services to the normal subscribers i.e analog subscribers
or the internet service providers
 It is present in SM
 1 ASL frame has 19 ASL cards
 1 ASL card has 16 subscribers
 1 ASL frame has 304 subscribers
ET-16 Card:
 This type of cards is present in Line interface module
 Each ET-16 card has 16 E-1s
 Each E-1 has 32 channels
 One PRI (Primary rate interface) means One E-1
 When it is about normal telephone subscribers we can provide 16 telephone lines(connections) from
one E-1 & 256 from one ET-16 cards, but when it
comes to ISPs one or more PRIs are provided to them, that means one or more E-1s. One E-1 or PRI means
32 communication channels similarly two PRIs means 64 channels of communication.

43. DSL:
 Digital subscriber line card
 The subscribers who need digital services are accommodated here
 It provides digital services like ISDN (Integrated services digital network)
 In case of ASL PRI is provided & in case of DSL, BRIs (Binary rate interface) are provided
 There can be a maximum of 8 users in one DSL card. This means 8 BRIs can be provided at a time from
a single card
 Each BRI has 64 communication channels
 Currently no BRI is provided to any subscriber from this exchange (switch) in the territory of KHYBER
EXCHANGE
PWC:
 Power card
 Its major function is as secondary power supply
 4 PWC boards can power 2 frames, that means each frame has 2 PWC boards
 Its output is 5 V/ 20A D.C
ALARM BOX
 It alarms a system fault
 It is connected to BAM & work stations via serial ports
 Presenting audible & visual system
 Categorically we can say that alarms are related to four types of systems, these are namely:
 Power supply system
 Exchange functions
 Self-alarms
 Exchange related environment
MAINTENANCE SYSTEM
This is the software which is being used for the subscriber administration, fault maintenance & controlling the
operation of this switch. This same software is installed in the FAM (LAN) & BAM (Super computer).
The version of this maintenance system currently in use is V 6.1.0. This is a very user-friendly windows
based system that allows the administrator to allow a number of operators to administer the switch & to
restrict them from certain operations. Every user has its own login name & password to achieve the authority
of administering the switch. This software provides the user the ability to test or detect the fault in any part of
the switch as well as a particular user’s line. Also the administrator can add value added services to
subscriber’s service e.g., CLI, call waiting, Conference calling etc.
Access Net Work

44. This network topology is used to access & control the system being operated at a distance through optical link
by means of an administration terminal. The idea of
Utilizing this type of network in Public switched telephone network came from the problems caused by the
copper plantation such as maintenance, fault locating & heavy in cost etc.

45. Chapter 4 SWOT
analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities,
and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. Identification of SWOT is essential because
organization can know about its weaknesses and try to overcome the weakness in order to get
success. During my internship, I observed strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Sales
& Marketing department.
The SWOT analysis of the Marketing department is as under:
4.1 STRENGHTS:
The major strengths of the Marketing/Sales are:
1. Oldest Telecommunication Company of Pakistan founded in 1947.
2. The largest landline network of Pakistan.
3. Strong international brand names.
4. Strong financial position
5. Competent and Skillful Human Resources in few specialized fields.
6. PTCL is offering multiple services which includes Telephone, Internet and T.V.
7. PTCL can be used as a backup network if the mobile networks are down due to
any reason.
8. PTCL maintain the records of customers in an organize way with the principle of
privacy.
9. All the telecommunication companies operating in Pakistan directly or indirectly
dependent upon PTCL network.
10.It has been offering Internet DSL connection to the customers with students’
package offer.
11.It offers low rates for the national calls etc. as compared to mobile networks
12.The major strength of the Marketing department is that people love to work there
because of its good name.

46. 13.Sales & Development system of PTCL is well established and selection system
is proper and clear. The steps involve in selection process helps to choose a best
candidate who can uplift the organization’s success.
14.PTCL has a membership with international organizations like APT and ITU,
which conducts seminars, workshops and training at PTCL which is very helpful
for employees.
15.All PTCL Marketing departments facilitate its employees in a good manner by
giving those commission and job security which no other organizations give.
16.HR department facilitate its employees by giving grant for marriage and
education of their children which is helpful for their children future and benefit.
4.2 WEAKNESSES:
The major weaknesses are:
1. Quality of Service; offered to the Customer is very poor and in-efficient, especially the
Internet service.
2. Lack of technical staff in DSL technical support.
3. Poor organizational structure.
4. No clear strategic direction.
5. No research and development programs.
6. Functional units are not well organized.
7. Weak marketing of new services.
8. Bad debts due to non-payments of bills.
9. Low revenue per user.
10.Political intervention in decision making.
11.Low rate of customer retention.
12.Extra employee overhead due to over-hiring.
13.Very low employee morale.
14.V-wireless coverage and service is feeble.
15.Form processing for new connection takes more time in larger cities.

47. 16.The major weakness of the HR department is that the appraisal forms are filled by the
senior manager of the department but staff does not get any increment on the basis of
appraisal forms.
17.Training is the need of every employee, but HR department only provide training to
engineers while not to other employees.
18.Recruitment Procedure of the HR is long that it takes more than a month to select a
candidate.
19.There is no proper evaluation after giving training to the employees.
20.The promotion criteria are not defined. Also promotions have no specific time period
that’s why most of the employees are not promoted from last eight years.
21.Some of the employees having a negative attitude towards the change factor and for this
reason there is still a government culture in HR department.
3.3 OPPURTUNITIES:
Opportunities: External conditions that may be helpful, in achieving the objectives.
PTCL Opportunities
1. Huge market size to Increase market share.
2. Development of new, innovative and customized products (Increase in company
product lines)
3. Re-structuring of organizational hierarchy (Proper planning and implementation is
required, to Improve overall services).
4. Adopt latest technologies.
5. Making technology accessible to all (e.g. broadband).
6. Hire competent marketers and adopt aggressive marketing that is required to promote
offered services and give tough time to competitors.
7. Improvement in customer services.
8. Joint ventures with other telecommunication companies for introducing new services.

48. 9. Hire technical staff in specific areas e.g for DSL issues in order to increase customer
satisfaction.
10.Increasing literacy rate is providing a bigger pool of educated recruits.
11.Emerging technologies like broad band, VPN are providing chance to upgrade the
current staff through training and hire new staff.
12.The alliance with the ETISALAT can provide the PTCL HR department to chance to
show current employees an insight and new technologies the partner is offering to the
customers.
13.Increasing numbers of private universities providing the engineering and management
studies because of which PTCL has a great chance of catching the more educated and
deserving candidates.
14.Now a day, change comes day by day because of the new technologies, infrastructure,
new interventions and innovation which can help the O.D department to bring new
changes and uplift the HR structure and policies.
4.4 THREATS:
Threats: External conditions that may be harmful in achieving the objectives.
1. PTCL Threats
2. Strong competition from telecommunication companies.
3. New players in the industry.
4. Inconsistent and Adhoc decisions by Company management.
5. Security and fraud issues.
6. Cyber-crimes percentage is increasing.
7. Political instability.
8. Inflation in the country, may increase the cost of services which will finally transferred
to customers.
9. Rapid raise in Government taxes.
10.Recession in economy

49. 11.Increased competition from telecommunication companies who are attracting talented
people, technical staff and graduates on higher salaries which can be a threat for HR
department to get good employees.
12.Brain drain from the country because of economic crises due to terrorism.

50. Chapter 5 SWOT
SWOT / TOWS Matrix TOWS Analysis Strengths Opportunities S-O Weaknesses Strategies
Threats W-O Strategies S-T Strategies W-T Strategies
Figure SWOT interactions
Four types of Suggested Strategies for
Figure swot interactions

51. 5.1 S-O Strategies:
1. An oldest telecommunication company of Pakistan, containing good reputation,
customers trust & high brand loyalty as strengths can grab the opportunity to increase
its market share and position globally.
2. Having a high reputation and brand name, it has an opportunity of Joint ventures with
other telecommunication companies for introducing new services so can increase its
market share.
3. The largest land-line network having a strong financial position can increase further its
product lines, invest its capital, hiring competent marketers to adopt aggressive
marketing strategies particularly advertising. hiring 0f expertise and skillful human
resources to adopt latest technologies and to make technology accessible to all.
4. Good financial position of PTCL can help availing the opportunity of developing new
and innovative products.
5. Producing customized products as per demand of the customers can able PTCL to
compete with other companies in the industry. For instant students’ package for DSL
6. PTCL offering multiple services, enjoying competitive advantage in the industry, can
cope with its national and international competitors through its valuable resources
7. PTCL can be used as a more sophisticated and secure backup network.
8. Continuous improvement in customer services: PTCL can increase its market share by
improving its customer services including privacy of customers, secrecy and
organization of profiles, before /during & after sale services etc.
9. low call (national & international) rates or uniform fixed service charges may help
PTCL to enjoy long term sustainability and growth
5.2 W-O strategies
1. PTCL has weak marketing of new services and contain an opportunity to adopt
latest on-line technologies to overcome this weakness.

52. 2. The company can also overcome this weakness by availing opportunities of hiring
competent marketers and to adopt aggressive marketing strategies particularly
advertising.
3. Enhancing employee morale with organizational polices and leadership trust.
4. Poor and in-efficient customer service can be overcome through re-structuring of
organizational hierarchy and delegate authority in a limit with responsibility to low
level staff, that may increase level of motivation with accountability.
5. Impact of poor overall management structure and policies can be reduced through
re-structuring of organizational hierarchy and benchmarking.
6. Bad debts (non-payments of bills from customers) requires improved, enthusiastic
and efficient management in decision making process.
7. Low Revenue per user, generated by company, can be overcome by increasing its
market size to make it acceptable and sufficient for company.
8. Technical staff in DSL technical support can be helpful to the level of DSL issues
and to increase customer satisfaction.
9. To adopt latest on-line technologies, the company may overcome the weakness of
form processing and can make it easier.
5.3 S-T strategies
1. PTCL good reputation, customers trust & high brand loyalty can eliminate the
threat of new comers in industry.
2. PTCL financial position can overcome the threat of existing competition with
other telecommunication companies in the industry through differentiation.
3. PTCL also maintains privacy of its customers by keeping customer profiles
secret and in well-organized manner to enhance customer satisfaction and
resolve the security issues like fraud and cyber crimes

53. 5.4 W-T strategies:
1. Following weaknesses /problems have to be addressed to avoid or minimize the threats
of competitive environment.
2. Poor organizational/management structure
3. inconsistent and adhoc decisions by company’s management.
4. in-efficient customer service (especially internet services.
5. weak V-wireless coverage and service
6. Extra employee overhead due to extra hiring
7. Low employee morale
8. Form processing duration for new connection
9. political intervention in decision making process

54. CHAPTER 6
6.1 Conclusion
 PTCL is at maturity stage now. They are following the cost leadership & differentiation
strategies. They are providing advanced technologies and services to their customers by
lowering the prices and they are the only ones, who are providing the services to such a
big extent. The suggested strategies are under consideration. If serious attention been on
required actions, the company can enjoy long term sustainability and competitive edge.
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Sales & Marketing department of the PTCL is well established and perform its functions
according to the policies, made by the top management. PTCL has a huge sales infrastructure
throughout the country that is geographically wide spread. During my internship, I found some
of the problems at the sales department and for this; I have some suggestions to remove these
problems or obstacles.
 Sales department should adopt the proper evaluation system of training which can
be done after the training courses. Feedback is essential for people to know how
they are progressing, and also, evaluation is crucial to the employee's confidence
too.
 There are only two training staff colleges which cannot fulfil the requirement of all
the employees of PTCL from all over the Pakistan. They should start at least one
new training staff college so that all the employees get training.
 Refreshing courses of the training are not scheduled and is not provided to all the
staff equally. I have a suggestion for it that training department should arrange the
training courses properly and it should be at least once a year.
 Top and lower level management both should attend the workshops, seminars and
meetings so that they can also give their suggestion and opinion.

55. 6.3 Implementation plan for the recommendations:
1. As for the evaluation system of Marketing Development, feedback forms should fill by the
engineers, senior managers and the employees after they get train. Feedback forms
should be filled by the employees or trainees and these feedback forms should be
submitting to the senior manager of the training department. These feedback forms
should contain the principal questions:
A. To what extent trainee learned?
B. How enjoyable was the training course?
C. To what extent were the trainee’s objective achieved?
D. How good did trainee feel the trainer was?
It should be the responsibility of senior manager of the training department to fill these
feedback forms from the trainees and then these forms should be discussed in the meetings
with top and lower management of training department. Then if there is a positive feedback
from the trainee about the training than it should consider okay, but if feedback is in negative
sense than
A. Policies should be revised or it should be discussed in the meetings, because if there is no
learning than it means that there is no efficient training.
B. They should discuss the training plans again and should remove the obstacles if any.
C. They should review the training programs and learning implementation, and also what the
trainee learned.
Another alternative for the training can be the learning questionnaire which can be relatively
simple questions asking from the trainee about what they have learned from the program
what they have been usefully reminded of, and what was not included that they expected to
be included, or would have liked to have been included. Scoring ranges can be included in it.
This should be the responsibility of senior manager of training department.
2. Training department should establish new staff colleges all over in Pakistan, because two
telecom staff colleges cannot fulfil the training needs of the all the employees of branches
and Headquarters of PTCL. For this purpose, there should be establishing new Staff College
for the fulfilment of training needs. Top management should provide the funds for this
purpose and there should be a manager who should be the responsibility of run all this. All
the trained staff should be hired that can provide a better training to employees.

56. 3. Refreshing courses should be start on the proper schedule and on timely basis. Top
management should make a policy for refreshing course or should specify the time schedule
for the training courses time by time when requires; e.g.
 Promotion courses and departmental promotional exams should conduct in two years
minimum and 4 years maximum.
 Refreshing courses should provide to the employees once in a year.
 Projected and vendor training is given to employees when new technology comes or
new project come to the market, it should be given in a way that all the employees of
the PTCL can get knowledge about the project or new technology because it is not
only important for the engineers but also for all employees. This can help the
employees to gain the knowledge and experience.
4. Top and lower management both should attend the workshops, seminars and meetings. For
this purpose, General Manager or the senior manager of the training department should
involve the lower management in meetings and workshops, and it can possible if there is
good communication between the top and lower management. They should try to make the
employees to take participate in workshops and meetings. By this, lower management can
be encouraged and they will know about the new experiences of job.
5. Training should be given to all employees equally. For this purpose, training department
should arrange the training two times a year because the strength of employees is so much
that all employees cannot get training at a time, in this way half of employees get training at
the first time and half on second time.
It can also possible that those half employees finish their training and train other employees
about what they have learned from training. For this purpose, they can arrange meetings or
workshops which can help the employees to learn about training. This can save the money
and time of the training department.

57. Chapter 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Annual reports of PTCL from 2005 to 2010.
2.Audit manual, A.F Ferguson Pakistan, Price Waterhouse coopers and company pwc auditors
PTCL.
3.Ibid
4.Investoers Guide , (2010) Retrieved on july 20,2010 from http://www.kse.com
5.Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) introduces new value-added Serv ices
(2010) business recorder, 21st
may
6.Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL) 2010 Annual Report, Islamabad.
7.PTCL, Retrieved on july 02,2010 from http://www.tcl.com.pk
8.S.B. Arthur (2000) Financial management, McGraw Hill.
9.Van Horne James C& Wachowicz John M.Fundamentals of Finanacial Management.
10.DeCenzo, D. A., and Robbins, S. P. (1998). Supervision Today Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, Inc.
[1] Annual report of PTCL, 2006
[2] DeCenzo, D. A., and Robbins, S. P. (1998). Supervision Today Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, Inc.
[3] Robinson, D. G., and Robinson, J. C. (1995). Performance Consulting: Moving Beyond TrainingSan
Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
From http://www.allfreeessays.com/topics/research-paper-on-training-and-development/0
[4] Steinmetz, C. S. (1976). The history of training. In (R. L. Craig, Ed.) Training and Development
Handbook: A Guide to Human Resource Development, 2nd Ed. Sponsored by the American Society
for Training and Development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
[5] From http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Training-Development/143199
[6] Leymann, H. & Kornbluh, H. (1989). Socialization and Learning

58. [7] Improving Training Effectiveness In work Organization. John Kevin Ford, Steve W.J. KOZLOWSKI.
[8] From http://www.academon.com/Research-Paper-Training-and-Development/93046
[9] Senge, P. M. (1990, fall). "The Leader's New Work: Building Learning Organizations." Sloan Management
Review vol. 32(1): 1-17.
[10] From http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/training.html
[11]http://pakng.wordpress.com/pakistan-telecom-laws/
[12]M.saqib, Personal communication, 27th
may
[13] http://www.etisalat.ae/index.jsp?lang=en&type=channel&currentid=a79a8e
www.etisalat.ae/
[14] http://ptcl.com.pk/aboutusc.php?NID=91
[15] http://ptcl.com.pk/aboutusc.php?NID=90
[16] http://ptcl.com.pk/aboutusc.php?NID=92
[17] www.ptcl.com.pk
[18]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_UnionThesis